Ict4d crossmedia iweeks_wissenbach

ICT4Dan introduction to ICT4D from a

broader perspective

©Kersti R. Wissenbach

TTs are not seen as end in themselves but tools toconnect, share, voice out, map, visualize, receive, … information by

more than

people

…ICTs as enablertoempowerreveal injusticefacilitate educationtackle crisesfight for rights

…change

ICTs?electronic means of capturing, processing, storing, and communicating information

radio, television, cellular phones, computer network hardware and software, satellite

systems etc. associated services and applications

associated, e.g. videoconferencing and distance learning

cross-disciplinaryretrospective

historyICT4D 0.0 - 1950s to 1990s initially within governments, focus administration public sector

ICT4D 1.0- 1990s MDGs, emergence of internet > large investments in infrastructure (telecentre ‘fail decade’)

ICT4D 2.0- Mid/late 2000s mobiles and web 2.0 communication, recognition of need for integrative approaches

cross-cuttings Since 50th parallel shifts in development and communication sciences

50s, 60s – Modernization paradigmRecognition of role of communication for development, behavior change, one-way, top-down focus

60s, 70s – uprise of DependenciaRecognition of need for own information channels > relevant, demand-driven, cultural sensitive

cross-cuttings 80s – 90s MacBride Reportinevitable need for development strategies to incorporate communication policies‘many voices one world’

90s Development Communicationpriority on dev agendasawareness on need for inclusion, giving voice to voiceless…

cross-cuttings Participatory Development Communication changes in way media ´is used´ in development demand-driven, inclusion in production, ownership community media >> community radio

Re-orientation of development sector→ towards impact-oriented strategies→ from result focus to process focus→ communication as dialogue

ICT4DFrom e-whatever to m-whatever?! strong tech-centrism excitement about every new ICT rather than

carefully evaluating what role which ICT could play in tackling specific problems

pilot-centric, lack of strategic developments enabling upscaling

increasing debate on people-centrism and recognition of need for participatory approaches

state of the art

‘intersection between social scientists & tech people

too thinly populated’ (@techsoc)

consider> start with/enable TG to start with

communication strategy and see which ICT can facilitate best

> stats such as number of mobile registrations not enough

> mix ICTs & online/offline to enable every segment of TG to have equal access and chance to participate

ICTs & shifting communication

spheres

media shifts

chances from top-down to participatory approach of (online)

communication User-build online public spheres, user generated

content rise of network technology > change of human

interaction disperse networked collaboration

Talking about a revolution?

different politicalInfrastructuralculturalenvironments

…

…reality

…

access & freedom 30% of countries rated as not free,

36.5% only partly free (media freedom)

developing countries 70% of people younger than 25 (1.9 billion people) not online yet

…

inequalitiesCOUNTRY OF ORIGIN OF PUBLIC SITESCountry Percentage of

public sitesUnited States 55%Germany 6%Japan 5%United Kingdom 3%Canada 3%Italy 2%France 2%Netherlands 2%Others 18%Unknown 4%

Source: OCLC (2008)

PERCENTAGE OF INTERNET USERS BY LANGUAGE Language Percentage of all

Internet users English 29.4% Chinese 18.9% Spanish 8.5% Japanese 6.4% French 4.7% German 4.2% Arabic 4.1% Portuguese 4.0% Korean 2.4% Italian 2.4% Other 15.0%

Source: Miniwatts Marketing Group (2008)

repression

broadbandmobile access

…

connectivity

…

connectivity

connectivity

connectivity

shiny globe?2009 number of people without access to electricity 1.3 billion > 20% of the world’s population

http://www.iea.org/weo/electricity.asp

global friends?

mobile solution?Mobile revolution?

…

connectivity

who is talking?

mobile phoneMobile Phones can play role in

elections monitoring enabling emergency communication creating a voice > grassroots campaigning providing economic access (e.g. job alerts) enabling to run small businesses access to up-to-date market prices enabling m-banking connecting with disperse family members and

communities enabling emergency communication creating a voice > grassroots campaigning

further gaps remaining exclusion in regards to education &

capacity related access cultural communication patterns

(oral histories, strong position of traditional media usage)

cultural structures, e.g. collective mobile usage still excluding e.g. women from individual use of

new technologies

remembermove into the communication sphere of all your target group/S

one communicationchannel rarely stands alone

online does not comewithout offline (catalyst)

´alternative tools´

Niche for ICT4DICT4D community developed some useful ‘alternative tools’ responding to prevailing inequalities in access and participation from the technological perspective

