IOT POLY ENGINEERING 3-7 U NIT 3 – E NERGY AND P OWER Turn in Article #3 Homework Drill 1.How will you relate today’s climate change with how we are using.

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POLY ENGINEERING3-7

UNIT 3 – ENERGY AND POWER

Turn in Article #3 Homework Drill

1.How will you relate today’s climate change with how we are using energy sources today?2.How will you rate the government’s policy on the use of cleaner energy? Effective or not? Why?

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POLY ENGINEERING3-7

1. Energy Sources – Fuels and Power Plants2. Trigonometry and Vectors3. Classical Mechanics:

Force, Work, Energy, and Power4. Impacts of Current Generation and Use

UNIT 3 – ENERGY AND POWER

Topics Covered

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POLY ENGINEERING3-7

Power Plants – Power Stations

Background1. What electricity is used for:

Heating, cooking, cooling, light, sound, computers, communication, entertainment…

2. Distribution grid: Our focus

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POLY ENGINEERING3-7

Power Plants – Power Stations

Background

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POLY ENGINEERING3-7

Power Plants

1. The engine, motor, and related parts a. Supplies the motive power of a self-propelled objectb. Produces a kinetic energy output from a fuel source

input2. Electricity generating station

a. Typically what is referred to by “power plant”b. Mechanical, heat, chemical, solar sources

2 Parts of Power Plants

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POLY ENGINEERING3-7

Power Plants – Power StationsTypical Operation

1

2

3 45

1. Fuel is used to produce heat energy2. Water is heated and boiled to steam3. High pressure steam enters and spins turbines

(Turbines convert steam into mechanical energy)4. Turbines turn electrical generator (electricity is created)5. Electricity is transmitted via cables through power grid

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POLY ENGINEERING3-7

Power Plants – Power Stations

Alternative Operation

1. Alternative energy source (e.g. water, wind) spins turbines

2. Turbines turn electrical generator3. Electricity is transmitted via cables through power grid

1

23

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POLY ENGINEERING3-7

Power Plants – Power Stations

Types of Power Stations – Non-renewable

1. Fossil Fuel Power Plant – Coal a. Prime mover is steam turbine. Prime mover is a

machine that transforms energy from thermal, electrical or pressure form to mechanical form.

b. Flue gas exhausted to atmospherec. Waste heat released to atmosphere – cooling towers

2nd law of thermodynamics – not all heat can be converted into mechanical form to do work, some heat will be wasted

A power plant cannot be 100% efficient

Power Plants – Power Stations

1. Parts of a Coal Fire Powered Plant (continuation)

Waste Heat

Flue

Types of Power Stations – Non-renewable

1

2 3

45

6

7

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Power Plants – Power Stations

2. Fossil Fuel Power Plant – Petroleum and Natural Gas Prime mover is gas turbine. The parts are shown below.

Types of Power Stations – Non-renewable

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Power Plants – Power Stations

Waste heat (options):

a. Cooling Towers: Released to atmosphere

b. Combined Cycle: Recycled in secondary boiler

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POLY ENGINEERING3-7

COPY - continue notes

PRIMARY LOOP3. Nuclear Power Plant (The 3 Process Loops)

4. Steam spins turbine

5. Electricity generated to grid

6. Cooling water from outside source; gets hot as it condenses steam

7. Released in cooling tower1. Closed-loop reactor

2. Control rods inserted to decrease chain reaction (control rods absorb neutrons, which slows reaction)

3. Heated reactor water boils secondary loop of water in boiler (steam generator)

SECONDARY LOOPTERTIARY LOOP

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POLY ENGINEERING3-7

1) Containment Structure2) Reactor3) Boiler

The Parts of a Nuclear Power Plant

4) Steam Turbine 5) Generator 6) Condenser 7) Cooling Tower

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POLY ENGINEERING3-7

Power Plants – Power StationsTypes of Renewable Energy Power Plants

1. Solar Power Planta. Total solar energy absorbed by earth in 1 hour is more

than world uses in a yearb. 1 year of solar energy is as much as twice the amount of

energy derived from all non-renewables on Earthc. All renewables (except geothermal) derive energy from the

Sun (e.g., wind, biomass, hydro, wave…)d. Sun’s warmth and light

a. Passive collection – capturing warmth and light through design

b. Active collection – using technology to transform solar energy into electricity

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POLY ENGINEERING3-7

Power Plants – Power StationsTypes of Power Stations – Renewable Energy

1. Solar Power Plant – PASSIVE COLLECTIONa. Architecture – designing structures

1) Face buildings south2) Solar water heating

Sun Angles

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POLY ENGINEERING3-7

Power Plants – Power StationsTypes of Power Stations – Renewable Energy

1. Solar Power Plant – PASSIVE COLLECTION (cont.) b. Agriculture – growing food

1) Fruit walls (trap heat and accelerate ripening)2) Timed planting cycles3) Drying chicken manure4) Greenhouses

