Instructional Focus Document Notes Grade 8/Social Studies UNIT: 06 TITLE: Early Republic Part 1: The New Nation.

Instructional Focus Instructional Focus Document NotesDocument NotesGrade 8/Social Grade 8/Social

StudiesStudiesUNIT: 06 TITLE: Early UNIT: 06 TITLE: Early RepublicRepublic

Part 1: The New NationPart 1: The New Nation

The New NationThe New Nation

The Bill of Rights The Bill of Rights was added to the was added to the Constitution in Constitution in December of 1791. December of 1791.

George George Washington was Washington was elected the first elected the first President of the President of the United States of United States of America. America.

Washington’s CabinetWashington’s Cabinet

Washington as the Washington as the first President would first President would be responsible for be responsible for establishing many establishing many precedents.precedents.

He established the He established the first Presidential first Presidential Cabinet Cabinet (administration) with (administration) with heads of executive heads of executive departments.departments.

Federal Judiciary ActFederal Judiciary Act He also oversaw the He also oversaw the

establishment of the establishment of the Court System with Court System with the passing of the the passing of the Federal Judiciary Act Federal Judiciary Act of 1789. of 1789.

Under the new Under the new Constitution, the Constitution, the Authority of the Authority of the National Government National Government needed to be needed to be established and established and defineddefined

Hamilton and the BankHamilton and the Bank Washington appointed Washington appointed

Alexander Hamilton to Alexander Hamilton to head the new head the new Treasury Department. Treasury Department.

The United States The United States needed to create a needed to create a stable economic stable economic systemsystem

Hamilton wanted to Hamilton wanted to install a National install a National Bank.Bank.

Hamilton and the BankHamilton and the Bank

He was also in He was also in favor of favor of implementing implementing protective Tariffs protective Tariffs and quickly and quickly repaying our repaying our Revolutionary War Revolutionary War debt.debt.

Hamilton and the BankHamilton and the Bank

Thomas Jefferson Thomas Jefferson and the other Anti-and the other Anti-federalists argued federalists argued that a National that a National Bank would be Bank would be unconstitutional.unconstitutional.

Hamilton pointed Hamilton pointed to the “Necessary to the “Necessary and Proper clause” and Proper clause” in the Constitutionin the Constitution

The Elastic ClauseThe Elastic Clause

The “Necessary and Proper Clause” The “Necessary and Proper Clause” in the constitution gives the in the constitution gives the government the power to… “Make all government the power to… “Make all laws which are necessary and proper laws which are necessary and proper for carrying into execution the for carrying into execution the foregoing powers, and all together foregoing powers, and all together powers vested by this Constitution”….powers vested by this Constitution”….

This clause became known as the This clause became known as the “elastic clause”, because it could be “elastic clause”, because it could be stretched to fit any meaning. stretched to fit any meaning.

Elastic ClauseElastic Clause

Both Hamilton and Both Hamilton and Jefferson used the Jefferson used the clause in their clause in their arguments. arguments.

In the end, In the end, Washington sided Washington sided with Hamilton and with Hamilton and the National Bank the National Bank was established, was established, becoming very becoming very successful. successful.

Hamilton and the Hamilton and the EconomyEconomy

Alexander Hamilton Alexander Hamilton played a vital role in the played a vital role in the early economic system early economic system of the United States. of the United States.

He advocated He advocated (supported) a “Free (supported) a “Free Enterprise” system with Enterprise” system with minimal government minimal government intrusion. In other intrusion. In other words, allow businesses words, allow businesses to help build the nations to help build the nations economy without fear of economy without fear of the government taxing the government taxing them heavily making them heavily making regulations and limiting regulations and limiting what they can do. what they can do.

Federalists vs. Anti-Federalists vs. Anti-federalistsfederalists

The first two political parties in the The first two political parties in the United States formed because of the United States formed because of the disagreements over the role and disagreements over the role and strength the new Federal strength the new Federal government would have.government would have.

Federalists and Anti-federalists also Federalists and Anti-federalists also disagreed about the future direction disagreed about the future direction of the United States. of the United States.

Federalists vs. Anti-Federalists vs. Anti-federalistsfederalists

Federalists such as Federalists such as Alexander Alexander Hamilton and John Hamilton and John Adams wanted the Adams wanted the United States to United States to become a leader in become a leader in research and research and technology to technology to become an become an industrial giant.industrial giant.