Freedom FoneZimbabwean InnovationVoice-based dial up services

voice reporting voice recognition voice menus SMS polls no online access needed open source bridging literature and

language barriers

UshahidiKenyan Innovation

multiple-channel crowdsourcing information to map (visualize)information> emergency response,

election monitoring, peace building…

open source

Frontline SMSBulk messaging tool

send, receive, and organize text messages through a mobile device and a laptop

offline supportopen source

Frontline family

Speak2TweetGoogle & Twitter launch in reaction to Egyptian government internet shut-down Creating tweet by calling a phoneAutomatic country hashtag

GeoChat enabling self-organizing group communication based

on SMS, email, and Twitter Simplifying team

communications, logistics and data reporting

open source

out-of-the-boxKhmer alphabet and mobile phones in election campaigning

InStedd case

…

out-of-the-box

context

© panoseastafrica © Swiatoslaw Wojtkowiak

ICT4D in practice

health facilitation of health communication medical supply coordination distance diagnosis pre and post natal health public health education

awareness creation / social change advocacy

My Questionallows young people to send in questions about sexual reproductive health and/or HIV/AIDS anonymously to trained counselors via SMS, voice, or through email.

Within 24 hours, an answer is sent directly to the phone from which the question was sent.

Stock-out campaignPill check weekrevealing shortages of essential medicines in Kenya, Malawi, Uganda, and Zambia

SMS text messages were sent when data collectors discovered stock-outs of essential medicines

Computers running FrontlineSMS processed and validated data before sending to Ushahidi interface to be visualized on the web

pilots

agriculture market price information market supply and demand

information information on production

techniques

Mfarm KenyaTransparency tool for farmers

local farmers receive crop prices and market information by sending SMS shortcode

digital marketplace in which subscribing farmers can sell their crops & by farm inputs

Online platform to connect and sell collectively

agriculture

agricultureIcow success due to extensive collaboration on ground training farmers on how system works etc. being there to respond to queries and questions

6,000+ small-scale dairy farmers

education Mobile learning Distance learning Literacy teaching formal / informal education life skills etc.

GraphoGAMEGrapho Learning Initiative digital-based learning game to teach basic literacy and supply further access to reading materials in local languages via mobile

LAL Nigeriabased on the Nigerian Family Life and HIV/AIDS Education (FLHE) curriculum

online, CD & print version

local partner, TOT

rights & democracyaccess to information and free (UDHR Art. 19) call for action, mobilization coordination of action visualizing injustice voter education & voter registration election monitoring violation reporting e-governance / e-government

witness.orgusing power of video and storytelling to open the eyes of the world to human rights abuses

Training human rights defenders to use video to fight injustice, and to transform personal stories of abuse into powerful tools that can pressure those in power or with power to act

alavateliFreedom of information request platform supporting citizens

requesting government information

all replies made public platform Transparency /

accountability open source

new chancesWith new ICTsmobiles (mobile cameras) and social media platforms

people can more than read, listen and watch

NOW

people can make other people read, listen and watch what concerns them, what happens to them, what moves them, what threatens them, …

revolution?relevance to clarify role of new ICTs in socio-political movements

online- offline spin, not online vs. offline public sphere or counter-hegemonic dynamics

relevance of societal histories (ex. Egypt vs. Cambodia)

controlHegemonies and control vs. counter-hegemonic movements

Growing triangulationAutocratic regimes don’t stay in power through strategic censorship, isolation and repression of dissent > control over information flows and public sphere as key element

3 days into protest Libya went offline…one day prior to elections, mobile networks turn off…

avoiding failure Demand-driven

Relevant & Accessible

Maintainable / scalable

listen and co-create, local realitiescustomize > know infrastructure, freedom, capacity, local languages, respond to illiteracy…support do-it-yourself, build capacities

Projects and technological developments have to be people focused, needs based and structurally integratedin order to be sustainable.

demand-assessment 1st step > route should derive from there! less emphasis on what might be used (Internet,

PCs); more emphasis on what is actually used (mobiles, radio, television)

less emphasis on fundamental technical innovation; more emphasis on application and business model innovation

less emphasis on piloting and sustaining new applications; more emphasis on assessing and scaling existing applications

remembermove into the communication sphere of your TG get to know TG well (number of mobile subscriptions is

not enough)

recognize diversity need for combination of ICTs (communication channels)

to enable everyone to receive information and to actively participate

online & offline public spheres are connected change is to happen offline motivations are rooted offline

Info-activism

questions?@kerstirukrwissenbach@gmail.com

strategy advice, development & implementation, M&E; trainings & workshops, lectures

ICT4C, C4SC, citizen advocacy, human rights campaigning, information & society

s