Industrialization in Great Britain. Pre-industrial Society Small, rural communities Life revolved around farming Incomes were very low causing malnourishment.
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Industrialization in Great Britain
Birthplace of the Industrial Revolution
Pre-industrial Society
Small, rural communities
Life revolved around farming
Incomes were very low causing malnourishment
Disease was common
People produced the mass of their own food, clothing, furniture and tools
Most manufacturing done in the homes of these people or small shops, using simple tools and machines
1500's-1700's
Agriculture
Domestic Lifestyle
"Chaff Box" or "Chaff Cutter" 1610-1630
Other tools …
Great deposits of coal and iron
Politically stable society
The world’s leading colonial power
Its colonies had a good source of raw materials and served well as a marketplace for manufactured goods.
Demand for British goods increased
Merchants needed more cost-effective methods of production
The rise of mechanization and the factory system
Britain
Innovation and Industrialization
1700-1900
In 1709, coke smelting & production methods for brass and iron goods
Coke smelting replaced charcoal with coal in metal foundries during the process of refining metals
Darby's casting methods made the production of the iron and brass steam engines possible.
Englishman Abraham
Darby
1700s
The first practical steam engine
Used primarily to pump water out of mines
Scottish inventor James Watt had improved on Newcomen’s work and the steam engine went on to power machinery, locomotives and ships.
Englishman Thomas
Newcomen
1712
Invented the Spinning Jenny
a machine that enabled an individual to produce multiple spools of threads at the same time.
By the time of Hargreaves’ death, there were over 20,000 Spinning Jennys in use across Britain.
The spinning jenny was improved upon by British inventor Samuel Compton’s spinning mule, as well as later machines.
Englishman James
Hargreaves
1764
Watt became interested in the technology of steam engines.
He realized that contemporary engine designs wasted a great deal of energy
Watt introduced a design enhancement
1775James Watts
The power loom, which mechanized the process of weaving cloth
English inventor
Edmund
Cartwright
1780s
Transportation and the Industrial Revolution
The first commercially successful steamboat, and by the mid-19th century, steamships were carrying goods across the Atlantic.
American Robert
Fulton
Early1800
As steam-powered ships were making their debut, The steam locomotive was also coming into use Constructed the first railway steam locomotive.
British engineer
Richard
Trevithick
Early 1800s
Developed a new process for road construction
His technique, which became known as macadam, resulted in roads that were smoother, more durable and
less muddy.Scottish
engineer John
McAdam
1820
In 1830, England’s Liverpool and Manchester Railway became the first to offer regular, timetabled passenger services.
By 1850, Britain had more than 6,000 miles of railroad track.
1830-1852
Communication and Banking Communication and Banking
The rise of banks and industrial financiers
Factory system dependent on owners and managers.
A stock exchange was established in London in the 1770s
1770s
The founder of modern economicsPublished “The Wealth of Nations.” In it, Smith promoted an economic system
based on free enterprise, the private ownership of means of production, and lack of government interference.
Scottish social
philosopher Adam
Smith
1776
Communication became easier during the Industrial Revolution
The first commercial electrical telegraph.•William Cooke and
Charles Wheatstone
1837
A telegraphic cable was successfully laid across the Atlantic 1866
Quality of Life during Industrialization
Greater volume and variety of factory-produced goods
Raised the standard of living for many people
The middle class
The upper class
Early 1800’s
Life for the poor and working classes continued to be filled with challenges
Low wagesDangerous and tiresome working
conditionsUnskilled workers had little job
security and were easily replaceable
An estimated 1/5th of the workers in Britain’s textile industry were younger than 15.
craftspeople were replaced by machines.
Children were part of the labor force and often worked long hours and were used for such highly hazardous tasks as cleaning the machinery
1860s
Overcrowded
housing and
polluted,
unsanitary
living
conditions in
which disease
was
widespread.