Federalists vs. Anti-Federalists vs. Anti-federalistsfederalists

Anti-federalists Anti-federalists such as Thomas such as Thomas Jefferson and Jefferson and George Mason George Mason wanted the United wanted the United States to remain States to remain an agrarian an agrarian society. (farmers)society. (farmers)

Federalists and TariffsFederalists and Tariffs

Federalists also favored protective Federalists also favored protective tariffstariffs. These are taxes placed on . These are taxes placed on imported goods that help protect imported goods that help protect American manufactured products by American manufactured products by making foreign made products more making foreign made products more expensive. expensive.

Taxes allow the government to create Taxes allow the government to create more programs and infrastructure that more programs and infrastructure that benefit the economy and the citizens. benefit the economy and the citizens.

Federalists vs. Anti-Federalists vs. Anti-federalistsfederalists

Anti-Federalists wanted an Anti-Federalists wanted an expansion of States’ Rightsexpansion of States’ Rights

Federalists wanted a loose Federalists wanted a loose interpretation of the Constitution interpretation of the Constitution while,..while,..

Anti-Federalists wanted a strict Anti-Federalists wanted a strict interpretation.interpretation.

Jay’s TreatyJay’s Treaty

In Europe, England and France were In Europe, England and France were still at war with each other. still at war with each other.

Many American merchant ships Many American merchant ships were being seized by both nations. were being seized by both nations.

England had also not fully removed England had also not fully removed themselves from American soil as themselves from American soil as laid out in the Treaty of Paris 1783. laid out in the Treaty of Paris 1783.

United States 1783United States 1783

Jay’s TreatyJay’s Treaty Washington sent John Washington sent John

Jay back to Europe to Jay back to Europe to negotiate another treaty negotiate another treaty with the British, so that with the British, so that England would recognize England would recognize American neutrality and American neutrality and leave American shipping leave American shipping alone. alone.

Jay was only successful Jay was only successful in getting England to: in getting England to: a.) abandon their forts in a.) abandon their forts in the western U.S. and the western U.S. and b.) allow American b.) allow American merchant ships to trade merchant ships to trade in Asia. in Asia.

Jay’s TreatyJay’s Treaty

England still refused to accept England still refused to accept American neutrality and continued American neutrality and continued to seize American ships. to seize American ships.

American merchants were also shut American merchants were also shut out of the West Indies trade. out of the West Indies trade.

Jay’s TreatyJay’s Treaty

Many Americans felt Many Americans felt this new treaty was this new treaty was an insult and were an insult and were angryangry

But Washington But Washington signed the treaty, signed the treaty, anyway, because he anyway, because he knew the United knew the United States could not States could not fight another war fight another war with Britain. with Britain.

Washington’s Farewell Washington’s Farewell AddressAddress

Washington served two terms as Washington served two terms as President before he stepped down President before he stepped down from office. from office.

By the end of his presidency the two By the end of his presidency the two dominant political parties were the dominant political parties were the Federalists and Anti-federalists.Federalists and Anti-federalists.

The Anti-federalists had now The Anti-federalists had now changed their name to the changed their name to the Democratic-Republicans.Democratic-Republicans.

Washington’s Farewell Washington’s Farewell AddressAddress In his farewell address, Washington urged In his farewell address, Washington urged

America to stay neutral in foreign affairs. America to stay neutral in foreign affairs. He also stressed unity among ALL He also stressed unity among ALL

Americans regardless of their home state. Americans regardless of their home state.

A New CapitalA New Capital

Designs for a new capital city were planned Designs for a new capital city were planned on the banks of the Potomac River.on the banks of the Potomac River.

A New CapitalA New Capital

Pierre Charles Pierre Charles L’enfant was L’enfant was commissioned to commissioned to design the new design the new Capital cityCapital city

A New CapitalA New Capital Construction on the Construction on the

White House began White House began in 1793.in 1793.

Construction on the Construction on the Capitol building Capitol building itself began a year itself began a year later. later.

Philadelphia would Philadelphia would serve as the serve as the Nation’s Capital Nation’s Capital until Washington until Washington D.C. was finished. D.C. was finished.

Hamilton and JeffersonHamilton and Jefferson

Disagreed on many things including the Disagreed on many things including the war between England and France.war between England and France.

Hamilton and JeffersonHamilton and Jefferson

Hamilton supported England.Hamilton supported England. Jefferson admired the French since Jefferson admired the French since

the French were going through their the French were going through their own democratic revolutionown democratic revolution

They both supported rival newspapers They both supported rival newspapers and used these papers to attack each and used these papers to attack each others credentials.others credentials.

