Intro Section 1: Basic Lab Equipment 1. Dissecting pan.

Intro Section 1: Basic Lab EquipmentIntro Section 1: Basic Lab Equipment

1. Dissecting pan1. Dissecting pan

2. Dissecting pins2. Dissecting pins

3. Forceps3. Forceps

4. Dissecting scissors4. Dissecting scissors

5. Blunt probe5. Blunt probe

6. Scalpel6. Scalpel

7. Spatula7. Spatula

8. Glass stirring rod8. Glass stirring rod

9. Goggles9. Goggles

Used to protect your eyes Used to protect your eyes while in the labwhile in the lab

10. Triple beam balance10. Triple beam balance

Used to measure the mass of an object. Used to measure the mass of an object.

Scientific unit of measure: (g) gramsScientific unit of measure: (g) grams

11. Bunsen burner11. Bunsen burner

12. Beaker tongs12. Beaker tongs

13. Magnifying lens/hand lens13. Magnifying lens/hand lens

14. Hot plate14. Hot plate

15. Graduated Cylinder15. Graduated Cylinder

Used to measure volumeUsed to measure volume

Scientific unit of measure: (L) LitersScientific unit of measure: (L) Liters

16. Test tube holder/clamp16. Test tube holder/clamp

17. Test tube17. Test tube

18. Test tube rack18. Test tube rack

19. Corks/rubber stoppers19. Corks/rubber stoppers

20. Pipette20. Pipette

21. Thermometer21. Thermometer

Used to measure temperatureUsed to measure temperature

Scientific unit of measure: (C) CelsiusScientific unit of measure: (C) Celsius

22. Centigram balance22. Centigram balance

Used to measure the mass of an object. Used to measure the mass of an object.

Scientific unit of measure: (g) gramsScientific unit of measure: (g) grams

23. Apron23. Apron

24. Light microscope24. Light microscope

25. Watch glass25. Watch glass

26. Coverslips26. Coverslips

27. Microscope slides27. Microscope slides

28. Erlenmeyer flask28. Erlenmeyer flask

29. Funnel29. Funnel

30. Test tube brush30. Test tube brush

31. Inoculating loop31. Inoculating loop

32. Beaker32. Beaker

33. Petri dish33. Petri dish

34. Metric ruler34. Metric ruler

Used to measure DistanceUsed to measure Distance

Scientific unit of measure: (M) MetersScientific unit of measure: (M) Meters

35. Dissecting probe35. Dissecting probe

Section 2: Disciplines of BiologySection 2: Disciplines of Biology

•Start by looking over the prefix suffix Start by looking over the prefix suffix worksheetworksheet

What is biology?

Prefix: bio- _______________

Suffix: -logy ______________

Living thingsLiving thingsThe study ofThe study of

• The branch of biology that deals with the formation, structure, and function of cells

Cytology

• The branch of biology that deals with microorganisms and their effects on other living organisms

Microbiology

• The branch of biology that deals with animals and animal life, including the study of the structure, physiology, development, and classification of animals.

Zoology

• __________ is the scientific study of plant life BotanyBotany

Ecology

• The science of the relationships between organisms and their environments

• Living-living and living-nonliving interactions

Entomology

• The scientific study of insects

Anatomy

• The science of the shape and structure of organisms and their parts

Genetics

• The branch of biology that deals with heredity, especially the mechanisms of hereditary transmission and the variation of inherited characteristics among similar or related organisms.

Physiology

• The biological study of the functions of living organisms and their parts

Biochemistry

• The study of the chemical substances and vital processes occurring in living organisms; biological chemistry; physiological chemistry.

Medicine

• Maintaining or restoring human health through its study, diagnosis, and treatment.

Taxonomy

• The classification of organisms in an ordered system that indicates natural relationships

Palaeontology

• The study of the forms of life existing in prehistoric or geologic times, as represented by the fossils of plants, animals, and other organisms.

Marine Biology

• The scientific study of life in oceans or other marine environments.

Epidemiology

• The branch of biology that deals with the study of the causes, distribution, and control of disease in populations.

Characteristics, Needs and Chemistry

Section: 3 Characteristics of Section: 3 Characteristics of Living ThingsLiving Things

1. All living things contain cells.

• Cells – basic unit of structure and function.