Mid 1800’s
A filthy "Father Thames"
Conditions for Britain’s working-class began to gradually improve by the later part of the 19th century.
The government instituted various labor reforms
Workers gained the right to form trade unions.
Late 1800’s
Industrialization Moves Beyond Britain in Germany
The British enacted legislation that banded the export of their technology and skillful employees.
However, they had little success.
Industrialization started in Britain and spread to other European countries including Belgium, France, Germany and to the United States.
By the18th century, going into the mid 19 century, industrialization set up throughout the western part of Europe and America’s northeastern region.
Since then the U.S. had become the world’s leading industrial nation in the 20th century.
Germany was a land of political diversity and it was undeveloped compared to Britain because of the division in politics.
The first steps Germany took toward Industrialization is when they sent they’re children to learn through English education in Industrialization.
Germany’s success in industrializing came from Britain importing British workers and machines that taught Germans the ways of the English.
Germans began to build railroads to help the industrialization. When Germany was finally industrialized, their military power
began to strengthen and grow, which then led to Germany becoming military and industrial giants in the late 1800s.
At the beginning of the 1800s, Germany had 300 odd states. There were multitudes of tolls and different currencies relevant
in each state.Commerce and business became extremely difficult and
expensive to conduct. Most of the industry and commerce that was in Germany
territories were controlled by traditional guilds. The traditional guilds was heavily opposed to factory
construction and unrestricted commerce, thus slowing down the unification of Germany.
Early 1800's
For the first time, Germany’s economic entity experienced a so called economic boom after the internal trade barriers were lifted.
Germany’s currency was established, and Germany was able to receive capital for building railroads and other construction.
This caused intense financial speculation, causing Germany stock market to crash in 1873.
Even though the stock market crash and several following periods of economic depression had occured, Germany's economy grew extremely fast.
1900
By 1900 Germany was able to compete with the more established British economy as the world's largest.
German coal and steel production exceeded British production.
Because industrialization came to Germany much later than it did in Britain, German economy was not significant until the late nineteenth century.
Germany's industrialization began with the building of railroads in the 1840s and 1850s and development of iron, steel and coal mining.
This, so called First Industrial Revolution, was followed by the Second Industrial Revolution, that was the growth of chemical and electrical industries.
Because of great investments into research and development, Germany was producing half the world's electrical equipment, thus becoming the continent's industrial giant.
German population also expanded rapidly, growing from 41.0 million in 1871 to 49.7 million in 1891 and 65.3 million in 1911.
Many cities, including Berlin, tripled or quadrupled in size.
Adolf Hitler
Adolf Hitler 20 April 1889 – 30 April 1945 was an Austrian born German politician and the leader of the Nazi Party German.
He was chancellor of Germany from 1933 to 1945 and dictator of Nazi Germany from 1934 to 1945.
Hitler was at the centre of Nazi Germany, World War II in Europe, and the Holocaust.
Adolf Hitler believed that Slavs and Jews were responsible for the troubles of Austria and Germany.
In between 1924 and 1929, the years of prosperity and relative stability began in Germany.
Hitler’s main concern was building the Nazi party. In 1929, the Great Depression began breaking down economic
prosperity.
Unemployment increased from 1.3 million to 5 million and industrial production dropped by one-half.
The economic crisis Germany was facing contributed to Hitler’s rise to power.
Hitler’s promise of “work and bread”, was announce. He launched a enormous public works program and lifted Germany out of depression by building superhighways, offices, sports stadiums and public housing, even though most government usually began to concentrate on the military.
After the Allies won the war in 1945, the country's economy was shattered.
Whatever survived was taken by the Allies.
Germany was able to rise again now receiving strong support from the European Recovery Program, known as Marshall Plan, production for Korean War, and German readiness to work hard for low wages
Now up until today, Germany has one of the world's biggest economies and most influential or controlled central banks.
Germany's success and influence is due to its currency.
The deutsche mark gave West Germany's its international, financial and economic success.
Germany Modernize
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