Hamilton could never be President Hamilton could never be President because he was not native born. because he was not native born.

Hamilton and JeffersonHamilton and Jefferson

James Madison James Madison had been a leading had been a leading Federalist, but he Federalist, but he changed his views changed his views and became a and became a Democratic-Democratic-Republican.Republican.

Whisky RebellionWhisky Rebellion Federalists controlled Congress during Federalists controlled Congress during

Washington’s and Adams’ Presidency.Washington’s and Adams’ Presidency. Farmers started a revolt over a stiff tax on grain Farmers started a revolt over a stiff tax on grain

used to make alcoholused to make alcohol Washington with Hamilton by his side, rode out Washington with Hamilton by his side, rode out

to put down this uprising.to put down this uprising.

Adams’ PresidencyAdams’ Presidency

John Adams was John Adams was elected the 2nd elected the 2nd President of the President of the United States.United States.

Adams was Adams was attacked attacked continuously by continuously by the Democratic-the Democratic-Republican party.Republican party.

Adams’ PresidencyAdams’ Presidency

Hamilton did not like Jefferson or even Hamilton did not like Jefferson or even Adams for that matter and he urged Adams for that matter and he urged Thomas Pickney to run for President. Thomas Pickney to run for President. (Hamilton would be pulling the strings (Hamilton would be pulling the strings in that Presidency)in that Presidency)

When voters caught wind of Hamilton’s When voters caught wind of Hamilton’s scheme, the voted for Jefferson. scheme, the voted for Jefferson.

John Adams barely won the Presidency John Adams barely won the Presidency to become the second President of the to become the second President of the United States.United States.

Adams’ PresidencyAdams’ Presidency

Thomas Jefferson Thomas Jefferson became the Vice became the Vice President. President.

French Revolution and the French Revolution and the XYZ AffairXYZ Affair

France had fallen France had fallen into a terrible and into a terrible and bloody revolution. bloody revolution.

Chaos and anarchy Chaos and anarchy reigned in France reigned in France even though they even though they managed to still managed to still maintain a war maintain a war with Englandwith England

French RevolutionFrench Revolution

French RevolutionFrench Revolution

After years of chaos After years of chaos and the “reign of and the “reign of terror” the French terror” the French Revolution Revolution gradually calmed gradually calmed down when a young down when a young general from the general from the army took control of army took control of the countrythe country

He was Napoleon He was Napoleon Bonaparte.Bonaparte.

XYZ AffairXYZ Affair Jay’s Treaty had Jay’s Treaty had

made the French made the French furious so the French furious so the French began seizing began seizing American ships. American ships.

President Adams President Adams sent Charles sent Charles Pinckney Elbridge Pinckney Elbridge Gerry, and John Gerry, and John Marshall to France Marshall to France to meet with the to meet with the French foreign French foreign minister Talleyrand minister Talleyrand

XYZ AffairXYZ Affair

Talleyrand wanted an apology from Talleyrand wanted an apology from John Adams over some insulting John Adams over some insulting remarks he had made.remarks he had made.

He also wanted a “gift” from the He also wanted a “gift” from the American people in the amount of American people in the amount of $250,000.$250,000.

The American delegates exploded at The American delegates exploded at this demand. Pinckney said “Not a this demand. Pinckney said “Not a sixpence!”sixpence!”

XYZ AffairXYZ Affair

The Americans left The Americans left France and published France and published their letters of the their letters of the incident. The names incident. The names of Talleyrand and the of Talleyrand and the agents were changed agents were changed to X, Y, and Z.to X, Y, and Z.

The American public The American public became outraged at became outraged at the “bribe” the “bribe”

XYZ AffairXYZ Affair Americans wanted a war with FranceAmericans wanted a war with France Congress even began to raise money for war. Congress even began to raise money for war. President Adams was smart. He knew that President Adams was smart. He knew that

Emperor Napoleon of France could destroy Emperor Napoleon of France could destroy the young United States. the young United States.

Alien & Sedition ActsAlien & Sedition Acts

Napoleon was a Napoleon was a military genius military genius who had already who had already conquered much of conquered much of Europe.Europe.

Instead the Instead the Federalists passed Federalists passed the Alien and the Alien and Sedition Acts. Sedition Acts.