• Unicellular – one cell.

• Multicellular – many cells.

2. Living things obtain and use materials and energy.

Plants obtain their energy from sunlight.

Animals obtain their energy from the food they eat.

3. All living things grow and develop.

• Grow – to get bigger

• Development – process that occurs in an organism that makes it more complex.

Growth and Development

• Children Grow- get bigger

• Develop- change body form

• Growth without development

4. Living things maintain a stable internal environment.

Homeostasis- maintaining a stable internal environment

Despite changes in the temperature of the environment, a human maintains a constant body temperature.

• 98.6 degrees Fahrenheit is normal for humans

5. All organisms respond to their surroundings.

• Stimulus – a change in an organism’s surroundings.

• Response – reaction to a stimulus.

6. All living things reproduce.

• Reproduction – produce offspring.

• Asexual – One parent.

• Sexual – two parents.

7. All living things have a genetic code (DNA or RNA)

• A cat cannot litter of puppies.

• A dog cannot have kittens

• An organisms DNA codes for that specific organism

8. Taken as a group, living things change over time.

Living things adapt to their environment.

An adaptation is a charachteristic that helps an organism better survive or reproduce in an environment

Plants that live in the desert survive because they have become adapted to the conditions of the desert.

Desert Desert PlantsPlants

THE NEEDS OF LIVING THINGS

1. Energy

• Autotrophs – make their own food and use it for energy.

• Heterotrophs – have to eat food to get energy.

2. All living things need water.

• Need water to break down materials and dissolve chemicals.

3. Living Space

• All organisms need a place for food water and shelter.

• There is a lot of competition over living space.

4. Stable internal conditions.

• Homeostasis – the maintenance of stable internal conditions.

Section 4: Science and the Scientific Method

Scientific Method at Work • Aristotle (384 – 322 BC) Aristotle (384 – 322 BC)

• Proposed the Proposed the Theory of Spontaneous Generation– Organisms can arise from nonliving

matter

– Idea lasted almost 2000 years

– Took multiple scientists and hundreds of years to disprove

• occurred from 1668 to 1859.– Francesco Redi

– John Needham

– Lazzaro Spallanzani

– Louis Pasteur

– Led to todays new theory of biogenesistheory of biogenesis: Life must come from life under normal conditions

The Slow Death of Spontaneous Generation

OBSERVATIONS: OBSERVATIONS: Flies land on meat that is left uncovered. Later, maggots appear on the meat.Flies land on meat that is left uncovered. Later, maggots appear on the meat.

HYPOTHESIS: Flies produce maggots.HYPOTHESIS: Flies produce maggots.PROCEDUREPROCEDURE

Controlled Variables:Controlled Variables:jars, type of meat,jars, type of meat,location, temperature,location, temperature,timetime

Manipulated Variables:Manipulated Variables:gauze covering thatgauze covering thatkeeps flies away from keeps flies away from meatmeat

Uncovered jarsUncovered jars Covered jarsCovered jars

Several Several days passdays pass

Maggots appearMaggots appear No maggots appearNo maggots appearResponding Variable: Responding Variable: whether maggots whether maggots appearappear

CONCLUSION: CONCLUSION: Maggots form only when flies come in contact with meat. Spontaneous generation of Maggots form only when flies come in contact with meat. Spontaneous generation of maggots did not occur.maggots did not occur.

Section 1-2Section 1-2

Francesco Redi’s Experiment on Spontaneous Francesco Redi’s Experiment on Spontaneous Generation (1668)Generation (1668)

Go to Go to Section:Section:

John Needham (1745)• Everyone knew that boiling killed microorganisms (common Everyone knew that boiling killed microorganisms (common

knowledge)knowledge)• John Needham proposed to test whether or not John Needham proposed to test whether or not

microorganisms appeared spontaneously after boiling.microorganisms appeared spontaneously after boiling.• He tried to disprove Redi’s conclusionHe tried to disprove Redi’s conclusion

– He boiled chicken broth, He boiled chicken broth, – put it into a flask, put it into a flask, – sealed it, sealed it, – and waited and waited

• sure enough, microorganisms grew. Needham claimed sure enough, microorganisms grew. Needham claimed victory for spontaneous generation. victory for spontaneous generation.

Gravy is boiled.Gravy is boiled. Flask isFlask isopen.open.

