Index [link.springer.com]978-1-4899-3216-7/1.pdf · Canny edge detector, 79, 88-91 ... coding Huffman, 471 low and high frequencies, ... Canny, 88-91, 487 in multispectral image,
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Index
2.5D sketch, 14, 376,377, 385 2D co-ordinate system, 375, 398, 408 2D projection, 196, 374-375, 382-
384,392,393,406,411,415, 508
2D shape, 43, 192, 196 3D co-ordinate system, 375, 407 3D information, 192, 397 3D interpretation, 375, 384, 397 3D representation, 15, 376-378, 382 3D shape, 43, 192, 196
A-algorithm, 136-143,146,148,149 ACRONYM, 329, 381, 415 active vision, 400 acuity, 37 adaptive neighbourhood, 96-102 ADEOS,458 algorithm (in Marr's theory), 375 aliasing, 24 anti-extensive transformation, 430 antialiasing, 27 arc (of a graph), 48 area, 45, 52, 202, 222-224, 228, 257,
380, 406, 423 aspect, 406 aspect graph, 382, 406 autocorrelation, 465 avoidance
obstacle, 373
B-reps,379 back projection, 408, 409 back-propagation, 276-280 background, 32 backtracking, 148, 289, 296,297, 329,
351, 408, 409 backward chaining, 415
543
balloon, 334 bay, 35 Bayes formula, 266, 267, 336, 338,
340, 341 bin-picking, 373, 392, 411 blackboard, 328 blocks world, 379, 383 Boltzmann constant, 305 border, 33, 38
detection, 307 extended, 131-134 inner, 33, 129, 130 inter-pixel, 131 outer, 34, 129-132
bottom-up approach, 375 boundary, see border boundary representations, see B-reps brightness, 2, 3, 5, 13, 15, 16, 22,
27,28,30,32,35,37,38,40, 43-45,47,48,53,56-58,60, 62,71,72,74,76,92,96-98, 100-102, 113, 115-118, 121, 122, 135, 161, 164, 165, 168, 169,174,228,229,338,374, 394,413,414,458-460,466, 470,481,485,487-489,498, 510, 511
correction, 57 interpolation, 64-67 transformation, 57-60
brightness interpolation bicubic,66 linear, 66 nearest neighbour, 65
calculus, 30, 76, 300, 422 camera, 13, 40, 43, 57, 102, 104,
544 Index
105,217,220,507,508,513 geometry, 374 model, 386
CANC2,416 Canny edge detector, 79, 88-91 centre of gravity, 228, 241, 242 chain, 46
Markov, 489 chain code, 46, 134, 200-203, 210,
223 characteristic view, 406 class, 262
identifier, 264 classification
contextual, 336-343, 350 recursive, 341
classifier, 262-272, 275, 288 ~, 265, 268, 276, 280 best approximation, 268 learning, 268, 270-272, 290 linear, 264-265, 275 maximum likelihood, 266 minimum distance, 264, 265, 272-
274 minimum error, 266-272 nonlinear, 266 setting, 266-269 syntactic, 288
clique, 297, 298 closing, 426, 431-432 cluster analysis, 273, 274, 279 co-occurrence matrix, 45 co-ordinate system
2D, see 2D co-ordinate system 3D, see 3D co-ordinate system object-based, 15, 375, 377 polar, 200 rectangular, 200 tangential, 200, 202
COBIUS,328 code
chain, see chain code dictionary, 465, 471
Freeman, 46 leaf, 53 run length, 47
coding Huffman, 471 low and high frequencies, 471 region border, 470
colorimetry, 15 colour, 38 colour image, 28 compatibility function, 344, 358 compression, 3, 5, 458-472
dictionary-based, 471 DPCM, 463, 466 hybrid, 459, 466, 470 JPEG,471 Lempel-Ziv, 471 predictive, 459, 463-465, 470 pyramid, 466-468 ratio, 460, 463, 465, 466 region growing, 471 smart, 466, 467 transform, 459, 461,468, 470 vector quantization, 465-466,