Alien & Sedition ActsAlien & Sedition Acts

These laws attacked foreigners who These laws attacked foreigners who were living in the United States. were living in the United States. (Namely the French)(Namely the French)

The laws stated that the government The laws stated that the government could arrest anyone who was a threat could arrest anyone who was a threat to national security.to national security.

The laws also outlawed open criticism The laws also outlawed open criticism of the President. of the President.

This violated the 1st Amendment. This violated the 1st Amendment.

Alien & Sedition ActsAlien & Sedition Acts The Democratic-Republicans used this to their The Democratic-Republicans used this to their

advantage and labeled John Adams and all Federalists advantage and labeled John Adams and all Federalists as tyrants.as tyrants.

John Adams did not win his re-election bid and Thomas John Adams did not win his re-election bid and Thomas Jefferson became the 3rd PresidentJefferson became the 3rd President

The Alien & Sedition Acts had ruined Adams reputation.The Alien & Sedition Acts had ruined Adams reputation.

NullificationNullification

Jefferson had suggested earlier that Jefferson had suggested earlier that states should have the right to states should have the right to dismiss or “nullify” laws passed by dismiss or “nullify” laws passed by the federal government if that law the federal government if that law was not beneficial to the state.was not beneficial to the state.

This notion was quickly repealed This notion was quickly repealed because the act of nullification because the act of nullification would destroy the power of the would destroy the power of the federal government. federal government.

Barbary PiratesBarbary Pirates

Jefferson began military cutbacks even Jefferson began military cutbacks even though the United States did go to war though the United States did go to war in the Mediterranean Sea against the in the Mediterranean Sea against the Barbary Pirates. Barbary Pirates.

The Barbary Pirates had for years The Barbary Pirates had for years attacked any trade ships that sailed in attacked any trade ships that sailed in the Mediterranean. the Mediterranean.

They demanded that countries pay a They demanded that countries pay a tribute so their ships would be left alone. tribute so their ships would be left alone.

Barbary PiratesBarbary Pirates

The United States The United States refused to pay refused to pay tribute and when the tribute and when the pirates attacked U.S. pirates attacked U.S. ships, the United ships, the United States went to war States went to war with the pirates.with the pirates.

After several years, After several years, the pirates left the pirates left American ships American ships alone.alone.

Louisiana PurchaseLouisiana Purchase

After Napoleon had After Napoleon had conquered Spain, he conquered Spain, he took back the took back the Louisiana Territory.Louisiana Territory.

He also landed He also landed 20,000 French troops 20,000 French troops to re-take the island to re-take the island of St. Dominique of St. Dominique (Haiti), that was (Haiti), that was overthrown by overthrown by Toussaint L’Overture Toussaint L’Overture

Louisiana PurchaseLouisiana Purchase

The French took The French took half the island half the island before succumbing before succumbing to yellow fever.to yellow fever.

Napoleon needed Napoleon needed money to finance money to finance his wars as he his wars as he tried to conquer all tried to conquer all of Europe and the of Europe and the worldworld

Louisiana PurchaseLouisiana Purchase Jefferson sent Jefferson sent

Robert Livingston to Robert Livingston to France to negotiate France to negotiate the purchase of New the purchase of New Orleans for 10 Orleans for 10 million dollars. million dollars. Talleyrand offered Talleyrand offered Livingston the entire Livingston the entire Louisiana region for Louisiana region for 15 million. 15 million.

Livingston accepted Livingston accepted the offer. the offer.

In 1803, The Louisiana In 1803, The Louisiana Purchase doubled the size Purchase doubled the size

of the United States.of the United States.

Louisiana PurchaseLouisiana Purchase

The addition of the Louisiana territory The addition of the Louisiana territory was a great success in Jefferson’s was a great success in Jefferson’s presidency.presidency.

Lewis & ClarkLewis & Clark

Jefferson sent Jefferson sent Meriwether Lewis Meriwether Lewis and William Clark and William Clark to explore the to explore the region with the region with the Corps of Discovery.Corps of Discovery.

Their journey would Their journey would cover the northern cover the northern region of the region of the Louisiana territory. Louisiana territory.

Lewis & ClarkLewis & Clark

Lewis and Clark Lewis and Clark brought a Canadian brought a Canadian fur trapper named fur trapper named Toussaint Toussaint Charbonneau as a Charbonneau as a guide. His Native guide. His Native American wife American wife Sacajawea was Sacajawea was invaluable as a invaluable as a guide and guide and interpreter. interpreter.

Lewis & ClarkLewis & Clark

Their assignment was to explore the Their assignment was to explore the area and report back their findings. area and report back their findings.

