Identify skull bones and the major foramina Cranium o Ethmoid

Identifyskullbonesandthemajorforamina• Cranium

o Frontalboneo Parietalboneo Temporalbone

§ Squamous§ Petrous–enclosesinternalandmiddleear

o Occipitalboneo Sphenoid

§ Body,greaterandlesserwings,pterygoidprocesses§ Makeupbaseofskullinmiddlecranialfossa

o Ethmoid§ Betweenorbitsinanteriorcranialfossa§ Cribriformplateandperpendicularplate

FORAMINA

• Anteriorcranialfossao Cribriformplate–Olfactorynerves(CNI)fromreceptorstobulb

• Middlecranialfossao Opticcanal–Opticnerve(CNII)o Superiororbitalfissure–Occulomotor(CNIII),Trochlear(CNIV),

Trigeminal(CNV–V1Opthalmicdivision),Abducens(CNVI)o Foramenrotundum–Trigeminal(CNV)maxillarydivision(V2)o Foramenovale–Trigeminal(CNV)mandibulardivision(V3)o Lacerumo Carotidcanal–internalcarotidartery

• Posteriorcranialfossao Internalauditorymeatus(IAM)–Facial(CNVII)and

Vestibulocochlearnerves(CNVIII)o Jugularforamen–Glossopharangealnerve(CNIX),Vagusnerve

(CNX),Accessorynerve(CNXI)andstartofIJVo Hypoglossalcanal–Hypoglossalnerve(CNXII)andmeningealartery

• Frontofskullo Supraorbitalnotch–nerveandvesselso Infraorbitalnotch–nerveandvesselso Mentalforamen–nerveandvessels

• Baseofskullo Stylomastoidforamen–Facialnerve(CNVII)o Incisivecanalo Greaterpalatinecanal–nerveandvesselso Lesserpalatinecanal–nerveandvessels

Lecture9–THORAX:MediastinumandHeartUnderstandtheanatomy/bordersofthethorax

• T5-T8vertebraeandsternebrae• Ribs1-2• Thoracicinlet:Rib1,T1andmanubrium• Thoracicoutlet:Lowercostalmarginfilledbydiaphragm• Mid-clavicularline

DescribethecontentsofthethoraxSuperiormediastinum

• Borders=thoracicinletandsternalangle• IncludesGreatVessels

o Aortao BrachiocephalicAao LeftSubclavianAao LeftCommonCarotidAa

GlossopharangealCNIX

BothSensory

• Post1/3taste• Palatine• BP+bloodgas

Motor• Pharyngeal

muscles

Motor-MedullaSensory-Parotid(salivarygland)-Carotidsinus

Motor-PharynxandlarynxSensory-Medulla

Jugularforamen

VagusCNXDivisions

• Cranial• Cervical• Thoracic• Abdominal

BothSensory(neck-trunk)

• Aorta• Thoracicand

abdoviscera• Epiglottis

Motor(neck-trunk)• Smoothmuscle• Glands• Larynx

Motor-MedullaSensory-Cardiothoracicregions

Motor-Cardioandthoracicglands+muscleSensory-MedullaTOTAL:8-10rootletsinmedulla

Jugularforamen

SpinalAccessoryCNXI

Motor• Sternocleidomast

oid• Trapezius

Motornucleiofthespinalcord

Sternocleido-mastoidTrapezius

Jugularforamen

HypoglossalCNXII Motor• Musclesof

tongueandhyoid

Medulla Musclesoftongueandhyoid

Hypoglossalcanal

Clinicallyassessedwithvoluntarytongueprotrusion

o SuperiorVenaCavaAnteriorMediastinum(smallest)

• Posteriorto4sternebrae• InternalThoracicandMammillaryAa• ThymusGland

PosteriorMediastinum

• AnteriortoT5-8vertebrae• Azygous/HemizygousVv

o Thoracicwalldrainage(alternatebloodreturnfromlowerlimbs)o AzygousVvnotofapairo GoodforwhenIVCblockageoccurs

• Aorta(Br.)• Oesophagus• ThoracicDuct

o Lymphreturningtothevenoussystemhasportsthatdrainintothethoracicduct

o CisternaChyliisattheinferioraspectofthethoracicductwithlymphintakefromtheinferiorabdomen

• SympatheticPlexuso FightorFlightresponses

MiddleMediastinum–heart

o Coneshapedo Fourchamberso ReceivesvenousflowfromRandpumps

O2bloodfromLo LeftdiaphragmdomeatLventricle

Namethepartsofthestomach

• Greaterandlessercurvature• Cardia• Fundus• Body• Pylorus

o Sphinctercontrolsdischargeofstomachcontentsintoduodenum

• Suppliedbyoesophaguso PassesthroughdiaphragmVlevel

10• ENS–Myentericplexusinn.

IdentifysectionsofthesmallandlargeintestineExplaindifferencesbetweenJejunumandIliumSmallintestine

• Duodenumo WrapsaroundL2o Superior,descending,inferior,ascendingo Majorduodenalpapillaopeningfrompancreas(majorduct)andgall

bladder(commonbileduct)• Jejunum

o Plicaearetallandcloselypacked• Ileum

o Lowandsparseo Ileocaecaljunction

• Parasympatheticinnervationdominant• MostlysuppliedbyEnteric

NervousSystemo Submucosal–Meissner’s

plexusLargeintestine

• Caecumo Ileocaecalvalveo 1stpartoflargeintestineo Appendixbranchesoff

• Colono Ascending(R/Hepaticcolic

flexure),transverse,descending(Lcolicflexure)andsigmoid

o Haustraà pouchesofcoloncausedbyTaeniaColi

o TaeniaColiàmuscleshorterthanintestinecausespouching(Haustra)Lecture13–ABDOMEN:Liver,Pancreas,GallBladder,SpleenandKidneyPosteriorwallmuscles–Statewhichmusclescomprisetheposteriorabdowall

• Psoasmajorandminor• Iliacus• QuadratusLumborum

Liver–Describethebordersoftheliverandthestructuressurroundingit

• Baresurfaceonlypartnotcoveredinperitoneum• LocatedinRhypochondriaandEpigastric• Left,right,caudateandquadratelobes• Stomach,duodenum,Rcolicflexure,Rkidneyandgallbladderallarticular

withtheliver

Liver–StatetheligamentsthatattachtotheLiver

• Falciform• LigamentumTeres(roundligament)• Coronary• Leftandrighttriangular

Liver–ExplainhowbilepassesthroughtheLiver

• PORTAHEPATISo Betweencaudateandquadratelobeso Structuresgoingto/fromliverruninLesserOmentumo EnclosedinHepatoduodenalligamento HepaticAao PortalVvo Commonbileduct

• Lobuleo Functionalunitofliver(Hepatocytes)o CentralVvo Interlobularportaltriadateachcornero Sinusoids

§ Locatedbetweenhepatocytelayerso Bilecaniculi

§ DrainbileintobileductO2richAaandnutrientrichVvà entersinusoidàfilteredanddetoxedbyhepatocyteà caniculidrainbilefromsinusoidintothebileductfortheGallBladderà deoxygenatedbloodpassesintotheCentralVvà PassesintointerlobularandhepaticVvà IVCà heartArterialsupplyAbdoaortaà celiactrunkàcommonhepaticàproperhepaticàsinusoidVenousdrainageMesentery/celiacàportalàsinusoidàcentralà interlobularàhepaticà IVC