Imperial College IBA Introduction Lecture
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8/12/2019 Imperial College IBA Introduction Lecture
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Program Introduction Lecture
Created by:Christopher Jackson, Howard Johnson, Gary Hampson
© Imperial College London
AAPG Imperial Barrel Award Program
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Rationale of Scenario
• New Business Opportunities (NBO) provide the growth engines for oil
companies in the search for increasing their reserves base.
• NBO often arise as the current operator is prepared to offer an equitystake in the acreage to your company – known as a “farm-out”opportunity.
• The operator may “farm-out” for numerous reasons, e.g. (1) to dilute
equity or relinquish acreage in an area considered to have low potential,(2) to acquire new, more prospective acreage, (3) to finance a drillingcampaign elsewhere, etc.
• To encourage companies to buy-in to the opportunity the operator
opens up a “data room” where prospective farm-inees can view the datafor a few days and assess its hydrocarbon potential.
• This exercise mimicks this process but over a timeframe significantlylonger than typically encountered in the real world…
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Simplified Exploration & ProductionWorkflow & Data Acquisition
1. Global Basin Analysis
2. Develop Play Concepts
3. Define Exploration Play Fairways
4. Evaluate Prospects
5. Identify Drillable Prospects
6. Drill Exploration Wells
xAppraisal
FDP
Development
FFR
Abandonment
Reservoir, Trap& Fluids Data
Acquire New Well Data
Acquire 3D Seismic Data
Acquire Regional G&G Data
FDP: Field Development Plan FFR: Full Field Review X: Dry hole
Review Exploration Licence
Revise Play Concepts
RelinquishLicence
ExtendLicence
Farm-outLicence
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Exploration Workflow & Deliverables
1. Global Basin Analysis
2. Develop Play Concepts
3. Define ExplorationPlay Fairways
4. Evaluate Prospects
5. Identify DrillableProspects
6. Drill ExplorationWells
Complete Basin StudiesAcquire New Exploration Licences
Compile Full Lead &
Prospect Inventory
Drillable
Prospects/Well proposals
DrillExploration
Wells= New Resources
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Typical Exploration Work Programme
BASIN STUDY EXPLORATION PHASE IEXPLORATION PHAS
Basin StudySeismic
ProposalE Drill E Drill E&A Drill A Drill E Drill
3D Seismic Prospect Prospect Play Field Appraisal FDPA&P Eval. Eval. Fairway
ReviewProspect Evaluation Block Revi
(Retain/Relinq)
1-2 Years 2-3 Years 2-3 Years
Barrel Award Phase
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Regional geological studies are focused on identifyingpotentially effective petroleum systems
Regional Geology/Basin AnalysisRegional Geology/Basin Analysis
GeographicOpportunity
Palaeogeography
PetroleumSystems
ExplorationPlays
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55
R. Hall, 2000
Plate Tectonic Setting & Tectonic Evolution-1
Note how petroleumsystems develop
Example: SE Asia
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38
R. Hall, 2000
Plate Tectonic Setting & Tectonic Evolution-2
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18
R. Hall, 2000
Plate Tectonic Setting & Tectonic Evolution-3
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0
R. Hall, 2000
Plate Tectonic Setting & Tectonic Evolution-4
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Structural Geology
Understanding the process of deformation of the subsurface due to external forcesUnderstanding the process of deformation of the subsurface due to external forces
3D KinematicModel Building
3D KinematicModel Building
Physical Models as Guidesto Interpretation
Physical Models as Guidesto Interpretation Oblique Slip ModelOblique Slip Model
Case Histories: Outcrop and SeismicModeling: Physical and Computer
Stratigraphic Consequences
Case Histories: Outcrop and SeismicModeling: Physical and Computer
Stratigraphic Consequences
Physical ModelsPhysical Models
SeismicInterpretationSeismicInterpretation
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ForwardModeling
Stratigraphy
Understanding the processes & environments creating sedimentary units
P E R M I A N
C A R B O N I F E R O U S
U
L
M
U
L
M I S S
.
P E N N .