They traveled all the way to the They traveled all the way to the Pacific Ocean and encountered Pacific Ocean and encountered plants and animals that had never plants and animals that had never been seen before by Americans. been seen before by Americans.

They kept detailed journals of the They kept detailed journals of the land and people they encountered.land and people they encountered.

Lewis & ClarkLewis & Clark

They reported the They reported the area as being : “A area as being : “A howling howling wilderness, wilderness, unsuitable for unsuitable for human habitationhuman habitation

Zebulon PikeZebulon Pike

While Lewis and While Lewis and Clark were Clark were exploring the exploring the northern region of northern region of the Louisiana the Louisiana territory, led an territory, led an expedition to expedition to explore the explore the southern portion of southern portion of the Louisiana the Louisiana territory.territory.

Part 2: The War of 1812Part 2: The War of 1812

Jefferson’s PresidencyJefferson’s Presidency

Thomas Jefferson Thomas Jefferson was a very popular was a very popular President.President.

While he was in While he was in office, the office, the Federalist Party Federalist Party began to fade out.began to fade out.

The Democratic The Democratic Republicans were Republicans were the dominant partythe dominant party

Jefferson’s PresidencyJefferson’s Presidency

Alexander Hamilton Alexander Hamilton continued to continued to slander the slander the Democratic - Democratic - Republican Party. Republican Party.

He targeted He targeted President Jefferson, President Jefferson, and especially and especially Jefferson’s Vice Jefferson’s Vice President, Aaron President, Aaron Burr. Burr.

Jefferson’s PresidencyJefferson’s Presidency

Aaron Burr finally challenged Hamilton to a Aaron Burr finally challenged Hamilton to a duel because of the insults. duel because of the insults.

Hamilton accepted his duel and was killed in Hamilton accepted his duel and was killed in the duelthe duel

Burr’s political career was ruined by this action. Burr’s political career was ruined by this action.

The Embargo ActThe Embargo Act American merchant ships continued to be the American merchant ships continued to be the

victims of the ongoing war between England victims of the ongoing war between England and France. and France.

To avoid spending money to protect American To avoid spending money to protect American shipping, Jefferson installed the Embargo Act. shipping, Jefferson installed the Embargo Act.

The Act was designed to prevent cargo from The Act was designed to prevent cargo from being seized as well as prevent the being seized as well as prevent the impressments of American sailors by the impressments of American sailors by the British. British.

The United States cut off trade with all the The United States cut off trade with all the European powers. European powers.

Both imports and exports fell.Both imports and exports fell.

The Embargo ActThe Embargo Act

Impressments was Impressments was the action of the action of boarding American boarding American ships and ships and kidnapping kidnapping American sailors to American sailors to force them into force them into service in the service in the British navyBritish navy

The Embargo ActThe Embargo Act

The Embargo Act The Embargo Act was a disaster and was a disaster and the United States the United States lost money.lost money.

Jefferson decided Jefferson decided not to run for a third not to run for a third term.term.

James Madison James Madison became the 4th became the 4th President of the President of the United States.United States.

Tensions between England Tensions between England and the U.S. and the U.S.

Tensions between the United States Tensions between the United States and England along with France were and England along with France were growing because of the interference growing because of the interference with American shipping and the with American shipping and the British policy of impressments.British policy of impressments.

Britain also still refused to recognize Britain also still refused to recognize American neutrality. American neutrality.

The United States began boycotting The United States began boycotting trade with Britain altogether. trade with Britain altogether.

Tensions between England Tensions between England and the U.S.and the U.S.

Meanwhile, Meanwhile, Americans living on Americans living on the frontier blamed the frontier blamed England for stirring England for stirring up trouble between up trouble between settlers and Native settlers and Native AmericansAmericans

Tecumseh and his Tecumseh and his brother known as brother known as “the prophet” “the prophet” started a revoltstarted a revolt

The War HawksThe War Hawks

Henry Clay of Henry Clay of Kentucky had formed Kentucky had formed the radical frontier the radical frontier group known as the group known as the “war hawks”.“war hawks”.

The War hawks The War hawks blamed England for blamed England for the troubles and the troubles and pressed for the pressed for the United States to go United States to go to war. to war.

The War HawksThe War Hawks The War Hawks continued to pressure The War Hawks continued to pressure

congress for action against England.congress for action against England. Though, the United States was in no way Though, the United States was in no way

ready for another war with Britain, the ready for another war with Britain, the Americans knew that Britain was Americans knew that Britain was occupied with the conquests of occupied with the conquests of Napoleon.Napoleon.