468,470 computer graphics, 15, 43, 61, 212,
493 conditional dilation, 439-442 confidence, 341-361 conic, 218-220 constraint
domain-specific, 374 epipolar, see epipolar constraint global,374 propagation, 343-348,351,353,
383 constructive solid geometry, 379 context, 112, 124, 125, 318, 322,
337-343,351, 353 contour
false, 28 partitioning, 209, 210 shape from, see shape from con-
Index
tour contrast, 37, 38, 58, 59, 95, 97, 119,
123, 175, 413, 484, 486, 511 enhancenrrent, 101-102
control strategy, 256, 317-329, 346 bottonrr-up, 144, 255, 319-320,
323, 326, 347 conrrbined, 322, 326 hierarchical, 319, 326 hypothesize and verify, see hy-
pothesize and verify nrrodel-based, 320, 321, 323 non-hierarchical, 326, 327 parallel, 318, 321, 326 serial, 318 top-down, 319-321, 323, 326
convex hull, 34, 422 convolution, 17, 177,443,445,447,
450,451 nrrask, 68 theorenrr, 18
corner, 95 correlation, 20, 176-179,215,459-
461 correspondence, 62, 95, 397, 398,
508-510, 524-526, 528 problenrr, 95, 388, 390, 391, 397 stereo, see stereo correspondence
correspondence problenrr, 416 cost function, 136-143 crack edge, 34, 125-127, 131, 166,
167 criterion
detection, 88 localization, 88 one response, 88
crossover, 302-304 eSG, see constructive solid geonrre
try curvature
peak, 210 prinrral sketch, 211
curve
545
deconrrposition, 211 detection, 153, 154, 156, 160
cyclopean inrrage, 389 cyclopean separation, 389, 390
daenrron, 328, 346 data structure, 42
hierarchical, 50 relational, 49 traditional, 43
decision rule, 266, 270 deficit of convexity, 35 degradation, 104
atnrrospheric turbulence, 105 relative nrrotion of the canrrera
and object, 105 wrong lens focus, 105
depth, 14, 373, 374, 403 relative, 373 sensing
active, 413 passive, 413
depth nrrap, 377, 402 technologies, 413
difference of Gaussians, 85 dilation, 426-427
conditional, 439-442 Dirac distribution, 17 discrinrrination function, 264-268,
276,277 disparity, 387, 389, 390
gradient, 389, 390 gradient linrrit, 388, 389
distance, 30 chessboard (Ds), 31 city block (D4 ), 31 Euclidean (DE)' 30 Levenshtein, 298
DoG, see difference of Gaussians donrrain-specific constraints, 374 duality (nrrorphological), 424 dynanrric progranrrnrring, 146-149
edge, 3, 5, 34, 376, 377
546
chain, 123, 145 crack, 34 detector, 307 direction, 76 magnitude, 76 relaxation, 124-129, 144, 149
edge detector, 76-85, 376, 407, 414 Canny, 88-91, 487 in multispectral image, 91 Laplacian, 78 Marr-Hildreth,82 zero crossing, 82
elastics, 322 entropy, 19, 458-460 epipolar constraint, 388, 390 epipolar line, 390 erosion, 426, 428-431
ultimate, 439-442 errors
matching, 412 Euler-Poincare characteristic, 224,
423 evaluated graph, 48 event (aspect), 406 exemplar, 265, 272-274, 281, 282 expansion
isotropic, 426
feature, 257 discriminativity, 270 informativity, 270 space, 263 vector, 257
feature synthesis, 90 feedback, 4, 123, 468 fill,426 filter, 56-108, 443-455
Gaussian, 376 median, 74-76, 337
filtering, 67 band-pass, 451, 454 high-pass, 451, 454 inverse, 105 Kalman, 104
Index
low-pass, 451 Wiener, 106
fitness, 357 focus
shape from, see shape from focus
Fourier descriptor, see shape descrip-tion, Fourier
Fourier transform, see transform, Fourier fractal, 215, 491 frame, 260, 262 Freeman code, 46 frequency
