INDUSTRIAL CHEMISTRY INDUSTRIAL CHEMISTRY CHEM 2017 CHEM 2017 Lect 1 2008 Lect 1 2008 General introduction General introduction.
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INDUSTRIAL CHEMISTRYINDUSTRIAL CHEMISTRY
CHEM 2017CHEM 2017 Lect 1 2008 Lect 1 2008
General introductionGeneral introduction
M S SCURRELLM S SCURRELL
CHEMISTRY BUILDING, ROOM 101CHEMISTRY BUILDING, ROOM 101
michael.michael.scurrell@wits.ac.zascurrell@wits.ac.za
CONNECTIONS IN INORGANICSCONNECTIONS IN INORGANICS
Why should chlorine and caustic soda Why should chlorine and caustic soda prices be connected?prices be connected?
Why should ammonia and urea Why should ammonia and urea manufacture be done on the same plant?manufacture be done on the same plant?
Why is ammonia a side-product of making Why is ammonia a side-product of making synthetic fuels from coal? [Sasol]synthetic fuels from coal? [Sasol]
CONNECTIONS IN INDUCTRYCONNECTIONS IN INDUCTRY
Why does the ore extraction industry Why does the ore extraction industry manufacture sulphuric acid?manufacture sulphuric acid?
Who fixes the price of ammonia?Who fixes the price of ammonia?
What is needed to make a successful What is needed to make a successful inorganic chemicals business? inorganic chemicals business?
PRODUCTPRODUCT
MARKETMARKET
PRICE PRICE
TECHNOLOGYTECHNOLOGY
Does South Africa manufacture Does South Africa manufacture ammonia in a different way to Japan? ammonia in a different way to Japan? Saudi Arabia? USA? Germany? Saudi Arabia? USA? Germany?
COMMODITY CHEMICALSCOMMODITY CHEMICALS
SPECIALITY CHEMICALSSPECIALITY CHEMICALS
COMMODITYCOMMODITY
High tonnageHigh tonnage World pricingWorld pricing Mature technology & similar Mature technology & similar
CHLORINE, SULPHURIC ACID, CHLORINE, SULPHURIC ACID, AMMONIA, PHOSPHORIC ACIDAMMONIA, PHOSPHORIC ACID
COMMODITY <-> SPECIALITYCOMMODITY <-> SPECIALITY
Lower tonnageLower tonnage Similar specifications, but some Similar specifications, but some
differences between manufacturersdifferences between manufacturers Less consistent pricingLess consistent pricing
TITANIUM DIOXIDE, SYNTHETIC TITANIUM DIOXIDE, SYNTHETIC ZEOLITES, ZEOLITES,
SPECIALITYSPECIALITY
Often not pure chemicalsOften not pure chemicals Trade named mixturesTrade named mixtures Smaller quantities, higher pricesSmaller quantities, higher prices Hi-tech productsHi-tech products
SOLVENTS, HYDRAULIC FLUIDS, SOLVENTS, HYDRAULIC FLUIDS, REFRIDGERANTS, ELECTRONICS REFRIDGERANTS, ELECTRONICS MANUFACTUREMANUFACTURE
EXAMPLES ONLYEXAMPLES ONLY
SULPHURSULPHUR NITROGENNITROGEN HYDROGEN PEROXIDE AND PEROXY HYDROGEN PEROXIDE AND PEROXY
COMPOUNDSCOMPOUNDS FLUORINEFLUORINE ALUMINIUM COMPOUNDS (silicas, ALUMINIUM COMPOUNDS (silicas,
ZEOLITES)ZEOLITES) PHOSPHORUSPHOSPHORUS PLATINUM GROUP METALS (GOLD)PLATINUM GROUP METALS (GOLD)
Environmental issuesEnvironmental issues
legislationlegislation
MINIMUM STANDARDS MINIMUM STANDARDS TO PROTECT WORK-FORCETO PROTECT WORK-FORCE TO PROTECT IMMEDIATE TO PROTECT IMMEDIATE
ENVIRONMENT OUTSIDE THE PLANTENVIRONMENT OUTSIDE THE PLANT TO PROTECT GLOBAL ENVIRONMENTTO PROTECT GLOBAL ENVIRONMENT
SHESHE
SAFETYSAFETY HEALTHHEALTH ENVIRONMENTENVIRONMENT
EXPOSURE TO CHEMICALSEXPOSURE TO CHEMICALS
Water purity:Water purity:• Triazine herbicides: < 100 ng/lTriazine herbicides: < 100 ng/l• Nitrates < 50 ppm (25 ppm)Nitrates < 50 ppm (25 ppm)• Lead < 25 ppmLead < 25 ppm
AIR QUALITYAIR QUALITY
SOSOxx
NONOxx
LIMITS PLACE HEAVY DEMANDS ON LIMITS PLACE HEAVY DEMANDS ON TECHNOLOGYTECHNOLOGY
CLEAN-UP (END OF PIPE) VERSUS CLEAN-UP (END OF PIPE) VERSUS AVOIDANCE OF PROBLEMAVOIDANCE OF PROBLEM
AIR QUALITYAIR QUALITY
SOSOxx
NONOxx
LIMITS PLACE HEAVY DEMANDS ON LIMITS PLACE HEAVY DEMANDS ON TECHNOLOGYTECHNOLOGY
CLEAN-UP (END OF PIPE) VERSUS CLEAN-UP (END OF PIPE) VERSUS AVOIDANCE OF PROBLEMAVOIDANCE OF PROBLEM
COPPER, NICKEL INDUSTRYCOPPER, NICKEL INDUSTRY
Sulphide oresSulphide ores Need to convert to oxidesNeed to convert to oxides Roasting process produces SORoasting process produces SO22
New technologies:New technologies:• Roasting furnace designRoasting furnace design• Improved catalysts for sulphuric acid Improved catalysts for sulphuric acid
manufacture (KINETICS, manufacture (KINETICS, THERMODYNAMICS)THERMODYNAMICS)
CAR ENGINE EXHAUST CAR ENGINE EXHAUST TREATMENTTREATMENT
High impact on the platinum metal High impact on the platinum metal industryindustry
Price of PtPrice of Pt Price of RhPrice of Rh Price of RuPrice of Ru
High impact on the oil refining industryHigh impact on the oil refining industry Fuel quality, lead-free fuel Fuel quality, lead-free fuel
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