Islam. Arabian Peninsula--between Red Sea & Persian Gulf (Arabian Desert) Arabian Peninsula--between Red Sea & Persian Gulf (Arabian Desert) Bedouins—nomadic.

IslamIslam

Arabian Peninsula--between Arabian Peninsula--between Red Sea & Persian Gulf Red Sea & Persian Gulf (Arabian Desert)(Arabian Desert)

Bedouins—nomadic herders Bedouins—nomadic herders Tribes—Everyone obeys Tribes—Everyone obeys

rules=survivalrules=survival

Blood feudsBlood feuds Mecca —important trading Mecca —important trading

citycity KaabaKaaba (housed statues of (housed statues of

many Arab gods)many Arab gods)

MuhammadMuhammad Born in Mecca 570 ADBorn in Mecca 570 AD HONEST caravan leaderHONEST caravan leader Married wealthy widowMarried wealthy widow Devoted time to reflecting on Devoted time to reflecting on

lifelife

610—Muhammad had 610—Muhammad had revelationsrevelations

AllahAllah (Arabic word for God) (Arabic word for God) told Muhammad to “Recite!”told Muhammad to “Recite!”– Warned against idol worship Warned against idol worship & sin& sin

– Allah was one true godAllah was one true god

Wealthy merchants feared Wealthy merchants feared Islam would stop tourism to Islam would stop tourism to Kaaba & threaten profitKaaba & threaten profit

Mecca’s merchants threatened Mecca’s merchants threatened MuslimsMuslims

622—Muhammad & Muslims 622—Muhammad & Muslims fled from Mecca to Yathrib—fled from Mecca to Yathrib—Hijrah (flight)Hijrah (flight)

City’s name changed to City’s name changed to MedinaMedina

622—beginning of Muslim 622—beginning of Muslim calendarcalendar

624—Medina 624—Medina CompactCompact–place loyalty place loyalty to Islamic to Islamic community community over tribeover tribe

630—Muhammad invaded 630—Muhammad invaded MeccaMecca

Muhammad destroyed Muhammad destroyed idols in the Kaabaidols in the Kaaba

Qur’an (Koran) which Qur’an (Koran) which means “recital” is the means “recital” is the Muslim holy bookMuslim holy book–Conversations between Conversations between Muhammad & angel Muhammad & angel GabrielGabriel

Qur’an Moral Values:Qur’an Moral Values:– Honor their parentsHonor their parents– Kindness to neighborsKindness to neighbors– Protect orphans & widowsProtect orphans & widows– Give generously to the poorGive generously to the poor– Murder, stealing, and lying, and Murder, stealing, and lying, and

adultery are condemnedadultery are condemned– Gambling, eating pork, & drinking Gambling, eating pork, & drinking

alcohol are NOT ALLOWEDalcohol are NOT ALLOWED– The Quran also has rules for divorce The Quran also has rules for divorce

& marriage& marriage

5 PILLARS OF ISLAM5 PILLARS OF ISLAM

1.) 1.) FaithFaith– belief in Allah— 1 true Godbelief in Allah— 1 true God

2.) 2.) PrayerPrayer– 5 times a day facing Mecca—5 times a day facing Mecca—

sunrise, noon, afternoon, sunrise, noon, afternoon, sunset, & evening (mosques sunset, & evening (mosques have minarets, towers, where have minarets, towers, where people made call to prayer)people made call to prayer)

3.) 3.) FastingFasting– Occurs during month of Occurs during month of

Ramadan— 9Ramadan— 9thth month in the month in the Muslim calendarMuslim calendar

4.) 4.) Alms givingAlms giving– CharityCharity

5.) 5.) PilgrimagePilgrimage– Trip to MeccaTrip to Mecca– Called a Called a hajjhajj

HalalHalal

Word means lawfulWord means lawful Refers to foods that are OK for Refers to foods that are OK for

Muslims to eatMuslims to eat Similar to Jewish “kosher” foodSimilar to Jewish “kosher” food

Mammals that both chew their cud and have cloven hooves can be kosher. Animals with one characteristic but not the other (the camel, the hyrax and the hare because they have no cloven hooves, and the pig because it does not ruminate) are specifically excluded (Leviticus 11:3–8)

Caliphs=Muhammad’s Caliphs=Muhammad’s successorssuccessors

632: Abu Bakr 632: Abu Bakr (Muhammad’s old friend) (Muhammad’s old friend) 11stst caliph caliph

634: Umar634: Umar– Added Iraq, Syria, Added Iraq, Syria, Jerusalem, & EgyptJerusalem, & Egypt

What is jihad?What is jihad?

