Industrial Revolution A period from the 18 th to the 19 th century where major changes in agriculture manufacturing transportation technology.
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Industrial Revolution
A period from the 18th to the 19th century where major changes in
agriculture
manufacturing
transportation
technology
Industrial Revolution
Machines replaced hand tools
New power (steam) replaced
human and animal power
It began in Britain in the mid 1700s
Now it moves to factories
The Textile industry (Clothes Making) was the first to be affected. James Hargreaves developed the
spinning jenny in 1764.spinning jenny:A machine that
could spin several threads at once (before you could only spin one)
Before the industrial revolution most spinning and weaving took place at home.
A person who invests in a business in order to make a profit. They built the factories and then hired workers to run the machines.
Factory SystemA new system that brought
workers and machinery together in one place to produce goods.
Capital is needed to set up and operate a spinning mill.
What is capital?
money
A Capitalist is…
Slater’s wife figured out how to make thread stronger so it wouldn’t snap on the spindles.
Britain wanted to keep its new technology secret.
Why?
To stay ahead in trade.
Samuel Slater broke
the lawAmericans were offering large rewards for plans of British factories. He memorized them so when he got searched he would have no plans that could be physically found on his person.
He built the first textile mill in America that was powered by water.
Whitney sold his idea by going to D.C. and completing a demonstration with guns.
Interchangeable parts…
Identical, machine-made parts for a tool or instrument
Whose idea was it?
Eli Whitney
Benefits of interchangeable parts…
Save time and money
How did the British blockade in the War of 1812 boost the American economy?
It cut us off from foreign goods so we had to produce more goods ourselves.
Francis Cabot Lowell, a Boston merchant found a way to improve on British textile mills His idea…
Instead of spinning at one factory and weaving at a second, why not combine them under one roof. All steps in one place…turn raw cotton into finished cloth
Disadvantages (Cons):TediousHardlong hours dangerous
After Lowell died…His partners built an entire factory town that was named after him. (model factory community)
Advantages (Pros):Economic Freedom
Disadvantages (Cons):TediousHardlong hours dangerous
Lowell girls…girls who worked for a few
years in the mills before returning home to marry.
Working in a mill
Advantages (Pros):Economic Freedom
The company had to reassure parents that it was okay to send their daughters to work.
built boarding houses and made rules to protect the young women
So they…
Rules:•Doors will be locked at 10
pm•Vaccinations
required•Sidewalks will be kept
clean•Separate
room for sick
Advantages (Pros):Economic Freedom
Disadvantages (Cons):TediousHardlong hours dangerous
Working in a mill
Advantages (Pros):Economic Freedom
Most factory owners hired women and children because…
They could pay them half as much
Boys and girls as young as 7 worked in factories.
Small children were especially useful in textile mills because…
They could squeeze around the large machines to change spindles.
Views on Child Labor
Then…Many children worked just as hard on farms and at least this way they are being paid.
Wealthier families: wives stayed at home=success
Working Hours in a mill
12 -14 hours a day, 6 days a week
A Farmers Work DayFarmers also put in long hours
but during the winter they didn’t have to work as long.The mill workers
worked hard all year long.
Industrial Revolution and the roles of womenPoor families: women had to
go to work
UrbanizationMovement of populations from farms to cities (rural to urban)
In 1800, 6%, of the nation’s population lived in urban areas.
By 1850 15% of the nation’s population lived in urban areas.
By 1910 50%, of the nation’s population lived in urban areas.
Hazards of growing cities
Attractions of growing cities
Urbanization
Hazards of growing cities
Dirt and gravel streets turned into mudholes
when it rained, no sewers, no garbage disposal
plan=disease (influenza and cholera)
Theatres, museums, and circuses, stores with the latest fashions or “ready to wear fashions”
Attractions of growing cities
Even when carrying heavy loads these barges rose high in the water
Routes to the West
Great Wagon RoadWilderness Road
Flatboat Boat with a flat bottom
used for transporting heavy loads on inland waterways
They were suited to shallow waters because…
Alabama, 1819
Requirement to become a state (Northwest Ordinance of 1787)
Pop=60,000 free settlers, then it could ask congress to be admitted as a new state
Kentucky, 1792
Tennessee, 1796
Ohio, 1803
Louisiana, 1812
Indiana, 1816
Mississippi, 1817
Illinois, 1818
Because water drained off it quickly and it was very smooth
Problems with American Roads…Too narrow, went
through muddy swamps, tree stumps sticking out would break wagon axels
Private Companies built gravel and stone
roads.
These roads were paid for by…
Collecting tolls
TurnpikeRoad built by a private company that charges a toll to use it
The Lancaster Turnpike was probably the best road in the U.S.
It connected Lancaster and Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
Why the best?
Why did it take so long: The War of 1812
Corduroy road
Primitive road made with logs, kept wagons from sinking into the road but they were noisy and bumpy
For the first time, in 1806, Congress approved funds for a national road building project.
The National RoadWhere: Cumberland, Maryland to Wheeling in western VirginiaWhen: 1811-1818
Now people and goods could be moved more easily and cheaply.
