Instant information architecture ensad
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Instant Information Architecture
November 2011
Kahn+Associates | 2
Outline
— What is Information Architecture
— Categories and Classification
— Visualizing Structure
What is Information Architecture
Information is
— a difference that makes a difference
— a pattern that provides a structure for understanding
Information Architecture is
— discovering the kinds of information the site contains
— matching this information to the needs of the users
— determining the appropriate metadata structure
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Maps & Diagrams | September 2011 | 4
The role of visualization / mapping
— Visualization follows analysis
— Visualization unites the members of the team
— Visualization comes before wireframes
— Visualization comes before design
Maps & Diagrams | September 2011 | 5
Gregory Bateson (1904-1980)
British anthropologist, social scientist, linguist, visual anthropologist, semiotician and cyberneticist whose work intersected that of many other fields
Major Books
Steps To An Ecology of the Mind, 1972 Vers une Ecologie de l'Esprit
Mind and Nature: A Necessary Unity, 1979 Une unité sacrée
Maps & Diagrams | September 2011 | 6
Information and Mind
The mind operates with hierarchies and networks to create gestalten.
Hierarchies are nested containers
Networks are links connecting discrete nodes
Information architecture is
the re/shaping of information into hierarchies and networks
we search for and visualize the patterns that connect
The pattern that connects is the pathways for accessing differences
Lenk/Kahn Communication Model
— Mapping Websites,
Kahn & Lenk, 2000
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Jesse James Garrett: 5 Layer Process Model
— The Elements of User Experience, Jesse James Garrett (2000)
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Slide 10 © Fjord 2010 | Confidential
1. Opportunity 2. Concept 3. Experience 4. Go to market
Our framework
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The Information Architect must understand
user research
— personas and user scenarios
— user-based design methodology
the data
— text coding systems: SGML/XML
— database storage & information retrieval
interaction models
— principals of user interface design
The Information Architect must mediate
— the requirements of a client, who wants to present information
— the needs of the user, who needs to find and consume that information
— balance between the desirable and the possible
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Category and Classification
Categorization is
— the mental process of grouping things by perceptible similarity within a given context.
— Creating groups through direct experience (bottom-up)
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— Categorization of music
— Categories of music are an expression of listener’s perception and as communities emerge (bottom-up)
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Categorization of books
Category and Classification
— Categorization is the mental process of grouping things by perceptible similarity within a given context.
— Classification is a set of classes assigned according to a predetermined set of principles used to impose order on a set of entities.
— Taxonomic classification establishes stability by applying a set of rules to one domain (top-down)
— Classification system offer inter-operability benefits across applications
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— Classification of biology
— Each living organism is classified in the Tree of Life taxonomy
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— MESH Classification of human diseases
— Each disease is located in one or more places in the Medical Subject Headings (MESH) maintained by the National Library of Medicine in Washington DC
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UNSPSC — The United Nations Standard Products and Services Code is a hierarchical
convention that is used to classify all products and services.