Gravy is teeming Gravy is teeming with microorganisms.with microorganisms.

Gravy is boiled.Gravy is boiled. Flask isFlask issealed.sealed.

Gravy is free of Gravy is free of microorganisms.microorganisms.

Figure 1-10 Lazzaro Spallanzani’s Figure 1-10 Lazzaro Spallanzani’s ExperimentExperiment

The people said to Spallanzani

• “You missed a variable, for life to be generated you need contact with the air”

• They said air was the “vital force” needed for life

Broth is boiled.Broth is boiled. Broth is free ofBroth is free ofmicroorganismsmicroorganismsfor a year.for a year.

Curved neckCurved neckis removed.is removed.

Broth is Broth is teeming with teeming with microorganisms.microorganisms.

Figure 1-11 Louis Pasteur’s Figure 1-11 Louis Pasteur’s ExperimentExperiment

Explaining the evidence

• Hypothesis- a statement that is a possible explanation for a set of observations or answers to a scientific question

A hypothesis must be testable. (not useful if it can’t be tested)

Ex. The moon is made of cheese

Hypothesis are educated statements that are testable but many times false when tested

Scientific Theory• Science Theory- an explanation of a natural

phenomenon that is supported by a large body of scientific evidence obtained by many different investigations and observations.

• A theory remains valid only if every new piece of information supports it.

• If available information does not support a theory, then the theory is disproved.

• New discoveries and in science occasionally change a theory.

Scientific Law• Scientific Law - describes a natural event; it is a fact• Universal Law of Gravity• All objects attract other objects

Nature of Science

• Science never reaches “Fact”

• Constantly new technologies and ideas arise that disprove current theories.

• Science gets as close to “Fact” as possible as people fail to disprove a concept.

Recipe for Bees Recipe for Bees About 2000 About 2000 years ago, a Roman poet wrote years ago, a Roman poet wrote these directions for producing these directions for producing bees.bees.

Is this science and is this an Is this science and is this an experiment?experiment?

Yes!At the time with the current knowledge this could be repeated and have a similar result

The Goal of Science• To investigate and

understand nature

• To explain events in nature

• To use those explanations to make useful predictions

Intro• Turn in your syllabus if you have not yet

1.What is spontaneous generation?

2.What did spontaneous generation advocates say was the vital force (or necessary variable needed for Spallanzani’s experiment to produce life)?

3.How did Pasteur improve Spallanzani’s experiment and contradict those advocates?

4.What are the goals of science?

The scientific method always starts with observation and you then “state a problem”

What is the problem here?What is the problem here?

Vocabulary• Controlled experiment – a test of the effect of a single

variable keeping all other variables the same.• You change “only one variable” in an controlled

experiment

• Constants- all variable that kept the same

• Variable – anything that you change or changes as a result of what you do

My car wont start and I want to set My car wont start and I want to set up a controlled experiment. How up a controlled experiment. How would you do this?would you do this?

Vocabulary

• Hypothesis - possible explanation for a set of observations or possible answer to a scientific question.

• The plant is dying because it needs to be watered.

It is a statement which is It is a statement which is an educated guess and it an educated guess and it is testableis testable

Vocabulary

• Control group – In experiment this is the group that you compare your results to.

Constants or controls are needed to eliminate alternate explanations of experimental results. For example, suppose a researcher feeds an experimental artificial sweetener to thirty laboratory rats and observes that eight of them subsequently die of dehydration. The underlying cause of death could be the sweetener itself

or something unrelated.

• Experimental group – In an experiment this is the group in which you change a variable on and compare to the control group

• In a controlled experiment you have a experimental group

Vocabulary

Experimental Group: Plant AExperimental Group: Plant A

(watered)(watered)

Control Group: Plant B is left Control Group: Plant B is left the same (not watered)the same (not watered)

Vocabulary

• Experimental variable – The variable you change in an experimental group.

• This will be your independent variable

• Watered or not

• Independent variable – factor in an experiment that a scientist purposely changes; also known as manipulated variable

• “The cause”

• Do you or don’t you water the plant?

Vocabulary

Vocabulary• Dependant variable - factor in an

experiment that a scientist wants to observe, which may change in response to the manipulated variable; also known as a responding variable

DieDie

LiveLive

““The Effect” – does the plant live or The Effect” – does the plant live or die?die?