spatial, 18 function, 13
autocorrelation, 20 autocovariance, 20 cross correlation, 20 cross covariance, 20 Dirac, 17 distribution, 19 point spread, 22
ganglion cell, 85 Gaussian blur, 36, 84, 88, 96, 210,
211 Gaussian filter, 84, 85, 376 Gaussian smoothing, see Gaussian
blur generalized cones, see generalized cylin-
ders generalized cylinders, 381, 415 genetic algorithm, 301-304,356-363 genus, 224 geometric information, 375 geometric transformation, 2, 61-67 geon, 381, 416 Gestaltist theory, 396 global constraints, 374 Golay alphabet, 435 gradient operator, 68, 76-85
approximated by differences, 78 Kirsch, 81 Laplace, 80
Prewitt, 80 Roberts, 79 Robinson, 81 Sobel, 80
gradient space, 394 grammar, 258, 284-292, 490-494
context-free, 287 context-sensitive, 287 fuzzy, 287 general, 287 inference, 284, 290-292 non-deterministic, 287 regular, 287 stochastic, 287
Index
graph, 47, 113, 132, 146, 178, 221, 222,235,258,284,289,292-299
arc, 48 assignment, 298 evaluated, 48, 132,260,292,294 isomorphism, 292-298 neighbourhood, 241 node, 48 region, 235, 239 region adjacency, 48, 168, 170,
241, 348, 351, 352, 356-360 search, 135-143, 146, 149,322,
323 heuristic, 137-144, 148
similarity, 293, 299 graph matching, 405 grey level, see brightness grey scale transformation, 58 grid, 27
hexagonal, 27 square, 27
group, 217, 220 Lie, 217 plane-projective, 217
grow, 426 guidance
vehicle, 373
HEARSAY, 329
547
heuristic, 6, 138, 139, 144, 149, 164, 166, 175, 351, 353, 363
histogram, 35, 112, 116-120, 165, 459, 460
bimodal, 116-118 cumulative, 60 equalization, 59 modification, 100 multi-dimensional, 120 multimodal, 117 smoothed, 120 transformation, 118
hit or miss transformation, 434 hole, 32 homogeneity, 164, 169-175 homotopic marking, 438 homotopic substitute (of skeleton),
434, 436, 437 homotopic transformation, 432-433 horizon, 405 Hough transform, see transform, Hough hue, 38 human visual system, 374, 377 hypothe~s, 316, 321, 356-363 hypothesize and verify, 210, 242, 321,
323, 356, 405, 408
IRS, 39 illumination, 374 image, 13
binary, 28, 44 co-ordinates, 16 colour, 15, 28 compression, see compression, see
compression cyclopean, 389 digitization, 22-30 dynamic, 16 enhancement, 56 iconic, 43 intensity, see intensity image interpretation, 317-363 monochromatic, 15 multispectral, 15, 28
548
pre-processing, 56-108 quality, 39 reconstruction, 458-463, 467 remotely sensed, 373 restoration, see restoration scale-space, 87 segmented, 43 sequences, 374 sharpening, 78 smoothing, see smoothing static, 15 transform, 443-455 understanding, 6, 316-363
image sharpening, 3 implementation (in Marr's theory),
376 impossible objects, 384 impulse
Dirac, 16 limited, 25
increasing transformation, 427, 430 industrial inspection, 373 inference, 318 inspection
industrial, 373 intensity, see brightness intensity image, 14, 15, 56, 82, 320,
394, 407, 412, 414, 524 interest point, 95 interpretation
3D, see 3D interpretation tree, 350, 351, 405
interval tree, 88, 211 invariants, 196, 215-220, 413
scalar, 217 inverse filtering, 105 invertible transformation, 431 ISODATA, 274, 336 isotropic expansion, 426
Kalman filtering, 104 knowledge, 3, 6, 256-262,301, 304