—
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Examples of “categories” that are classifications
High-level category
Three Categories of Drugs
• Depressants
• Stimulants
• Hallucinogens
Continuous category/scale
Categories of Hurricanes:
Category 1: 74-95 mph winds
Category 2: 96-110 mph winds
Category 3: 111-130 mph winds
Category 4: 131-155 mph winds
Category 5: 155+ mph winds
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Category vs. Classification
— 3 Categories of hair color
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— Classification of hair color
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LATCH (+):
Five ways to organize information for ease of use (+ One)
Location
Alphabet
Time
Category
Hierarchy
From Richard Saul Wurman, INFORMATION ANXIETY 2
plus Common Focus
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Location
“Location is chosen when the information who you are comparing comes from several different sources or locales. Doctors use different locations of the body to group and study medicine. Concerning an industry you might want to know where on the world goods are distributed.” WSW
— Location is the X/Y position in the context of a representation
— In the most abstract sense, the X and Y positioning of any object on a plane is a purely visual distinction
— Location can be used to organize information a geographical region (states, countries)
— Location can be used in relation to an object (such as the body)
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Alphabet
— “Alphabet is best used when you have enormous amount of data. For example words in a dictionary or names in a telephone. As usually everybody is familiar with the Alphabet, categorizing by Alphabet is recommendable when not all the audience is familiar with different kind of groupings or categories you could use instead.” WSW
— Reference to the order sequence of the letters in an alphabet
— Common 26 letter European alphabet
— Alphabetic order varies according to language
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Metropolitan Museum Timeline of Art History
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Time
“Time is the best form of categorization for events that happen over fixed durations. Meeting schedules or our calendar are examples. The work of important persons might be displayed as timeline as well. Time is an easily framework in which changes can be observed and comparisons made.” WSW
— Absolute reference to actual event in time
— Sequence of events in linear time, hours, days, months, years, decades, centuries
— Potential for cycle as well as sequence
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Horizontal: time
Vertical: categories
Result: co-existence of Categories in Time
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Category
— “Category is an organization type often used for goods and industries. Shops and services in the yellow pages are easy to find by category. Retail stores are divided into e.g. men- and woman-clothing. This mode works well to organizing items of similar importance.” Wurman
— Categories are determined by similar content
— Each category is at the same level (“similar importance”)
Library of Congress American Memory: category as topic
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Hierarchy
“Hierarchy organizes by magnitude. From small to large, least expensive to most expensive, by order of importance, etc. Hierarchy is to be used if you want to assign weight or value to the ordered information.” WSW
— Organized by sequence of importance
— Recursive sequence of whole to part, largest to smallest
— Organizing in nested containers: 1st thing contains 2nd thing leads to 3rd thing
Great Chain of Being
— God & angels
— Mankind
— Creatures of the Air
— Creatures of the Sea
— Creatures of the Land
— Plants
— Satin & the Damned
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A Sixth Method: Common Focus
— Organizing information based on user interaction
— Currently viewed
— Most discussed
— Most popular
— People who bought this item also bought…
— Based on what you looked at before…
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Le Monde: Most commented / Most emailed
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Amazon.com: encouraging related purchasing + exposing common purchase behavior
Maps & Diagrams | September 2011 | 44
Visualizing structures
The role of visualization / mapping
— Visualization follows analysis
— Visualization unites the members of the team
— Visualization comes before wireframes
— Visualization comes before design
Maps & Diagrams | September 2011 | 45
What is a map?
— « La Carte est un secours que l'on fournit par les yeux à
l'imagination. »
(The map is a help provided to the imagination through the eyes.)
Henri Abraham Châtelain, Atlas historique, 1705
— “The map is not the territory.”
Alfred Korzybski, Science and Sanity, 1933
— “Information is a difference that makes a difference.”
Gregory Bateson
— Sequentielle : organiser les éléments selon une séquence temporelle. Corporate intranet management process for Schlumberger
Maps & Diagrams | January 2011 | 46
Comparaison de sites Internet | Dec 2003 | 49
Site Internet de la BnF | mars 2004 | 50
Production et
contenu :
Information Architecture | Paul Kahn| 53
Information Architecture | Paul Kahn| 54
Information Architecture | Paul Kahn| 56
Company Overview | April 2002 | 57
Assignment: Diagram a “typical” Gmail user session
— Create 6 groups of 4 students
— Select a version of the Gmail UI on any web browser and mobile device
— Each group will create one persona and user scenario
— Example persona/scenario: 1) Web Browser: Jean-Francois looks to see if Svetlana is on Gmail, calls her using video chat, invites her to see a film and sends her a link to the a movie trailer. 2) Iphone Gmail: Nicolas reads his email on the bus, archives the unwanted messages, reads a message from Danielle, replies with a photograph. 3) Web Browser: James wants to sort his email. He searches for all messages from or about ENSAD, chooses messages, creates and assigns a new label.
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Assignment: Diagram a “typical” Gmail user session
— Create a diagram or series of diagrams that represent the interactions between the persona and the software application.
— Your diagram must show how the persona accomplishes this series of tasks.
— Your diagrams should communicate
• User input
• Types of user interaction:
• checkbox, click, drag, type, etc.
• Types of application response:
• user feedback, change in screen content, highlighting, etc.
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