The dependent variable is dependant on the The dependent variable is dependant on the independent variableindependent variable

• Observation - use of one or more of the senses—sight, hearing, touch, smell, and sometimes taste—to gather information

– Qualitative observations involve characteristics that cannot be easily measured or counted

– Quantitative observations involve numbers

Vocabulary

• Data collection – collection of evidence; information gathered from observations

Vocabulary

• Data analysis - Observing your data, picking out the important results, and making sense of the data.

• Data is anything collected through observation in an experiment

Vocabulary

• Inference - logical interpretation based on prior knowledge and experience

• For example, researchers might test small quantities, or samples, of water from a reservoir. If samples collected from different parts of the reservoir are all clean enough to drink, the researchers may infer that all the water in the reservoir is safe to drink.

Vocabulary

• Conclusion - Using the evidence of an experiment to determine whether the hypothesis was supported or refuted(wrong).

Vocabulary

Question

• How is an inference different than an observation?

Scientific Method

• State the Problem

• Form a Hypothesis

• Set Up a Controlled Experiment

• Record and Analyze Results

• Draw a Conclusion

State the Problem

Scientific M

ethodS

cientific Method

It Stinks!It Stinks!

Form a Hypothesis

• The room stinks because a rat died in a cabinet

• The room stinks because someone may have farted

– Pick only one hypothesis to test, you can come back to the others if you conclude the first one is wrong.

– Pick the most likely hypothesis to test first

Scientific M

ethodS

cientific Method

Set Up a Controlled Experiment

• Have a control to compare your results to- in this case the room beforehand

• Only Change One Variable– The variable changed must make sense– I will turn on the exhaust and see if it still

smells bad 5 minutes later– If it does not smell bad it was only something

temporary

Scientific M

ethodS

cientific Method

Record and Analyze Results

• It still smells bad after 5 minutes

Scientific M

ethodS

cientific Method

Draw a Conclusion

• My Hypothesis about the flatulent was incorrect go back to step one and test another hypothesis

Scientific M

ethodS

cientific Method

Do the Simpsons Scientific Do the Simpsons Scientific Method Review WorksheetMethod Review Worksheet

Do the Writing a Hypothesis Do the Writing a Hypothesis WorksheetWorksheet

Graphs are a useful tool in data analysis

• There are many types

• When you use them depends on the data you are analyzing

A few types of graphs

• Line Graph

• Bar Graph

• Pie Graph

There are times where one graph is There are times where one graph is far better than the othersfar better than the others

Line Graphs• A line graph is a way to summarize how two pieces of

information are related and how they vary depending on one another.

• The numbers along a side of the line graph are called the scale.

John's WeightJohn's Weight

This line graph shows how John's weight varied from the beginning of 1991 to the beginning of 1995.

The weight scale runs vertically, while the time scale is on the horizontal axis.

Following the gridlines up from the beginning of the years, we see that John's weight was

68 kg in 1991, 70 kg in 1992, 74 kg in 1993, 74 kg in 1994, and 73 kg in 1995.

Examining the graph also tells us that John's weight increased during 1991 and 1995, stayed the same during 1991, and fell during 1994.

John's WeightJohn's Weight

What does this line graph show us?

Car Value Versus the MileageCar Value Versus the Mileage

• This line graph shows the average value of a car versus the mileage on the car.

• When the car is new, it costs $14000. The more the car is driven, the more its value falls according to the curve above.

• Its value falls $2000 the first 20000 miles it is driven. When the mileage is 80000, the truck's value is about $4000.

Car Value Versus the Car Value Versus the MileageMileage

Pie Chart

• A pie chart is a circle graph divided into pieces, each displaying the size of some related piece of information.

• Pie charts are used to display the sizes of parts that make up some whole.

Pie Chart

• The pie chart shows the ingredients used to make a sausage and mushroom pizza.

• The fraction of each ingredient by weight is shown in the pie chart.

• We see that half of the pizza's weight comes from the crust. The mushrooms make up the smallest amount of the pizza by weight, since the slice corresponding to the mushrooms is smallest. Note that the sum of the decimal sizes of each slice is equal to 1 (the "whole" pizza").