a priori, 7, 123, 135, 149, 160, 164,170,196,323,329,335,
Index
353, 357, 361 base, 256, 259 procedural, 259 representation, 256-262, 318
label, 197-200, 329, 335-339, 341-354, 358, 360
collision, 198-200 labelling, 197, 222, 329, 336, 337,
341, 343-363 consistent, 343, 345 discrete, 344, 350 probabilistic, 343, 347 semantic, 343
Lagrange multipliers, 395, 514 lake, 35 Landsat, 458 language, 284-292 Laplacian, 78, 376 Laplacian of Gaussian, 84 laser, 414 learning, 265, 269-273, 276-280,
285, 292, 304 from experience, 318
light, 57, 85, 392 source, 15, 393-395 striping, 414
lighting, 375, 392 line
detector, 407, 409 finding, 92 labelling, 347, 382-385, 405 thinning, 94
linear system, 22 local pre-processing, 67-102 locus
visibility, 408, 410, 411 look-up table, 58
map region, 48
Markov chain, 489 Marr (David), 6, 375, 415 Marr paradigm, see Marr's theory
Index
Marr's theory, 82, 320, 375-378, 385 Marr-Hildreth edge detector, 79, 82,
88 matching, 176-179, 299, 301, 318
errors, 412 graphs, 176, 292, 293 relational structures, 290 subgraphs, 298
mathematical morphology, 237 matrix, 44
co-occurrence, 45 matte surface, 392 medial axis, 239 medial axis transform, 237, 433 median filter, see filter, median memory
long term, 328 short term, 328
model, 112, 143, 158, 164, 316-318, 319-328, 355
active contour, 160, 322, 329-335, 509
base, 405 camera, 386 deformable, 322, 329-335 quadric surface, 380 volumetric, 380 wire frame, 379
model-based vision, 375 modelling strategy, 378-382 Moravec detector, 95 morphological transformation, 423-
426 quantitative, 425
morphology, 422-442, 488, 489 grey scale, 422
motion, 396, 507-531 analysis, 507-531
correspondence of interest points, 508, 509, 524-528
differential, 509-512 differential cumulative, 511
assumptions, 509, 528
continuous, 400 field, 508 rotational, 398, 400, 512
549
shape from, see shape from motion
translational, 398, 400, 521, 523 multiview representation, 382 mutation, 302-304
navigation robot, 373
Necker cube, 376 neighbour, 31 neural nets, 275-283
feed-forward, 276 Hopfield, 281, 282 hybrid, 280 Kohonen feature map, 279-281
node (of a graph), 48 noise, 3, 5, 39, 193, 201, 203, 223,
229, 230, 238, 336, 337 additive, 40 Gaussian, 40 impulsive, 40 multiplicative, 40 quantization, 40 salt and pepper, 40 suppression, 98 white, 39
non-maximal suppression, 89, 94
object colouring, 197 description, 263
formal, 262 qualitative, 262, 283 quantitative, 262, 283 relational, 283
identification, 197-200 impossible, 384 labelling, 197, 222 recognition, 255-307 reconstruction, 192, 193
object centred processing, 378
550 Index
object-based co-ordinate system, 375 objective function, 349, 350, 354-
356,358 obstacle avoidance, 373 occlusion, 193, 196, 207, 210, 220,
242, 373, 384, 388, 510 OCR,373 opening, 426, 431-432 optical character recognition, see OCR optical flow, 395, 400, 508, 509,512-
524,528 computation, 508, 509 field, 400 global and local estimation, 516
optimization, 146,147,269,272,276, 281, 299-307
orientation, 374 orthographic
projection, 14, 397, 398, 400 view, 398
pallette, see look-up table parallax, 374 parallel implementation, 5, 44, 50,
129,134,149,159,318,319, 342,346,350,363,391,427, 515,520
path,31 simple, 135