The few Federalists left in congress The few Federalists left in congress were opposed to any war with England, were opposed to any war with England, which caused the party to completely die which caused the party to completely die out. out.

War of 1812War of 1812

England really had no quarrel with England really had no quarrel with the United States.the United States.

At the beginning of the war, the At the beginning of the war, the Americans made an unsuccessful Americans made an unsuccessful attempt to invade British held Canada. attempt to invade British held Canada.

The British then came down from The British then came down from Canada and took over Ft. Detroit, Canada and took over Ft. Detroit, claiming the entire frontier area of the claiming the entire frontier area of the Great Lakes as part of the British Great Lakes as part of the British Empire. Empire.

Britain takes Detroit and Britain takes Detroit and the Great Lakesthe Great Lakes

Battle of Put –in- BayBattle of Put –in- Bay

Americans needed Americans needed to gain control of to gain control of Lake Erie.Lake Erie.

Oliver Perry Oliver Perry commanded the commanded the American fleet that American fleet that engaged the engaged the British. He quoted British. He quoted “We have met the “We have met the enemy, and they enemy, and they are ours!” are ours!”

War on the FrontierWar on the Frontier

British relied British relied heavily on Native heavily on Native American allies to American allies to handle the war handle the war with the Americans with the Americans on the Frontier. on the Frontier.

The Creeks had The Creeks had formed the formed the powerful Red-Stick powerful Red-Stick confederacy. confederacy.

Battle of Horseshoe Battle of Horseshoe BendBend

General Andrew Jackson and his militia General Andrew Jackson and his militia known as the Tennessee Volunteers known as the Tennessee Volunteers defeated the Creek Red Stick confederacy defeated the Creek Red Stick confederacy at the battle of Horseshoe Bend. at the battle of Horseshoe Bend.

Battle of Tippecanoe Battle of Tippecanoe General William Henry Harrison destroyed General William Henry Harrison destroyed

the Native American confederation led by the the Native American confederation led by the war chief Tecumseh and his brother “the war chief Tecumseh and his brother “the prophet” at the battle of Tippecanoe. prophet” at the battle of Tippecanoe.

War on the FrontierWar on the Frontier

Generals Andrew Generals Andrew Jackson and Jackson and William Harrison William Harrison became American became American heroes for securing heroes for securing the frontier during the frontier during the war and the war and crushing Native crushing Native American American resistance. resistance.

Destruction of Destruction of Washington D.C.Washington D.C.

The British landed The British landed an invasion force in an invasion force in the United States.the United States.

The British under The British under the command of the command of General Robert General Robert Ross, marched on Ross, marched on to Washington D.C. to Washington D.C. meeting little meeting little resistance. resistance.

Destruction of Destruction of Washington D.C.Washington D.C.

President Madison President Madison was forced to was forced to evacuate as the evacuate as the British invasion British invasion entered the Capital. entered the Capital.

The British defeated The British defeated the American army the American army defending defending Washington D.C. Washington D.C. and then set fire to and then set fire to the city.the city.

Destruction of Destruction of Washington D.C.Washington D.C.

First Lady Dolly First Lady Dolly Madison was able Madison was able to save many to save many important important paintings and paintings and documents from documents from the White House the White House as it burned along as it burned along with the rest of with the rest of Washington D.C.Washington D.C.

Ft. McHenryFt. McHenry

Ft. McHenry Ft. McHenry guarded the city of guarded the city of Baltimore.Baltimore.

The British laid The British laid siege to the fort siege to the fort with their ships with their ships and began to and began to bombard the fort. bombard the fort.

Ft. McHenryFt. McHenry Francis Scott Key was on board a prison Francis Scott Key was on board a prison

ship and witnessed this battle. It inspired ship and witnessed this battle. It inspired the “Star Spangled Banner” the “Star Spangled Banner”

Battle of New OrleansBattle of New Orleans The British made an attempt to take the city of The British made an attempt to take the city of

New Orleans, and thus control the Ms. River.New Orleans, and thus control the Ms. River. Andrew Jackson and his Volunteers rushed to Andrew Jackson and his Volunteers rushed to

defend the city from the British attackdefend the city from the British attack

Battle of New OrleansBattle of New Orleans

After the first After the first attack ended in a attack ended in a draw, the British draw, the British advanced a second advanced a second time and were time and were decimated by the decimated by the Americans. Americans.