Weight of Weight of sausage and sausage and mushroom pizza mushroom pizza ingredients ingredients

What does this pie chart show?

fractions of dogs in a dog competition fractions of dogs in a dog competition

Bar Graphs

• Bar graphs consist of an axis and a series of labeled horizontal or vertical bars that show different values for each bar.

• The numbers along a side of the bar graph are called the scale.

Fruit Sold Fruit Sold

Bar Graphs

• This bar chart shows the weight in kilograms of some fruit sold one day by a local market.

• We can see that 52 kg of apples were sold, 40 kg of oranges were sold, and 8 kg of star fruit were sold.

Double Bar Graph

• A double bar graph is similar to a regular bar graph, but gives 2 pieces of information for each item on the vertical axis, rather than just 1.

• What does this double bar graph show?

Do the Kaibab Graphing Do the Kaibab Graphing ActivityActivity

Section 5: Metric Measurement

Metric Measurement

• Most scientists use the metric system and SI units when collecting data and performing experiments

• Metric System - decimal system of measurement based on certain physical standards and scaled on multiples of 10

Base SI Metric Units

• Mass = grams (g)

• Volume = Liters (L)

• Length = Meters (m)

• Density = grams per liter (g/L)

• Temperature = degrees Celsius (ºC)

Metric Prefixes

• These two measurements are different.These two measurements are different.

15 meters15 meters 15 kilometers15 kilometers

• How?How?

Metric Prefixes

• These two measurements are different.These two measurements are different.

15 meters15 meters 15 15 kilokilometersmeters

• How?How?

– One has a One has a prefixprefix

Metric Prefixes

• You will need to convert between different You will need to convert between different metric units like the followingmetric units like the following

• How do you do this?How do you do this?

Metric Prefixes

• You will need to convert between different You will need to convert between different metric units like the followingmetric units like the following

• How do you do this?How do you do this?

– Know your prefixes and how they relate to the Know your prefixes and how they relate to the base unitbase unit

Metric Prefixes• A prefix will make the unit bigger or A prefix will make the unit bigger or

smaller than the base unitsmaller than the base unit

• We will use the base unit meter in this We will use the base unit meter in this exampleexample

• But remember:But remember:

• Prefixes have the same number meaning Prefixes have the same number meaning when attached to other units like seconds, when attached to other units like seconds, liters, etc.liters, etc.