pattern, 262 space, 263 vector, 263
pattern recognition, 255-292 statistical, 257-274, 276, 283 syntactic, 283-292
perception, 36-39, 317, 490 colour, 38 human, 28, 36, 37, 101, 403 visual, 36
perceptron, 275 perceptual organization, 415, 416 perimeter, 131, 166, 167, 196, 202,
406,423 perspective
projection, 14, 15, 400, 413 photometry, 15 picture element, 27 pixel, 27
adjacency, 31 pixel co-ordinate transformation, 62 planning, 318 plausibility (of a match), 409,411 point
sampling, 27 sets (morphological), 423
post-processing, 123, 337, 355, 356, 362
power spectrum, 21 pre-processing, 56-108, 320, 338
adaptive neighbourhood, 96-102 classification, 56 edge detector, see edge detector local, 67-102
predicate logic, 258, 260 primal sketch, 376-377
curvature, 211 primitive
texture, 403 volumetric, 378
probability density, 270
estimation, 270 production
rules, 259 system, 259, 318, 329, 415
projection, 224, 375, 398, 400, 407, 413, 450
2D, see 2D projection orthographic, 14, 397, 398, 400 parallel, 14 perspective, 14, 15, 400
projection., 423 PROLOG, 258 pseudo colour , 60 pyramid, 50,121,122,170-172,319,
466,467, 470 M-pyramid,50
matrix, 50 T-pyramid,50 tree, 50
Index
quadric surface model, 380 quadtree, 52, 170, 175, 199, 202,
222, 223, 241, 466 quantization, 28
range finding active, 413 passive, 413
receptive field, 85 reduce, 428 redundancy
information, 458-463 reflectance, 15, 374, 375, 392 reflectance function, 393, 394 region, 31
concavity tree, 235 decomposition, 221, 240-241 identification, 197-200 skeleton, 215,221,235,237-239,
241 region adjacency graph, 48 region growing, see segmentation,
region growing region map, 48 relation
neighbourhood, 44 spatial,44
relational structure, 259, 283, 284, 290, 292, 318
relaxation, 119, 125, 126, 128, 129, 175,344-350,354,363,390, 395, 514, 516, 517
discrete, 344, 345, 347 probabilistic, 347, 349, 350
reliability (of a match), 409 remote sensing, 61, 64, 120, 121,
337,342,353,373,458,460, 531
representation, 375 3D, 377
complete, 378 geometric, 43 iconic image, 43 intermediate, 14, 42 level of, 42 multiview, 382 relational model, 43 segmented image, 43 skeleton, 381 unique, 378
reproduction, 302-304 resolution
radiometric, 16 spatial, 16 spectral, 16 time, 16
restoration, 102-108 deterministic, 102 inverse filtering, 105 stochastic, 102 Wiener filtering, 106
rigidity, 397 rigidity constraint, 397 robot navigation, 373 rotating mask, 72
551
rotational movement, 398, 400, 512 run length coding, 47, 198, 241, 466
sampling, 23-27 interval, 23 point, 27
saturation, 39 scale, 86-91, 193,376,477-480,486,
489 scale-space, 193, 210, 211, 238, 391 script, 260 seed pixel, 96 segmentation, 5, 112-179, 320
border detection, 136-143, 158, 159
border tracing, 129-135, 146,148 extended, 131-134 inner, 129, 130 outer, 129-132
552
classification-based, 335-337 complete, 5, 112, 113, 161 dynamic programming, 146-149 edge thresholding, 123, 129 edge-based, 112, 122-164, 175 global, 112, 114 Hough transform, 149-159
fuzzy, 158 generalized, 149, 156-158
match-based, 176-179 multithresholding, 117, 119 partial, 5, 112, 123, 161 region construction
from borders, 161 from partial borders, 162
region growing, 97, 112, 164-175,351,353,355,361,362, 414