Over 2,000 British Over 2,000 British soldiers were killed soldiers were killed compared to 71 compared to 71 Americans. Americans.

Battle of New OrleansBattle of New Orleans

The irony The irony surrounding this surrounding this battle was that it battle was that it occurred nearly two occurred nearly two weeks after peace weeks after peace had been declared. had been declared.

Despite this, the Despite this, the overwhelming overwhelming American victory American victory made Andrew Jackson made Andrew Jackson a national hero. a national hero.

Treaty of GhentTreaty of Ghent

Napoleon was gone. The Americans and British really Napoleon was gone. The Americans and British really had no cause to continue fighting each otherhad no cause to continue fighting each other

Peace was restored, but no promises were made, no Peace was restored, but no promises were made, no land exchanged, and neither side won its intended land exchanged, and neither side won its intended goals. goals.

The United States established itself as an independent The United States established itself as an independent and powerful nation capable of defending itself.and powerful nation capable of defending itself.

Part 3: The Monroe DoctrinePart 3: The Monroe Doctrine

James MonroeJames Monroe

James Monroe was James Monroe was elected President elected President in 1816.in 1816.

Monroe was a Monroe was a Democratic-Democratic-Republican from Republican from VirginiaVirginia

Monroe wanted to Monroe wanted to create a sense of create a sense of National unity.National unity.

New Nations in the New Nations in the AmericasAmericas

Spanish Colonies in the Spanish Colonies in the Western Hemisphere Western Hemisphere were wanting their were wanting their independence from independence from Spain.Spain.

Latin America refers to Latin America refers to the Western the Western Hemisphere regions Hemisphere regions where Latin based where Latin based languages are spoken. languages are spoken. (Spanish, French, (Spanish, French, Italian, Portuguese)Italian, Portuguese)

Revolution in Latin Revolution in Latin AmericaAmerica

In 1816 Argentina, In 1816 Argentina, Chile, Peru, and Chile, Peru, and Ecuador won their Ecuador won their IndependenceIndependence

In 1819, the Republic In 1819, the Republic of Great Colombia won of Great Colombia won its independence from its independence from Spain. The new Spain. The new republic included the republic included the present day nations of present day nations of Venezuela, Colombia, Venezuela, Colombia, and Panama and Panama

Revolution in Latin Revolution in Latin AmericaAmerica

In 1821, the people In 1821, the people of Central America of Central America declared their declared their independence from independence from Spain. The new Spain. The new nations included nations included Nicaragua, Costa Nicaragua, Costa Rica, El Salvador, Rica, El Salvador, Honduras, and Honduras, and GuatemalaGuatemala

Revolution in Latin Revolution in Latin AmericaAmerica

In 1821, Mexico also wins its independence from SpainIn 1821, Mexico also wins its independence from Spain

Revolution in Latin Revolution in Latin AmericaAmerica

The Portuguese colony of Brazil won its The Portuguese colony of Brazil won its independence peacefullyindependence peacefully

Revolution in Latin Revolution in Latin AmericaAmerica

By 1825, Spain had By 1825, Spain had lost all of its lost all of its colonies in the colonies in the Western Western Hemisphere except Hemisphere except for Cuba and for Cuba and Puerto Rico Puerto Rico

FloridaFlorida Many Americans wanted to gain possession Many Americans wanted to gain possession

of Florida because of the disturbances of Florida because of the disturbances across the borderacross the border

FloridaFlorida Creek and Seminole Creek and Seminole

Indians raided Indians raided settlements in Georgiasettlements in Georgia

Florida was also a Florida was also a refuge for runaway refuge for runaway slavesslaves

Seminoles had allowed Seminoles had allowed African Americans to African Americans to live near their villages live near their villages in exchange for crops.in exchange for crops.

Black Seminoles Black Seminoles adopted many Indian adopted many Indian customscustoms

FloridaFlorida

In 1818, Andrew In 1818, Andrew Jackson had invaded Jackson had invaded Florida with 3,000 Florida with 3,000 soldiers to capture soldiers to capture Seminole and Creek Seminole and Creek outposts as well as outposts as well as runaway slaves.runaway slaves.