Metric Prefixes• Bigger Metric Prefixes Bigger Metric Prefixes

• Prefix: deca-Prefix: deca-

• Symbol: daSymbol: da

• Meaning: tenMeaning: ten

• 1 dam or decameter equals 10 meters1 dam or decameter equals 10 meters

• Prefix: hecto-Prefix: hecto-

• Symbol: hSymbol: h

• Meaning: one hundredMeaning: one hundred

• 1 hm or hectometer equals 100 meters1 hm or hectometer equals 100 meters

• Prefix: kilo-Prefix: kilo-

• Symbol: kSymbol: k

• Meaning: one thousandMeaning: one thousand

• 1 km or kilometer equals 1000 meters1 km or kilometer equals 1000 meters

• Prefix: mega-Prefix: mega-

• Symbol: M Symbol: M capital M capital M

• Meaning: one millionMeaning: one million

• 1 Mm or Megameter equals 1000000 meters1 Mm or Megameter equals 1000000 meters

Metric Prefixes• Smaller Metric Prefixes Smaller Metric Prefixes

• Prefix: deci-Prefix: deci-

• Symbol: d Symbol: d

• Meaning: one tenthMeaning: one tenth

• 10 dm equals 1 m10 dm equals 1 m

1 dm 1 dm

• Prefix: centi-Prefix: centi-

• Symbol: c Symbol: c

• Meaning: one hundredthMeaning: one hundredth

• 100 cm equals 1 m100 cm equals 1 m

1 cm 1 cm

• Prefix: milli-Prefix: milli-

• Symbol: m Symbol: m

• Meaning: one thousandthMeaning: one thousandth

• 1000 mm equals 1 m1000 mm equals 1 m

1 mm 1 mm

• Prefix: micro-Prefix: micro-

• Symbol: µ Symbol: µ

• Meaning: one millionthMeaning: one millionth

• 1000000 µm equals 1 m1000000 µm equals 1 m

• Too small to read on a meter stickToo small to read on a meter stick

Metric Prefixes

SI PREFIX

Mega-kilo-hecto-deca-

Nonedeci-centi-milli-micro-

Unit Symbol

da----dcmµ

Meaning in words

millionthousandhundredten

----tenthhundredththousandthmillionth

Mathematical meaning

1,000,0001,00010010 11/101/1001/10001/1000000

Conversions outside the metric systemLENGTH1 in = 2.54 cm1 ft = 0.3048 m1 mi = 5280 ft = 1.609 km1 m = 3.281 ft1 km = 0.6214 miMASS1 oz = 28.35 g1 kg = 2.2 lbTIME1 hr = 60 min = 3600 s1 day = 24 h = 1.44 x 103 min = 8.64 x 104 s1 yr = 365 days = 3.156 x 107 sSPEED1 mi/h = 1.609 km/h = 1.467 ft/s = 0.4470 m/s1 km/h = 0.6214 mi/h = 0.277 m/s = 0.9113 ft/s

Km hm dam m dm cm mm

• Arrange these in order of largest to smallest measure of length

dm damdm dam

mmmm mm hmhm

km cmkm cm

• Place a 1 in front of the unit that is bigger

• Next write how many of the smaller unit fit in the bigger unit

Doing a conversion

• Convert 65 m to km

1.Turn this into a question

?km = 65m

Doing a conversion• Convert 65 m to km1.Turn this into a question

?km = 65m

2. Draw the conversion line

3. Write the unit we are converting out of on the opposite side of the line (so it will cancel out later)

4. Write what you are converting into on the opposite side

5. Place a 1 next to the larger unit

6. Place the correct conversion factor next to the other

Doing a conversion

?km = 65m

7. Cross out the units that have canceled out

8. Check to see if you are now at the desired unit

9. If yes.. Grab a calculator

If no.. You will need another conversion line

Doing a conversion

Using your calculator to get a successful result

1.Open parenthesis, multiply everything in the numerator, close parenthesis

2.Hit divide

3.Open parenthesis, multiply everything in the numerator, close parenthesis

4.solve

Get some practice

1. 32 cm to m

?m = 32 cm

Get some practice

2. 14 minutes to seconds

?s = 14 min

Get some practice

3. 507 cL to L

?L = 507 cL

Get some practice

4. 0.057 m to km

?km = 0.057 m

or 5.7 x10or 5.7 x10-5-5

Get some practice

5. 13 cm3 to mL

?mL = 13 cm3

(1cm3 = 1 mL)

6. 3.004 L to mL

?mL= 3.004L

7. 86 kg to g

?g = 86 kg

8. 1.2 x 103 mi to km

?km = 1.2 x 103mi

(0.62mi = 1km)

9. 0.15ft to inches

?in = 0.15ft

(1ft = 12in)

Next level of difficulty

1. 56 km to mm

?mm= 56 km

Not there yet…Not there yet…need another conversion lineneed another conversion line

Now were thereNow were there

Calculator timeCalculator time

2. 29 kg to cg

?cg = 29 kg = 2900000 cg= 2900000 cg

or 2.9 x 10or 2.9 x 1066 cg cg

3. 0.546 km to µm

? µm = 0.546 km

= 546000000 µm= 546000000 µm

or 5.46 x 10or 5.46 x 1088 µm µm

4. 69,000 dg to kg

?kg = 69,000 dg

= 6.9 kg= 6.9 kg

Next level of problem

5. 25 km/min to m/s

? m = 25 km

s 1 min

2. The numerator is now what you want, time to do the same with the denominator

1. Do exactly what we did before to convert

3. To cancel out a denominator we need to start by placing the same unit up top

The trick here is ignoring The trick here is ignoring the part of the unit you are the part of the unit you are not working withnot working with

= 416.67 m/s= 416.67 m/s

6. 1.352 km/h to mm/s

? mm = 1.352 km

s 1 hr

7. 20 km to ft

? ft = 20 km

(1 m = 3.281 ft)

= 65620 ft = 65620 ft

Do the Metric Measurement Do the Metric Measurement WorksheetWorksheet

THE END!!!

Intro Section 1: Basic Lab Equipment 1. Dissecting pan.

study of slide

development slide

parts slide

lab slide

glass slide

humans slide

rod slide

scalpel slide

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