M-UPennsylvanian
Upper
Permian
Record missing dueto erosion:Must reconstruct
history from regionaldata
M E S O Z O I C
&
C E N O Z O I C
Rock PhysicsRock Physics
Sedimentary ModelingSedimentary Modeling
CarbonateAnaloguesCarbonateAnalogues
Depositional Systems
Sequence StratigraphyPetrophysics and Paleontology
Depositional Systems
Sequence StratigraphyPetrophysics and Paleontology
Clastic Sedimentary
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A conceptual sequence stratigraphicframework can improve prediction of
reservoir, source & seal distribution
From Posamentier & Allen, 1999
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Creaming Curves & Sequence Stratigraphy
Time or Number of Wells Drilled
C u m u l a t
i v e D i s c o v e r e d
H y d r o c
a r b o n V o l u m
e
Modified fromSnedden et al., 2003
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Accumulation
PetroleumMigration
Seal
Reservoir
Leakage
PetroleumCharge
Source Rock
Migration Pathways
DetermineAge of
Oils
CoalySource Model
....... ....
....... .... .... ....
... ........... .... .... ....
... ........
... .... ....
....... ....
....... .... ....
....
............
... ........... .... ....
....
.... ....
....... .... ........ ............
.... ........ ............
............
........ ........
........
Gamma Densi ty Resistivity
HeavyOil
LiteOil
Gas
0 my
G
e n e r a t i o n
R a t e
Predict Oil Quality
100 my
Source Rock Prediction
SequenceStratigraphy
Characterizing the type, history and origin of petroleumCharacterizing the type, history and origin of petroleum
Exploration GeochemistryExploration Geochemistry
Inorganic and Organic
Sedimentology
Inorganic and Organic
Sedimentology
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Petroleum Systems Analysis
• Source Rock
• Reservoir Rock• Seal Rock
• Migration Route
• Trap
• Generation
• Migration• Accumulation
• Preservation
• Timing = critical
1. Petroleum Systems Elements 2. Petroleum Systems Processes
Note: if just one element is missing = failure!
Key Play Elements
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Basin Modeling is a key component in understanding Petroleum SystemsBasin Modeling is a key component in understanding Petroleum Systems
Faults
?
?
?
1 2 3 4
Scale
3D Miscible
112
2
3
4
56
7
8
9
10
11
Improved
cycle time
Regional Geology
Fluid Flow and Geochemical Kinematics
Regional Geology
Fluid Flow and Geochemical Kinematics
Basin ModelingBasin Modeling
Model
Components
Results
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Generation and Migration
ReservoirExtent
SourceExtentSeal
Extent
Critical Reconstruction
Present Past
Components
HC Charge
Preservation
Time PresentTiming Sheets
Play Maps
Petroleum System, Play Definition and Risk Analysis
Jeff Brown, Mobil, 1999
Trap
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TeapotOwens
Pod ofActiveSourceRock
Just
Big Oil
Hardy Lucky
Zero Edge ofReservoir Rock
Immature SourceRock
Raven
Marginal
250 Ma
A A’
Deer-Boar Petroleum System
at Critical Moment
Magoon and Dow, 1994
David
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Overburden
Seal
Reservoir
Source
STRATIGRAPHICEXTENT OF
PETROLEUM SYSTEM
Trap Trap
Essential
elements ofpetroleum
systemPOD OF ACTIVESOURCE ROCK
Underburden
S e d i m e n t a r y
b a s i n - f i l l
GEOGRAPHIC EXTENT OF PETROLEUM SYSTEM
250 MaTrap
Petroleum accumulation
Top of oil window
Bottom of oil window
Location for burial history chart
A A’
Petroleum System at Critical MomentCritical Moment = Time of Expulsion/Migration
Magoon and Dow, 1994
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GEOGRAPHIC EXTENT OF PETROLEUM SYSTEM
Present-Day
STRATIGRAPHICEXTENT OF
PETROLEUM SYSTEM
Petroleum accumulationTop of oil window
Bottom of oil window
Trap TrapTrap
Seal
Reservoir
Source
Underburden
Overburden
A A’
Magoon and Dow, 1994
Present-Day Petroleum System
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400 300 200 100
Paleozoic Mesozoic Cen.