merging, 131, 164-169 overgrowing, 175 semantic, 351, 353-355 split-and-merge, 170 splitting, 164, 166, 169 undergrowing, 175
region-based, 112, 134, 164-175 semantic, 351
genetic, 355, 356 region growing, 353-355
semithresholding, 116 superslice, 161 texture, 307 thresholding, 113-122, 162, 164,
168, 169 hierarchical, 122 minimum error, 118 multispectral, 120 optimal, 118 p-tile, 116
tree, 170, 172 watersheds, 174, 355
semantic net, 259-260, 318, 343 semantics, 256, 259, 347, 351, 356,
362
Index
sequential matching, 408 sequential thickening, see thicken
ing, sequential sequential thinning, see thinning, se
quential shading, 392
shape from, see shape from shading
Shannon sampling theorem, 25 shape, 192-242
2D, see 2D shape 3D, see 3D shape description
area, 202, 207, 221, 222-224, 225, 226, 228, 240
bending energy, 203 border length, 202-203 chord distribution, 204 compactness, 131, 221, 227,
257,359 contour-based, 193, 197, 200-
220 convex hull, 230, 231, 235 cross ratio, 217, 218 curvature, 196, 202,208-214,
239 direction, 221, 227 eccentricity, 224 elongatedness, 193, 221, 225,
227, 238 Euler's number, 224 external, 193, 197 Fourier descriptors, 203, 205-
207 graph, 221, 222, 235 height, 224 internal, 193, 197 invariants, 215-220 moments, 207,214,227,228-
230,241 moments area based, 230 moments contour-based, 229,
230
Index
perimeter, 131, 166, 167, 196, 202
polygonal, 208-210, 212, 240 projection-invariant, 196, 215 projections, 224 rectangularity, 221, 226 region concavity tree, 235 region-based, 193, 197, 215,
220-242 run length, 198, 241 segment sequence, 203, 208 signature, 203 sphericity, 226 spline, 158, 212-214 statistical, 193, 222 syntactic, 192, 193, 209, 241 width, 224
shape from contour, 385, 406 focus, 385 motion, 396-403 optical flow, 400 shading, 392-396, 405 stereo, 385-392 texture, 403-405 vergence, 385 X, 377, 413
shape primitive, 240 sharpening, 78 shrink, 428 sifting, 17 simulated annealing, 304-306, 391 skeleton, 215,221,235,237-239, 241,
381, 422, 433-434, 436 sketch
2.5D, see 2.5D sketch primal, see primal sketch
slant, 404 smoothing, 68-76
averaging, 69 averaging according to inverse
gradient, 71 averaging with limited data va-
lidity, 71 edge preserving, 69 median, see filter, median nonlinear mean filter, 76 order statistics, 75 rank filtering, 75 rotating mask, 72
snake, 160, 322, 329-335, 509 growing, 333
spectral density, 21 spectrum, 21
band-limited, 25 frequency, 446, 454 phase, 446 power, 446
specular surface, 392 spot ranging, 414 state space search, 166 stereo, 374
553
shape from, see shape from stereo stereo correspondence, 388, 391, 397 stereo vision, 386, 397 stochastic process, 19-21
ergodic, 21 stationary, 20 uncorrelated, 20
structure from motion theorem, 397 structuring element (morphological),
424 supergrid, 131, 166, 167 surface
matte, 392 specular, 392
surface models, see B-reps surface orientation, 374, 392 sweep representations, see general
ized cylinders symbol
non-terminal, 285 terminal, 285
syntactic analysis, 285-292, 490, 492, 494
syntax, 256, 257
554
system approach, 86
texel, 403, 404, 477 texton, 480, 486 texture, 112, 113, 116, 122, 165,307,