Travel on a boat or a wagon?Travel on a boat or a wagon?
Boat!!! It is faster, more comfortable, and costs less
BUT…Moving upstream is difficult
In 1807 Robert Fulton launched his steamboat, named Clermont. Where:
Hudson River…NY-Albany
How long would a 300-mile trip take? 62 hours…record time!
The Erie Canal links Lake Erie with the Hudson River.
So western farmers can get their goods directly to
markets in the east
Canal An artificial channel filled
with water that allows boats to cross a stretch of land
*The cost of shipping goods dropped to about1/10th of what it was before*Made NYC the center of commerce*The success led to other states building canals too
Thomas Jefferson thought that the plan to build a canal was farfetched.
Governor DeWitt Clinton ignored the criticisms
Clinton’s Ditch
1817-1825…8 yearsImpact
Americans are proud of their country!
Why?
The War of 1812 was over
Nation was growing rapidly
Transportation was improving=opening of new land to settlers
New industries
New generation of political leaders
James Monroe
Political Party: Democratic Republican
Home State: Virginia
Rufus King
Political Party: Federalist
Home State: New York
Winner!!
This election showed how weak the Federalist
Party was.
By the time Monroe ran for a 2nd term in 1820 he ran unopposed.
Why?
The Federalist party had disappeared.
James Monroe…
Last
Revolutionary
War officer to
become
President.
Once chased his Secretary of the Treasury out of the White House with a pair of fireplace tongs
He believed that free slaves should be sent to live in the African colony of Liberia. Because of his support, Liberia’s capital was named Monrovia in his honor.
Monroe was the first president to ride in a steamboat
Even as President he preferred to be
called Colonel
He died on July 4,
1831. The third
president to die
on July 4th .
James Monroe’s Presidency
Monroe hoped to create national unity during his presidency
one newspaper called it “An Era of Good Feelings”
While conflicts between political parties declined, disputes between different sections of the nation increased.
South
Economy
Spokesperson
Description of Spokesperson
Position on the War of 1812
Position on Slavery
Ideal Government Size
Agriculture with few factories
John C. Calhoun “Young Hercules,”
immense energy, striking features, slim,
handsome, intense manner of speaking, from South Carolina
Supported
Firm Defender of Slavery
Weak federal / strong state
Economy
Name of spokesperson
Description of spokesperson
Position on the War of 1812
Position on Slavery
Government Size
Textile mills and new factories
Daniel Webste
r“Great Cannon
loaded to the lips,” from NH, most skillful public speaker of his
timeOpposed
Slavery is evil
Strong federal
Government Size Strong federal
West
Economy
Spokesperson
Description of spokesperson
Position on the War of 1812
Position on Slavery
Small farms
Henry Clay
“Gallant Harry of the West,” born in VA, moved to KY,
lawyer, charming
Supported strongly!!! War Hawk!!!
America is facing economic problems!
Why?
1. We did not have a national bank-the charter ran out in
1811
The economy suffered:
• no one to lend money
•No one to regulate the nation’s money supply
States made this problem worse by…
Putting too much $$ in circulation making prices increase (the money did not have the same value…INFLATION!)
British goods are
cheaper!Why?
They had a head start in industrializing.• Factories are paid for• U.S. still paying off
factories
The economic plan of some British merchants…
• lower prices – LOW!!
• Drive Americans out of business
• raise prices
2. Foreign competition esp. from Britain
America is facing economic problems!
Americans want Congress to pass a protective tariff to protect American industries from foreign competition.
Tariff of 1816
Against the tariff…
Southerners• few factories
• buy goods from Great Britain
Why?
The disputes over tariffs reflected the growth of sectionalism.
The American System
Henry Clay’s program that would promote economic growth for all sections.
•charter a new national bank
•high tariffs on imports
•construction of roads, bridges and canals
Clay’s reason for having high tariffs…
help northern factories
The wealth made from northern industry would allow them to buy farm products from the West and South.
Clay’s reason for building a better transportation system
Make it easier and cheaper for farmers in the West and South to ship goods to city markets
Clay’s system never fully went into effect.Congress spent little on internal improvements.
Southerners disliked Clay’s plan because…
They had many fine rivers to transport goods so they did not want to pay for roads and canals that would not benefit them.
Supreme Court Cases
Who is the Chief Justice?
John Marshall
McCulloch v. Maryland-1819
What happened?After Congress chartered the second Bank of the United States Maryland tried to tax the Bank in order to drive it out of the state.
Who? James McCulloch, the Bank cashier, refused to pay the tax
Ruling:States have no right to interfere with federal institutions within their borders
This ruling strengthened federal power.
The power to tax is the power to
destroy!
Gibbons v. Ogden-1824
What happened?
Ruling
New York had a law that tried to control steamboat travel between New York and New Jersey.A state can only regulate trade within its borders. The federal government regulates trade between states - (interstate commerce)
This ruling strengthened federal power.