Spain did not resist Spain did not resist because it was busy because it was busy fighting wars in fighting wars in Latin AmericaLatin America

Adams-Onis TreatyAdams-Onis Treaty

In the end, Spain agreed to peace In the end, Spain agreed to peace talkstalks

President Monroe sent Secretary of President Monroe sent Secretary of State John Quincy Adams to negotiate State John Quincy Adams to negotiate a treaty with Spaina treaty with Spain

Spain agreed to give Florida to the Spain agreed to give Florida to the United States for 5 million dollarsUnited States for 5 million dollars

The Adams-Onis Treaty was signed in The Adams-Onis Treaty was signed in 1819, and took full effect in 18211819, and took full effect in 1821

Adams-Onis TreatyAdams-Onis Treaty

United States and Latin United States and Latin AmericaAmerica

Americans were happy for the Latin American Americans were happy for the Latin American countries who had gained their independencecountries who had gained their independence

However, Secretary of State Adams and However, Secretary of State Adams and President Monroe were concerned about President Monroe were concerned about European response.European response.

European countries like Prussia, France, European countries like Prussia, France, Spain, and Austria seemed ready to try and Spain, and Austria seemed ready to try and take back some of the colonies that Spain had take back some of the colonies that Spain had lost.lost.

Russia was also in the mix claiming lands on Russia was also in the mix claiming lands on the Pacific coast of North America. the Pacific coast of North America.

The Monroe DoctrineThe Monroe Doctrine

The British, also The British, also concerned wanted concerned wanted to issue a joint to issue a joint statement with the statement with the United States, but United States, but President Monroe President Monroe acted on his own.acted on his own.

The President The President issued the Monroe issued the Monroe Doctrine Doctrine

The Monroe DoctrineThe Monroe Doctrine The Monroe Doctrine declared that the United The Monroe Doctrine declared that the United

States would not interfere in the affairs of States would not interfere in the affairs of European nations, or existing colonies of Europe.European nations, or existing colonies of Europe.

At the Same time it warns that the At the Same time it warns that the United States United States will not tolerate any further colonization by will not tolerate any further colonization by Europe in the Western Hemisphere, and the Europe in the Western Hemisphere, and the United States would resist any nation attempting United States would resist any nation attempting to interfere in the affairs of nations in the to interfere in the affairs of nations in the Western Hemisphere. Western Hemisphere.

It also warns against any attempt to regain lost It also warns against any attempt to regain lost coloniescolonies

The Monroe DoctrineThe Monroe Doctrine The message of the Monroe Doctrine showed The message of the Monroe Doctrine showed

that the United States was determined to keep that the United States was determined to keep European powers out of the Western European powers out of the Western Hemisphere Hemisphere

The Monroe DoctrineThe Monroe Doctrine

The message of the Monroe Doctrine The message of the Monroe Doctrine showed that the United States was showed that the United States was determined to keep European powers determined to keep European powers out of the Western Hemisphere out of the Western Hemisphere

In the early years of the Monroe In the early years of the Monroe Doctrine, the United States did not Doctrine, the United States did not have the military strength to back up have the military strength to back up the doctrine, but Great Britain who the doctrine, but Great Britain who had supported the doctrine helped had supported the doctrine helped enforce it with their superior navy.enforce it with their superior navy.

The Monroe DoctrineThe Monroe Doctrine As the United States As the United States

became stronger over became stronger over the years, it could back the years, it could back up the Monroe Doctrine up the Monroe Doctrine on its own.on its own.

On several occasions On several occasions the United States the United States successfully backed up successfully backed up the Doctrine against the Doctrine against European challengersEuropean challengers

The Monroe Doctrine The Monroe Doctrine shaped American shaped American foreign policy for more foreign policy for more than 100 yearsthan 100 years

The Policies of Washington The Policies of Washington and Monroeand Monroe

The policies of The policies of both these both these Presidents Presidents shaped the role shaped the role the United States the United States would play in the would play in the world.world.

The Policies of Washington The Policies of Washington and Monroeand Monroe

Washington had urged Washington had urged the nation to be the nation to be neutral and steer clear neutral and steer clear of permanent alliances of permanent alliances with any portion of the with any portion of the foreign worldforeign world

Washington also Washington also recognized the dangers recognized the dangers of political parties of political parties attacking one another attacking one another and warned that such and warned that such attacks could weaken attacks could weaken the nationthe nation

His advice still guides His advice still guides U.S. foreign policy.U.S. foreign policy.

The Policies of Washington The Policies of Washington and Monroeand Monroe

President Monroe President Monroe prevented other prevented other nations from nations from colonizing the colonizing the western western hemisphere.hemisphere.

Oversaw the rise Oversaw the rise of the United of the United States as a world States as a world power and power and protector.protector.