Struggle for IslamStruggle for Islam

God said to His Prophet, 'Do not God said to His Prophet, 'Do not obey the obey the kafireenkafireen (those who (those who reject the truth) but wage jihad reject the truth) but wage jihad with it (the Qur'an) against them. with it (the Qur'an) against them. [25:52]'"[25:52]'"

644: Ali (Muhammad’s son in 644: Ali (Muhammad’s son in law & cousin) lost caliph to law & cousin) lost caliph to Umayyad clanUmayyad clan– Umayyad killed & Ali became Umayyad killed & Ali became

caliphcaliph CIVIL WARCIVIL WAR

– Ali’s forces vs. UmayyadsAli’s forces vs. Umayyads– Ali KILLED & Mu’awiya made Ali KILLED & Mu’awiya made

caliph starting Umayyad caliph starting Umayyad DynastyDynasty

Sunni Sunni Majority of Majority of

world’s world’s MuslimsMuslims

Caliph can be Caliph can be any devout any devout Muslim Muslim accepted by accepted by the peoplethe people

Shiite (Shi’a) Shiite (Shi’a) Mostly in Iraq Mostly in Iraq

& Iran& Iran Caliph should Caliph should

be descendant be descendant of Muhammadof Muhammad

Umayyad DynastyUmayyad Dynasty 661 - 750661 - 750 Carried Islam into India, Carried Islam into India,

China, North Africa, & China, North Africa, & SpainSpain

Built Dome of the RockBuilt Dome of the Rock

Muslims pushed into Muslims pushed into FranceFrance

Battle of Tours 732 Battle of Tours 732 stopped spread of stopped spread of Islam into Western Islam into Western EuropeEurope

747—non-Arab 747—non-Arab Muslims & Shiites Muslims & Shiites overthrew overthrew UmayyadsUmayyads

Abbasid DynastyAbbasid Dynasty 750 - 1258750 - 1258 Capital in BaghdadCapital in Baghdad

House of WisdomHouse of Wisdom LibraryLibrary Greek & Indian texts Greek & Indian texts

translated into Arabictranslated into Arabic

1055—Baghdad 1055—Baghdad captured by Seljuk captured by Seljuk TurksTurks

1100s—Christian 1100s—Christian soldiers (crusaders) soldiers (crusaders) from Europe in Holy from Europe in Holy WarWar

1258—Mongols 1258—Mongols invaded Baghdad & invaded Baghdad & ended Abbasid ended Abbasid DynastyDynasty

Ottoman Turks help Ottoman Turks help ArabsArabs

Family LifeFamily Life Men could have up to 4 Men could have up to 4

wiveswives–Wives treated equallyWives treated equally

Women could only go out Women could only go out to mosque or marketto mosque or market

MathematicsMathematicsAdopted Indian Adopted Indian numbers, calling numbers, calling them Arabic them Arabic numeralsnumerals

AlgebraAlgebra

Astronomy & Astronomy & GeographyGeography

AstrolabeAstrolabeOutlined map of Asia, Outlined map of Asia, Europe, & North Europe, & North AfricaAfrica

MedicineMedicine Al-Razi—diagnosed Al-Razi—diagnosed

smallpox & measlessmallpox & measles Ibn Sina wrote Ibn Sina wrote Canon of Canon of

MedicineMedicine medical medical encyclopediaencyclopedia

Optics (study of sight)Optics (study of sight)

ArtArtArabic script to Arabic script to decorate decorate mosquesmosques

Geometric Geometric designs, leaves, designs, leaves, flowers flowers

LiteratureLiteratureArabian Nights Arabian Nights “The Thousand “The Thousand and One Nights”and One Nights”