Latin America
The Western Hemisphere region in which Latin based languages such as Spanish, French, and Portuguese are spoken. It includes Mexico, Central America, South America and the West Indies.
Creole
Person born in Spain’s American colonies to Spanish
parentsWhy did people in Spain’s American colonies want their independence?
•Because they had little or no say in government (even wealthy creoles)•Indians were constantly kept in debt
Like Father Hidalgo, Morelos was also captured and killed by the Spanish.
Miguel Hidalgo sounded the call
for Mexican independence in
1810.
Under his leadership rebels
took control of several provinces,
but he was captured and
executed in 1811.Jose Morelos, another priest called for… A program to give
land to peasants
Who opposed this?
Wealthy creoles
Mexico Independence=1821
Present Day: Venezuela, Colombia, Ecuador, and Panama
Best known revolutionary leader in South America
Simon Bolivar…”The Liberator”
Description:
Born into a wealthy Creole family in Venezuela and at a young age he took up the cause of independence
He defeats the Spanish in 1819 when he led an army over the Andes mountains into Colombia and took the Spanish forces by surprise.
Soon after he became president of the Republic of Great Colombia (Gran Columbia).
Federation of the present day nations of Guatemala, EL Salvador, Honduras, Nicaragua, and Costa Rica, est. in 1823
Jose de San Martin led Argentina to freedom in 1816.
Other countries he helped gain independence…
Chile, Peru, and Ecuador
In 1821, the people from Central America declared independence from Spain.
Two years later they formed the United Provinces of Central America.
What is this?
By 1825, Spain had lost all of its colonies in Latin America except Cuba and Puerto Rico.
One colony won its independence peacefully…
Brazil
How?
Prince Pedro, son of Portuguese king sided with the revolutionaries, he in turn became emperor of the new independent nation of Brazil
Spain’s former colonies model their constitutions after…
The U.S.
Different from American
Independence…
1. The people of Latin America did not unite into a single country.
Why?
The colonies were much farther spread out and there were geographic barriers, such as the Andes Mountains, that hindered communication.
Hey I’m over here!
2. Colonists had little or no experience in self-government so powerful leaders took advantage of the turmoil to seize control
Monroe’s Foreign Policy
•The Indians there would sometimes raid settlements in Georgia. •Florida was a refuge for many slaves and many white southerners wanted them back.
The Negro Fort contained about 1,000 African Americans.
Andrew Jackson threatens Spain – destroy the fort or the I will do it
1820: The U.S. invaded Florida and destroyed the fort.
Spain agrees to peace talks because…They were busy fighting rebels
in Latin America.
Secretary of State, John Quincy Adams, worked out the treaty with Spain.
Adams-Onis Treaty-1821
Terms: Spain gives Florida to the U.S.
The U.S. gives Spain $5 million
Spain
Spanish influence
Portugal
Latin America Wins Independence
Britain agreed with the U.S. on this issue because they wanted to protect the profitable trade they were conducting with the newly freed countries.
President Monroe wanted to protect Latin America
Americans were against colonialism
Americans would rather trade with the new independent countries
Monroe Doctrine
President Monroe’s foreign policy statement
(1823)
It states that… *The U.S. will not interfere in the affairs of European nations or existing colonies of the European nations.
*It warns European nations not to interfere in Latin America.
*The U.S. would oppose any attempt to build new colonies.
The U.S. did not have the military power to enforce the Monroe Doctrine.
Who had the military power?
Britain…strong navy could stop Europeans from building new colonies in the Americas.
As the U.S. grew stronger the Monroe Doctrine grew in
importance.
Presidents still used the Monroe Doctrine to justify foreign policy in the early 1900s.
Chief Justice… You should know
this!!!
John Marshall
McCulloch v. Maryland-1819
What happened?After Congress chartered the second Bank of the United States Maryland tried to tax the Bank in order to drive it out of the state.
Who? James McCulloch, the Bank cashier, refused to pay the tax
Ruling:States have no right to interfere with federal institutions within their borders
This ruling strengthened federal power.
Gibbons v. Ogden-1824
What happened?
Ruling
New York had a law that tried to control steamboat travel between New York and New Jersey.A state can only regulate trade within its borders. (the court upheld that the federal government regulates trade between states i.e. interstate commerce)
Interstate Commerce…
Trade between different states
This ruling strengthened federal power.
Creole
Person born in Spain’s American colonies to Spanish
parents is called a…In what year did Mexico gain its independence? 1821
Who was the best known revolutionary leader in South America (also known as the liberator!)
Simon Bolivar…
Which colony won its independence
peacefully?Brazil
Why did the people of Latin America not unite into a single country?
Geographic factors
Quick Review
What were the terms of the Adams-Onis Treaty?
US gets Florida, Spain gets 5 million dollars
Why did Britain agree with the U.S. about European re-colonization?
They wanted to protect their profitable trade
What is one facet of the Monroe Doctrine?
*The U.S. will not interfere in the affairs of European nations or existing colonies of the European nations.*It warns European nations not to interfere in Latin America.
*The U.S. would oppose any attempt to build new colonies.
Quick Review
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