Imperialism
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IMPERIALISM
Imperialism is…
The policy of establishing colonies and building empires.
Definition of Imperialism
A policy by a stronger nation (such as the USA) to create an empire by dominating weaker nations economically, politically, culturally, or militarily.
Why did Imperialism Develop?
Economic factors Political or Nationalistic
factors Humanitarian or Cultural
factors Military factors
Economic Factors
Manufacturing nations need more natural resources and more markets.
Political or Nationalistic Factors
Nationalism - a belief that one’s nations goals are superior to those of other nations
Humanitarian or Cultural Factors
Spreading Western ideas and Christianity. It was their duty to spread the blessings of Western civilization across the globe.
Military Factors
Growing navies need new naval bases worldwide.
Early American Imperialism Using the idea of Manifest
Destiny, Alaska was purchased in 1867.
The Midway Islands were annexed (joined to the USA) in 1867.
Alaska is purchased in 1867
Secretary of State William H. Seward agreed to purchase Alaska from Russia for $7.2 million. (that’s only about 2 cents an acre!)
• At the time, critics thought Seward was crazy and called the deal "Seward's folly."
Delaware!
Was it worth it??
Discoveries of gold were made there in the 1880s and 1890s.
These discoveries brought attention and people to Alaska.
Today, petroleum transported across the state through a pipeline is Alaska's richest mineral resource.
Imperialism Presidents
William McKinley
Republican Starts US
Imperialism Reaffirmed
Monroe Doctrine
Other Pacific Property
Hawaii – 1891 Queen Liliuokalani takes throne & against trade w/ US
1893 – Marines led by Sanford Dole overthrow Queen
Dole made governor – asks for annexation to the US
How did America become Involved in Imperialism?, cont. The Hawaiian Queen is removed
from power by American military force under pressure from businessmen (including Sanford Dole – the pineapple guy…)
Hawaii is annexed in 1898.
Other Pacific Property.
Japan - Trade relations are established in 1854 by Commodore Matthew Perry and a very young U.S. Navy
Other Pacific Property
Samoa – US, GB, & Germany fighting over harbor @ Pago Pago
Over time US would gain complete control
Other Pacific Property
China – divided up among European countries
These “spheres of influence” limited trade between the U.S. and China
Open Door Policy
In the fall of 1898, President McKinley and Secretary of State John Hay force an "open
door" policy on the nations that control China.
• The policy would allow
all trading nations
access to the Chinese
markets.
Civil War in Cuba
In 1895 civil war broke
out in Cuba between
Spain and Cuban rebels.
• By 1895, Spain had only a few colonial
possessions left
including the
Philippines, Puerto Rico and Cuba
Setting the Stage for War In competition for readership, two New York
newspapers wrote exaggerated stories about the Cuban rebellion.
• This yellow journalism sold a lot of papers but had other
effects as well:• It whipped up American public opinion in favor of
the Cuban rebels!
The Yellow Kid
Setting the Stage for War
William Randolph Hearst
Owner of New York Journal
Setting the Stage for War
Joseph Pulitzer Owner of the
New York World
Printed under a headline that read:
Cuban Babes Prey to FamineThousands of Children
Perishing in Island TownsSights that Sicken Strong
Men
The New York Journal reports "...blood on the roadsides, blood in the villages, blood, blood, blood!"
When William Randolph Hearst sent a reporter to cover the rumored war, he cabled back that there was no war going on. Hearst wired back: “Please remain. You supply the pictures, and I'll supply the war.”
To get the attention of the U.S. government – Cuban Rebels burn plantations owned by U.S.
businessmen.The U.S. Battleship Maine is sent to protect
U.S. citizens and as a warning message to Spain!
Admiral George Dewey sent to Philippines ????
DeLome Letter written to Sp. Foreign Minister“…it shows once
more what McKinley is, weak and a bidder for the admiration of the crowd, besides being a would-be politician who tries to leave the door open behind himself while keeping on good terms with the jingoes of his party.”
DeLome – The Spanish Ambassador to the U.S.
DeLome Letter
DeLome the Spanish Ambassador in the US sends letter back to Spain calling McKinley weak. Newspapers publish and challenge McKinley to respond.
Uh-Oh . . . on February 9, 1898
New York Journal owner William Randolph Hearst published the letter under the headline, "The Worst
Insult to the United States in Its History."
•Six days later comes the final straw!
Remember the Maine!
Spanish-American War
USS Maine EXPLODES! Over 250
Sailors Killed!
Spanish-American War
April 11, 1898 – McKinley asks Congress to declare war
May 1st, 1898 – First attack was @ Philippines Dewey sank entire Spanish Pacific Fleet
Spanish-American War
Admiral Dewey joined forces w/ Filipino rebels led by Emilio Aguinaldo
Aug. Spanish troops surrender to US
Spanish-American War
May 1st, 1898 – Second attack was surrounding Spanish Atlantic Fleet @ Santiago Harbor
Spanish-American War
Theodore Roosevelt led invasion of Cuba w/ the Rough Riders – Volunteer Cavalry
Spanish-American War
Battle of San Juan Hill – July 1st most famous incident of the war
Spanish-American War
July 4th – Spanish Fleet tried to leave
All sunk by US fleet ending the war
Called “Splendid Little War” 2,500 US died – 400 died in
battle? Rest died of yellow fever,
malaria, food poisoning, & bad Meds
Spanish-American War
Walter Reed US Army
Physician Confirmed
that yellow fever was transmitted by mosquitoes
Spanish-American War
Teller Amendment – April 18, 1898
Joint Resolution of Congress U.S. could not annex Cuba but
only leave "control of the island to its people."
