INTRODUCTION PART 1: VIDEO TECHNOLOGY
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NESTOR S. ABROGENA JRDESIGN FOUNDATION, SCHOOL OF DESIGN AND ARTS
COLLEGE OF SAINT BENILDE
VIDEO TECHNOLOGY
VIDEO TECHNOLOGYWAS FIRST DEVELOPED
FORCATHODE RAY TUBE
TELEVISION SYSTEMS
CATHODE RAY TUBE (CRT)
FAST-RISINGTECHNOLOGYGAVE BIRTH TOHIGHER-END
TV MONITORS
Digital Light Processing(DLP)
Liquid Crystal Display(LCD)
Plasma Display Panels(PDP)
Organic Light Emitting Diode(OLED / LED TV) 3D TV
BASIC
FOR FILM & VIDEOHAD ITS ROOTS
IN STILL
PHOTOGRAPHY
IMAGE REPRODUCTION
LIGHT PHOTOSENSITIVE
MATERIALARE THE ELEMENTS
OFIMAGE REPRODUCTION
AND A
PRINCIPLES OFIMAGE REPRODUCTION
1. STILL CAMERA2. MOVING CAMERA3. VIDEO CAMERA
STILL CAMERAlight falls
on the subject
capturedby the
camera lens negative enlarger
chemical process photo
> > > > >
MOVING CAMERAlight falls
on the
subject
>> > > >
recordsat 24 fps
negativeprint
chemical process
positiveprint projection
at 24 fps
MOVING CAMERA: PERSISTENCE OF VISION
SINCE THE EYE RETAINS IMAGES SLIGHTLY LONGER THAN IT IS ACTUALLY EXPOSED TO THEM,
IT TENDS TO MELD 2 SUCCESSIVE IMAGES INTO ONE, CREATING A SMOOTH TRANSITION BETWEEN THEM.
FILM FORMAT: 35mm-1890’s
Before: CELLULOSE NITRATE-BASED – highly flammable and becomes
explosive as it deteriorates with ageAfter: CELLULOSE ACETATE-BASED
35mm CameraCamera to Human Ratio
35mm film stock
FILM FORMAT: 16mm-1920’s
-Looks grainier and less sharp, but already coped up with the technology
- Super16 (1970) / Ultra16
16mm Camera
Camera to Human Ratio16mm film stock 16mm projector
FILM FORMAT: 8mm-1932
-½ of 16mm; less expensive; before, the prime format of home movies
- Super8 (1965) / Ultra16
Le8mm Camera Camera to Human Ratio
8mm film stock 8mm projector Sample clip
FILM FORMAT:
65/70mm-Large formats
- IMAX (image maximum) / ONIMAX (65mm horizontally)
Le70mm Camera Camera to Human Ratio
70mm film stock 70mm film negative
IMAX Projection
SIZE COMPARISON OF FILM NEGATIVES
ASPECT RATIOWIDTH OF THE FRAME
DIVIDED BY THE HEIGHT
4:3 / 1.33:1STANDARD
- 4 UNITS WIDE FOR EVERY 3 UNITS OF HEIGHT
16:9WIDESCREEN
-1.85:1: ASPECT RATIO USED BY AMERICAN-1.66.1: ASPECT RATIO USED BY EUROPEAN-LETTERBOX: CROPPING TOP AND BOTTOM
2.35:1ANAMORPHIC-VERY WIDE SCREEN; WHEN SHOOTING, SQUEEZE THE
WIDTH THEN UNSQUEEZED IN PROJECTION, WIDENING ORIGINAL ASPECT RATIO
- BIGGER LETTERBOX
RULE OF THUMBTHE LARGER THE FORMAT, THE
BETTER THE QUALITY , THE MORE EXPENSIVE IT IS TO
SHOOT AND THE HEAVIER THE EQUIPMENT TO USE.
VIDEO CAMERAlight falls
on the subject
capturedby the camera
lens,light is then converted
Into an electrical signal and prints to a magnetic tape
playbackVCR TV
monitor
> >>
HOW DO VIDEO CAMERAS WORK?LIGHT IS CONVERTED INTO AN ELECTRICAL SIGNAL, EACH FRAME OF INFORMATION
DOESN’T FLOW THROUGH THE ELECTRICAL CABLE AT ONCE
AN ELECTRON BEAM SCANS ACROSS THE PICTURE FROM ONE SIDE TO THE OTHER. THE LEVEL OF BRIGHTNESS AND DARKNESS IS READ
AND TRANSMITTED
THE VIDEO IMAGE IS MADE UP OF A SERIES OF
HORIZONTAL LINES BUT THE SCANNING PROCESS IS SO FAST THAT OUR EYES SEE THE
FRAME AS A WHOLE UNIFIED PICTURE
TRANSITIONS OF A VIDEO CAMERA
U-matic Betacam SP Betamax
TRANSITIONS OF A VIDEO CAMERA
VHS Video 8 Hi 8
TRANSITIONS OF A VIDEO CAMERA
Digital 8Mini-DV HDV
TRANSITIONS OF A VIDEO CAMERA
DVD P2 / DVCPRO HD AVCHD (SD CARD)
TRANSITIONS OF A VIDEO CAMERA
XDCAM(BLUE-RAY / S x S CARD)
HDSLR (CF CARD / SD CARD)
RED CAM(Red Drive, Red Flash [CF])
THE RASTER SCANHORIZONTAL LINES STARTING AT THE TOP,
FROM LEFT TO RIGHT
2 TYPES OF SCANNINGPROGRESSIVE- IN ORDER FROM TOP TO BOTTOM
INTERLACED- SCANS EVERY OTHER LINE, STARTING WITH ODD LINES (1,3,5…625), THEN EVEN
LINES (2,4,6…624)
THE RASTER SCAN
FRAMETWO FIELDS SHOWN IN RAPID SUCCESSION
THERE ARE 25 FRAMES PER SECOND WITH 50 FIELDS PER SECOND (PAL) / 24
FPS WITH 60 FIELDS PER SECOND (NTSC). THE CAMERA PROCESSES 15,625 LINES OF
PICTURE INFORMATION PER SECOND
CAMERA IMAGE SENSORRESPONSIBLE FOR TRANSFORMING LIGHT INTO
ELECTRICAL SIGNAL
CCD- (CHARGED COUPLE DEVICE)
LIGHT SENSITIVE COMPUTER CHIP DIVIDED INTO PIXELS (PICTURE ELEMENTS) VERY FINE GRID SOPT-TINY LIGHT METERS THAT READS THE
BRIGHTNESS OF LIGHT AT THAT SPOT
WORLD COLOR TV STANDARDS
NTSC (NATIONAL TELEVISION SYSTEM COMMITTEE) – 525/60 INTERLACED LINES; 30 FPS, USED IN US, CANADA, JAPAN, PHILIPPINES
PAL (PHASE ALTERNATING LINE) – 625/50 LINES; 25 FPS, USED IN UK, WESTERN EUROPE, PARTS AFRICA, MIDDLE EAST, AUSTRALIA, CHINA
SECAM (SÉQUENTIEL COULEUR ÀVEC MÉMOIRE) – OR SEQUENTIAL COLOR WITH MEMORY / SYSTEME ELECTRONIQUE POUR COLEUR AVEC MEMOIRE- 625/50 LINES; 25 FPS, USED IN FRANCE, EASTERN EUROPE, PARTS OF AFRICA AND RUSSIA
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