INTRODUCTION TO THE CYPRUS ISSUE THE EVENTS BETWEEN 1950 -1959 Derviş KORKUNAL
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INTRODUCTION TO THE CYPRUS ISSUE
THE EVENTS BETWEEN 1950 -1959
Derviş KORKUNAL
POLITICAL ORGANIZATIONS IN CYPRUS
Crete invasion by Germans in 1941 Economic revival of Cyprus by: military defensive infrastructure economic aid from London Union Committee (PTUC) 1941 English Government gave permission to the domestic
elections The Progressive Party Of The Working People (AKEL)
vs. Church
Communism vs. NationalismNecati Özkan vs. Fazıl Küçük Kıbrıs Adası Türk Azınlığı Kurumu (KATAK)
1943 Kıbrıs Milli Türk Halk Partisi (KMTHP)
1944 Kıbrıs Türk Birliği İstiklal Partisi 1949 Kıbrıs Türktür Partisi (KTP) 1955Kıbrıs Türk İşçi Birlikleri Kurumu 1945 Preventing left movement
ENOSİS DEMANDS AFTER WWII AND TURKEY’S MANNER
The Labour Party AKEL vs. Church AKEL demands self-government Church’s referandum Enosis Greece Government’s policy before 1954 after 1954 Henry Hopkins’s speech in 28 July 1954 Fuad Köprülü: “Bizim Kıbrıs diye bir meselemiz yoktur. “
before 1955
INTERNATİONALİZİNG AND EOKA
Papagos appealed to the General Secretary of UN after Hopkinson’s speech in 16 August 1954
After that the Cyprus issue became an international problematic issue
England, Turkey and Greece offer their demands in General Assembly in 17 December 1954
After the rejecting of demands of Greece Grivas went to the Cyprus and established the EOKA and then EOKA started its’ attacks in 1 April 1955
After the increasing of aggression of EOKA English government applied new policies
The most important move of England was the threesome –England, Greece and TURKEY- conference in London
LONDON CONFERENCE AND 6-7 SEPTEMBER EVENTS
Macmillan Stefanopulos Fatin Rüştü Zorlu Conference was ended unsuccesfully because of 6-7
September events The results of these events; Turkey started to apply a new policy. When she was
forced in the Cyprus issue she attacked to the minorities groups whose are her citizens
The relationship between Turkey and Greece was spoiled.
SUGGESTIONS OF ENGLAND AND TAKSIM THESIS
KMTHP KTP and first resistance organisation VOLKAN
Makarios was deportied to the Seychelles Islands EOKA increased its’ aggression and Turkish society
started to perceive against them English government changed its’ policy and Lord
Radcliffe went to the Cyprus to make a constitution in July 1956
Failure of Suez operation in 1956 changed the destiny of Cyprus
Foot Plan in 1957 Macmillan Plan in 1958 Makarios and Greece rejected these plans because of taksim
thesis Denktaş and Küçük rejected these plans because of enosis In Turkey “Ya Taksim Ya Ölüm” and in Cyprus Greek-
English opposition turned to the Greek- Turkish opposition (Türk Mukavemet Teşkilatı- TMT which was established in 1 August 1958)
Cyprus issue became a very complicated situation because of EOKA’s and TMT’s aggression against each other, English government’s strict policies and Greek Cypriots’ and Greece’s behaviour
These situation was not good for the USA It was going to a Turkey and Greece fight It was weakened the southeast wing of the NATO There was a danger that USSR could be stronger than the
USA UN General Assembly accepted to make a conference NATO meeting in December 1958
THE PERIOD FROM ZURICH SUMMIT TO THE FOUNDATION OF THE REPUBLIC OF CYPRUS
BAŞAK EKENOĞLU
WHY TURKEY CHANGE HER POLICIES ON CYPRUS ?
Turkey supported Partition (TAKSIM) policy in island before Zurich Summit
Policy Change in NATO meeting 1958
WHY? security perception in the cold-war conditions Turkey was a Western alliance country
THE ZURICH SUMMIT 1 JANUARY - 11 FEBRUARY 1959
In January 1959, negotiations started between
Turkey : MENDERES and ZORLU
Greece: KARAMANLIS and AVEROF
In 11 February, parties declared that they agreed on a framework
IMPORTANT DOCUMENTS IN ZURICH SUMMIT
1. Gentlemen Agreement
2. Basic Structure of The Republic of Cyprus
3. Treaty of Guarantee
4. Treaty of Alliance
THE LONDON CONFERENCE 12-19 FEBRUARY 1959
The debate in Turkish National Assembly (T.N.A): Kasım Gülek and Bülent Ecevit who talked on behalf
of Republican People's Party (CHP) criticised the government about giving up the ‘’Taksim policy’’ and also saw the independence of Cyprus as a sacrifice for Turkey
However, Ismet Inönü put forward he agreement was signed in the conditions of the cold-war
The foreign Minister Zorlu emphasise 3 principles Voting in 4 March 1959, the 347 of 487 votes were
positive,138 negative and 2 abstaining
DOCUMENTS WHICH ARE RELATED WITH THE FOUNDATION OF THE REPUBLIC OF
CYPRUS
Basic Structure of The Republic of Cyprus
Treaty of Guarantee
Treaty of Alliance
BASIC STRUCTURE OF THE REPUBLIC OF CYPRUS
o The basic structure that decided in Zurich o Some important points of agreement: The State of Cyprus shall be a Republic with a presidential
regime President -Greek and the Vice-President -Turkish President and the Vice-President shall have the right of
final veto Legislation: 1. House of Representatives : comprise %70
Greek community / %30 Turkish community 2. The Communal Chambers
Separate municipalities in five largest towns for both communities
The Civil Service consist of %70 of Greeks and %30 of Turks