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POLY ENGINEERING3-7

Power Plants – Power StationsTypes of Power Stations – Renewable Energy

1. Solar Power Plant – PASSIVE COLLECTION (cont.) c. Other Uses

1) Water treatment – UV filter2) Cooking – focuses heat directly or creates steam

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Power Plants – Power StationsTypes of Power Stations – Renewable Energy

1. Solar Power Plant – ACTIVE COLLECTION a. Photovoltaics (PV)

Photovoltaic Effect – converts light into electric current• 1880s – first solar cell• 1958 – first significant application – Vanguard I satellite• 1960s – PV established power source for satellites

Hamau Solar Park, Germany

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POLY ENGINEERING3-7

Power Plants – Power StationsTypes of Power Stations – Renewable Energy

1. Solar Power Plant – ACTIVE COLLECTION (cont.) b. Concentrating Solar Power (CSP)

Use lenses, mirrors, trackers to focus large area of sunlight into small beam

• Solar troughs – most cost-effective• Parabolic reflector – most efficient

Power Plants – Power StationsTypes of Power Stations – Renewable Energy

1. Solar Power Plant – ACTIVE COLLECTION (cont.)c. Concentrating Solar Power (CSP)

• Solar tower – traps heat, creates steam for turbines• Solar updraft tower – combines chimney, greenhouse,

wind turbine

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POLY ENGINEERING3-7

UNIT 3 – ENERGY AND POWER

Drill1.List (3) products you can think of that are powered by solar power.2.Why do you think solar energy is a good choice for powering those products as compared to using batteries?

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POLY ENGINEERING3-7

Power Plants – Power StationsTypes of Power Stations – Renewable Energy

2. Wind Power Planta. Sun influences weather processes that create windb. Converts wind energy into electricity using turbinesc. History

1) >5,500 yrs ago – sailboats and natural ventilation2) 600s, Afghanistan – vertical shaft mills grind grain3) 1100s, Europe – horizontal shaft mills grind wheat4) U.S. – used for irrigation

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POLY ENGINEERING3-7

Power Plants – Power StationsTypes of Power Stations – Renewable Energy

2. Wind Power Plant (cont.)1) Blades – propellers mounted on masts are pitched (angled) 2) Gear Box – connects low-speed shaft to high-speed shaft

to increase rpm from ~50 to ~15003) Generator – converts mechanical energy of high-speed

shaft to electrical energy

Sketch and label this diagram

Mast

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Power Plants – Power StationsTypes of Power Stations – Renewable Energy

3. Hydroelectric Power Planta. Gravitational force of falling water converted into

electricity using turbinesb. History

1) >2000 yrs ago, Rome and Greece – grinding wheat into flour

2) 1700/1800s – powered textile and industrial mills3) 1882, Wisconsin – first hydroelectric plant

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Power Plants – Power StationsTypes of Power Stations – Renewable Energy

3. Hydroelectric Power Plant (The Step-by-Step Process)1) Dam stores water in reservoir

Energy generation depends on head – height difference from top of reservoir to top of river – and volume

2) Spillway releases excess water3) Gate releases dam water into penstock – screen prevents

objects from damaging turbines4) Penstock is piping – pressure of water increases

Power Plants – Power StationsTypes of Power Stations – Renewable Energy

The Parts of the Hydroelectric Power Plant

Dam

2

1

3

4

7

6

59

8

Power Plants – Power StationsTypes of Power Stations – Renewable Energy

3. Hydroelectric Power Plant (The Generator)

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Power Plants – Power StationsTypes of Power Stations – Renewable Energy

4. Geothermal Power Planta. Harnessing energy generated from heat stored in Earthb. History

1) Hot springs used for centuries for bathing and heating2) 1911, Italy – world’s first and only plant until 1958

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Power Plants – Power StationsTypes of Power Stations – Renewable Energy

4. Geothermal Power Plant (The Process)1) Steam or hot water pumped from underground to turn turbines2) Waste steam/water returned to ground or reused

Power Plants – Power StationsTypes of Power Stations – Renewable Energy

5. Tidal Power Plants(The Process)1. The electricity is generated when the tide goes in and again when it goes out.

2. The turbines are driven by the power of the sea in both directions.

Power Plants – Power StationsTypes of Power Stations – Renewable Energy

6. Wave Power Plants – 2 types

Linear Generator

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POLY ENGINEERING3-7

UNIT 3 – ENERGY AND POWER

1. Complete the classwork. Use your notes to answer the questions. Turn in at the end of the period.

2. Multiple choice quiz tomorrow about Power Plants.