P NKJTPMD P L i t h o l o g y
RockUnit
D e p t h ( K m )
S o u r c e
R e s e r v o i r
S e a l
O v e r b u r d e n
1
2
3
Placer Fm
George Sh
Boar Ss
Deer Sh
Elk Fm
Top gas window
Critical Moment
ThickFm
R
Burial History Chart
Magoon and Dow, 1994
Generation
Time of Expulsion and Migration. (Trap must already exist)
Top oil window
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400 300 200 100 Geologic TimeScale
PetroleumSystem Events
Rock Units
Source Rock
Reservoir Rock
Seal Rock
Trap Formation
Overburden Rock
Gen/Migration/Accum
Preservation
Critical Moment
Paleozoic Mesozoic Cenozoic
D M P P TRJ K P N
E l e m e n
t s
P r o c e
s s e s
Magoon and
Dow, 1994
Petroleum System Events Chart
Timing of Elements and Processes
Critical Moment
Time of Expulsion and Migration (Trap must already exist)
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Modified from Dolivo, 1991
AnticlinalTraps
FaultTraps
Channel Pinch-Out Traps
Concepts of HC migration & entrapment(Balingian Province, offshore Sarawak)
Top of Oil Window
Gas GeneratedDeeper
Sub-unconformitytruncation traps
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1.0
0 5000
MMBOE
P r o b a b i l i t y
o f F i n d i n g
MostProbableField Size
Quantitative Play Analysis
Statistical Estimate of Chance for Success
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Barrel Award: aim, objectives & deliverables
General aim: to document the tectono-stratigraphy of a sedimentarybasin in order to assess its petroleum potential
Specific objectives:
• Literature review to establish regional geodynamics/plate tectonics
• Regional stratigraphic framework, depositional environments & palaeogeography
• Basin type: classification and tectonic setting
• Seismic interpretation (key horizons and associated maps)
• Well log interpretation and correlation
• Formation evaluation
• Sequence stratigraphic analysis
• Reservoir/source/seal evaluation (incl. reservoir thickness and quality maps)
• Subsurface fluids and pressure regimes
• Subsidence history and source rock maturation and migration (inc. 1D basin modelling)
• Play fairway maps
• Analysis of structural and stratigraphic traps
• Prospect evaluation
• Hydrocarbon volumetric and rick assessment.
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Assessment
• 25 minute presentation to a panel of senior oil industrygeoscientists
• Talk will be assessed on technical quality, thoroughness,imagination, convincing arguments and enthusiasm
• Talk should be supported by a short (1 page) handout
summarising key findings of the study
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What do we do now?
• Get to know the Data Package: Seismic data, well data and other available
material
•It is important to delegate work tasks to each group member early in the
project:
• Data QC and preliminary seismic interpretation
• Regional literature review
• Preliminary well data analysis
• … after looking over the data, “brainstorm” ideas
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Dataroom checklist
1. What has worked well, and not, in this basin/region?
2. What has been the exploration strategy in the area?
3. Is there any new technology that can be applied to this area to enhance chance of geologicand commercial success?
4. What could be done differently that would improve success in this venture/proposal?
5. What are the key petroleum system elements of this opportunity and what data are requiredto accurately represent this opportunity to management? Is there a source rock and a viablereservoir?
6. Why is this opportunity available now?
7. Do we have the right people on this data room visit to accurately obtain/evaluate subjectdata?
8. What hard data are currently in-house and what is needed to improve our understanding ofthe opportunity?
9. What has changed to improve the economics (better infrastructure, new laws and fiscalterms, new discoveries, etc?)
10. Are we looking for oil or gas? Is this the appropriate basin to explore for oil or gas?
11. Which are the possible scenerios? Are there existing pipelines? What is their ullage? Isthere any spare capacity and what is it?
12. Are there any possible drilling problems in this area (e.g. shallow gas, overpressures, ice,jungle, mountains, hurricanes, etc.)?
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AAPG Imperial Barrel Award Program
Acknowledgments:
This presentation is authored by Dr. Chris Jackson, Dr.Howard Johnson, and Dr. Gary Hampson
The AAPG is grateful for their contribution to this programand thanks them and Imperial College, London for supplythis presentation to universities participating in the ImperialBarrel Award Program.
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