Army consist of 2,000 men, of whom %60 of Greeks and %40 of Turks
MAKARIOS-THE PRESIDENT OF CYPRUS
DR. FAZIL KUCUK- VICE-PRESIDENT OF CYPRUS
TREATY OF GUARANTEE Signed among Republic of Cyprus, Turkey, Greece and
United Kingdom Importance: gave guarentor rights to Turkey, Greece
and United Kingdom Article 3: Greece, the UK, and Turkey undertake to
consult together, with a view to making representations, or taking the necessary steps to ensure observance of those provisions. In so far as common or concerted action may prove impossible, each of the three guaranteeing powers reserves the right to take action with the sole aim of re-establishing the state of affairs established by the present Treaty
Turkey intervene to island in 1974 by depend on this artcile
TREATY OF ALLIANCE Signed among Republic of Cyprus, Turkey and Greece Treaty predict cooperation between Turkey, Greece
and Republic of Cyprus on the common defence Article 3: In the spirit of this alliance and in order to
fulfil the above purpose a tripartite Headquarters shall be established on the territory of the Republic Of Cyprus
Article 4: Greece shall take part in the Headquarters mentioned in the preceding article with a contingent of 950 officers, non-commissioned officers and soldiers and Turkey with a contingent of 650 officers, non-commissioned officers and soldiers
IN 16 AUGUST 1960 THE REPUBLIC OF CYPRUS
ANNOUNCED
THE INDEPENDENCE CEREMONY OF REPUBLIC OF CYPRUS
THE PERIOD BETWEEN 1960-1964
NAZ ŞEN
EARLY DISAGREEMENTS IN REPUBLIC OF CYPRUS
Establishment of the armed forces
Procedure for acceptance to the armed services
New tax law order
The vote for new tax law between the two societies
ANKARA VISIT OF MAKARIOS
Inonu and Makarios meeting on new tax law order
Makarios’s demand on changing constitution of Republic of Cyprus
30th November 1963- Makarios’s offer for new constitution
Changing in 13 items on constitution
INTERCOMMUNITIES CLASHES IN 1963 IN REPUBLIC OF CYPRUS
Fights in the streets of Republic of Cyprus
The London Conference
Rauf Denktas’s offer for solution
Offer for solution of England
Makarios’s offer for solution
CLASHES OF ERENKOY
The letter from Rauf Denktas to Ismet Inonu
The intervention of Turkey to Republic of Cyprus
The attitude of UN
JOHNSON’S LETTER AND İNÖNÜ’S ANSWER (1964)
BİRNUR EYOLCU
THE PERİOD BEFORE JOHNSON LETTER / THE INTERVENTİON ATTEMPTS OF TURKEY
December 1963o Increase in the aggressive actions of Greek Community
towards Turkish communityo 21st of December; Gürsel’s letter to US Presidento President Johnson’s neutrality between Turkey and Greece
1964 Period UN’s “Peace Force” was founded to send aid for Cyprus in
4th of March. 13th of March: Turkey sent a message to Makarios to show
her possible intervention to the island Between 14-27 March, UN Peace Forces arrived in Cyprus.
Increase in the secret armament of both Greek and Turkish Communities in Cyprus resulted in the continuity of the clashes between two sides.
Therefore; 16th of March: Turkish National assembly gave an authority
to Turkish Government for intervention to Cyprus.
After 3 intervention attempts Turkey; determined the final intervention day as 6th of June informed USA about her intervention aim in 4th of June
in 5 June 1964, US’s President Lyndon Baines Johnson sent his famous letter to İsmet İnönü.
THE MAİN TOPİCS OF JOHNSON’S LETTER 5 JUNE 1964
1. Turkey should consult US for continuity of the allience between Turkey & USA
2. Turkey’s proposed intervention would affect the partition of the island
3. The obligations of NATO /Results of Possible Turkish & Greek war
4. Possibility of direct involvement by the Soviet Union
5. United Nations factor
6. Turkish Military equipments were supplied by US
7. Ismet Inönü is invited to Washington to discuss the Cyprus issue
INÖNÜ’S ANSWER TO JOHNSON 13 JUNE 1964
1. In the previous 3 attempts, Turkey informed US about her intervention aims
2. UN & US couldn’t stop the conflicts on the island
3. Turkey is aware of her responsibility to consult the other two guaranteeing powers, but Greece is not
4. Turkey does not have a purpose of effecting the partition of Cyprus
5. Turkish-Greek war could only be waged by Greece
6. The principles of NATO Agreement require the protection of Turkey against possible Soviet attack
7. Turkey is respectful to the UN and the principles of the organization
8. Cyprus Government’s actions against the foundation treaties and constitution of Cyprus
9. Prime Minister, Ismet Inönü will come to Washington to discuss Cyprus issue with President Johnson
İSMET İNÖNÜ
CHANGES IN
US-TURKEY
RELATIONS
AYŞE TAŞPINAR
NEGOTİATİONS İN USA
Bilateral negotiations
London Conference & Zurich Conference
Inönü’s insistence on diplomatic relations
Common interests
İNÖNÜ İN WASHİNGTON
FUNDAMENTAL CHANGES İN TFP -AFTER 1964
In terms of; Diplomatic relations Peaceful Cooperations with other states Military issues
CONSEQUENCES OF JOHNSON’S LETTER
Changes in Turkish foreign policy Scepticism on US policies Reluctance to NATO Improvement in foreign relation with other
countries-USSR and some Third World countries Opposition and criticism from Turkish society Joint Defence Agreement New developments on Turkish military equipment
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