335,338,343,403,477-499 coarse, 477, 479-482, 487, 489 description
autocorrelation, 481, 490 autoregression model, 489 chain grammar, 491 co-occurrence, 482, 484, 490 discrete transform, 481 edge frequency, 485 fractal dimension, 491 grammar, 490 graph grammar, 493,494,497 hybrid, 480,490, 497-498 morphology, 488 optical transform, 481 peak and valley, 489 primitive length, 487 run length, 487 shape rules, 491 statistical, 480-490, 495, 497 syntactic, 480, 490-497 texture properties, 486 texture transform, 489
element, 477 fine, 477, 479-482, 487, 489 generation, 491, 492 gradient, 404 hierarchical, 494 primitive, 164, 403, 477, 479,
480, 490, 493, 496, 498 segmentation, 486, 489, 495-497 shape from, see shape from tex-
ture strong, 479, 497 structure, 477, 479 tone, 477, 479, 498 weak, 479, 497
theory computational, 375
Index
Gestaltist, see Gestaltist theory Marr's, see Marr's theory
thickening, 422, 434-439 sequential, 435-439
thinning, 221, 235-237, 239, 422, 434-439
sequential, 435-439 three dimensions, see 3D threshold, 113
optimal, 118 selection, 114, 116, 118
mode method, 117 optimal, 118
thresholding, 58 with hysteresis, 90
tilt, 404 tolerance interval, 208 top-down approach, 288, 290, 319,
320, 375, 408 topographic characterization, 412 topographic primal sketch, 413 topology, 34 training set, 268-269,271-273,275,
277, 278, 291, 292, 335, 341 transform
binary, 461 cosine, 448, 449,461,463, 470 Fourier, 16-19, 21-25, 33, 67,
68, 78, 104-107, 177, 193, 205-207,443,445-446,447, 449-452, 454, 461, 481
inverse, 18 Haar, 449 Hadamard, 447-448, 449,461,
470 Hadamard-Haar, 449 Hough, 149-159,215,405,414,
450 image, 443-455 Karhunen-Loeve, 450,461 linear discrete, 443-455 orthogonal, 444, 448 Paley, 449
Radon, 450 recursive block coding, 461 sine, 449 Slant-Haar, 449 Walsh, 449, 461 Walsh-Hadamard, 448
transformation affine, 63 anti-extensive, 430 bilinear, 62 brightness correction, 57 geometric, 61-67
brightness interpolation, 64 change of scale, 63 pixel co-ordinate, 62 rotation, 63 skewing, 63
grey scale, 58-60 histogram equalization, 59 logarithmic, 60 pseudo colour , 60 thresholding, 58
homotopic, 432-433 increasing, 427, 430 invertible, 431
Index
morphological, see morphological transformation, 422
pixel brightness, 57-60 translational movement, 398, 400,
521,523 transmission
progressive, 466-468 smart, 468
tree interval, 211
tree pruning, 141, 289 two dimensional, see 2D two dimensions, see 2D
ultimate erosion, 439-442 unsharp masking, 78 upper-semi-continuinty, 426
vanishing points, 405
vehicle guidance, 373 velocity
field,509 computation, 527
555
smoothness constraint, 513, 516, 520
vector, 508 vergence
shape from, see shape from ver-gence
viewpoint, 15 visibility, 410 visibility locus, 408, 410, 411 VISIOn
active, 400 model-based, 375 stereo, 386, 397
VISIONS, 328, 329 visual
potential, 406 visual system
human, 37, 374, 375, 377, 385, 397, 400, 415, 467, 490
volumetric model, 380 volumetric primitives, 378 voxel, 380
wavelength, 15, 28 Wiener filtering, 106 WINSOM,379 wire-frame model, 379
x shape from, see shape from X
zero crossing, 79, 82, 89, 210, 211, 376, 377, 391, 448, 486, 520
Zuniga-Haralick operator, 96, 525
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