Spanish-American War
Platt Amendment (1899) Replaced Teller Amendment Gave US an open door to
intervene in Cuban affairs.
Spanish-American War
Treaty of Paris1. Cuba is independent – US gets
to keep a naval base on island2. US gained Philippines, Puerto
Rico, & Guam
Imperialism Presidents
Theodore Roosevelt
“Big Stick Diplomacy” Gained US Panama Canal Roosevelt’s Corollary to the Monroe
Doctrine – it was the right of US to intervene in Latin American nations
Imperialism Presidents
Theodore Roosevelt US repeatedly intervened in
Latin Am. & the Caribbean 1905 – TR mediated conflict
between France & Russia won Nobel Peace Prize
The Panama Canal
Greatest Shortcut on Earth!
Why Build a Canal? A trip from
San Francisco to New York is 7,872 miles
shorter using the
canal instead of
going around South
America.
What the Heck’s an Isthmus?
Isn’t the Atlantic in the East and Pacific in the West??
1880s
In 1881, the French were given permission to build a canal across Panama.
• What challenges do you think they faced
building a canal in this type of area?
• By noon the temperature is around 100 degrees.
The average yearly rainfall is about 105
inches! (avg. rainfall
for Middletown, De is around 42 inches)
Flooding makes the ground like
pudding, and you can sink up to your
knees in mud.
It’s so humid that after it rains steam rises from the ground
• Your clothes are nearly always soaking wet.
The Jungle grows at an amazing rate!
The terrain is NOT level!
Tropical diseases, such
as yellow fever and
malaria are spread easily
by mosquitoes.
• After eight years and over 20,000
French construction
worker deaths, the French abandon
the project.• The company
building the canal goes bankrupt.
In 1903, Panama was a province of Colombia (kind of like Delaware is
part of the United States)• The United States offers to buy rights to build the canal from
Colombia for $10 million dollars and
$250,000 per year.
Colombia refuses! – holding out for more money…
On November 3, 1903 Panamanians, hoping to gain from the construction of
a canal, launched a revolution…
• Roosevelt is Furious! He refuses to deal with the Columbians any longer…
Teddy Roosevelt sends warships to protect Panama and prevent Columbia
from retaking it’s own territory.
• The rebels are quickly victorious and on November 6, 1903 President Theodore Roosevelt officially recognizes the new nation of Panama who in turn signs the treaty previously refused by Colombia.
The United States begins work on the canal in 1904.
It is a project of the U.S. government so unlike the French, they did not run
out of money.
The efforts of William Gorgas defeat the worst obstacle - Disease
Another major decision had to be made – should the canal be sea
level – like the French had tried to build or should they follow the
natural rise of the land?
What are locks?A lock is a part of a canal with gates at each end where boats are raised or lowered to different water levels.
(click on “Operation”
when you get to the
website)
•Click Here to See How a Lock Works
Building the Lock Chambers
Construction progresses using steam shovels and human muscle
By 1914, the canal is completed – ahead of schedule and under budget!
More than 922,000 vessels have used the
waterway since its opening on August 15,
1914.
1977 The
United States
signed a treaty with
Panama that
agreed to give Panama control of the
canal in 1999
A vessel passing through the Panama Canal pays a toll proportionate to its size. The average toll is about $45,000
The lowest toll ever paid is 36 cents, paid by Richard Halliburton for swimming the Canal in 1928.
On May 30th, 2006, the Maersk Dellys established a new toll
record by paying $249,165.00!!
On average, a vessel will take between 8 to 10 hours to
transit.
Although longer than 3
Statues of Liberty laid end to end, the current
locks are too small.
Many ships, known as
“Pana-Max”, barely fit through…
Due to be completed between
2014 and 2015, Work is under way to modernize the
canal and enable it to handle much
larger ships.
At a cost of over $5 Billion, work
includes deepening and widening the canal along with
adding newer and larger locks.
Click Here to See The Panama Canal in Action Right NOW!!
Imperialism Presidents
William Taft Dollar Diplomacy – encouraging &
protecting US trade / investments in Latin Am. and Asia
Imperialism Presidents
Woodrow Wilson Moral Diplomacy – promoting
democratic ideals abroad Intervened in the Mexican
Revolution
Intervention in Mexico Porfirio Diaz (Mexico) overthrew
by Madero. Gov’t taken over by Gen. Huerta
Wilson refused to recognize new gov’t.
Rebel groups lead by Emiliano Zapata & Francisco “Pancho” Villa want US support
Sent troops to occupy Veracruz (port)
Intervention in MexicoDiaz General Huerta
Intervention in MexicoZapata Pancho Villa
Intervention in Mexico
Nationalist Leader – Venustiano Carranza overthrows Huerta
Wilson withdraws his troops & recognizes Carranza’s gov’t
Intervention in Mexico
Villa was outraged & started attacking US border towns
Wilson sent Gen. John Pershing after Villa into Mexico
Carranza outraged! Wilson removed the troops
Arguments for Expansion
Obtain new markets. Protect overseas investments. Rekindle the American pioneer
spirit. Bring civilization to the
“heathen” people around the world.
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