IAEA Training in Emergency Preparedness and Response Module L-054 Scenario, Injects and Data Lecture.

IAEA Training in Emergency Preparedness and Response

Module L-054Module L-054

Scenario, Injects and Data

LectureLecture

L-054: Scenario, Injects and Data 2

Objectives

• Know the overall process for the development of an exercise scenario.

• Understand the difference between injects and data

• Know what data is required to run an exercise

• Understand the need for scenario security

L-054: Scenario, Injects and Data 3

Process Overview

Objectives

Reviewprocedures

Basic scenario Validate

Detailed scenario,injects and data

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Objectives and Scenario

• The scenario is based on the

objectives!• The scenario MUST allow all the selected

objectives to be met

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Exercise Objectives

• Choice of objectives:• Select compatible objectives

• Don’t be too ambitious

• Don’t try to do everything in one exercise

• But do try to cover all objectives over a five-year program

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Review Procedures

• To understand expected actions by participants

• To understand what information and data needs to be injected, and when

• Rule 1: Use existing procedures

• When is it allowed to break Rule 1?

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Review Procedures (Cont’d)

• When is it allowed to break Rule 1?• When testing a new plan and new procedures...

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Develop the Basic Scenario

• It is like writing a story!

• Like a good story• The plot must be believable

• The story must be captivating...

• From beginning to end!

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A Believable Story!

• Events must be physically possible

• As much as possible, they must be credible• They may be highly improbable but even

improbable things happen!

• Random failures should be on somewhat related systems (causal relationship)

• External events are a nice way to initiate an emergency (fire, earthquake, storm)

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A Captivating Story!

• Don’t bunch events

• Don’t overwhelm staff

• Don’t try things that have a fair chance of ruining the exercise

• Most beautiful exercise is one where initiating event is simple and is allowed to run its course naturally

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A Story That Unfolds by Itself

• The scenario should allow as much free-play as possible• How much controller intervention is required to drive the

scenario?

• Simulation is always required but should be minimal• Simulation interferes with the exercise

• The scenario should unfold naturally and realistically• How much human errors or stupidity is required to make

the scenario happen?

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Designing the Event SequencesBottom-up Approach

• Start with the final events • (evacuation, life-threatening injury,...)

• Work backwards towards realistic initiating events

• Respect timing and duration of intermediate events

• Tie the whole series of events in a "Story"

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Designing the Event SequencesTop-down Approach

• Start with the initiating event • (tornado, LOCA...)

• Play out the consequences according to safety analysis, plans and procedures

• Add embellishments to the basic "Story"

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Event Sequences: Validation

• Training staff is very valuable

• Explain the methodology (or recipe…)

• Explain the objectives

• Explain your needs

• Respect their advice

• Verify safety of scenario

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Exercise ScenarioDetailed Contents

• Start state• Narrative• Critical time line• Master event list• Local event lists• Supporting data

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What do You Need to Run the Scenario?

Controller Injects Players

Actions

Data

Response

gives to

Perform

Receive

React

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Injects (Reminder)

• Inject = information “injected” by a controller to a player to simulate an event• Example: Initiation of a fire alarm in a facility

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Inject (Example)

From: simulated police chiefTo: regional emergency management groupTime: 0830 hMessage:This is lieutenant Palmer. The evacuation of sector A is proceeding. There is a traffic jam at the corner of Main road and Sanity boulevard. Estimate that it will clear in 2 hours.

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Inject (Example)

Inject # 1-10 Inject time 0730Injected by On-site controllerInjection method Phone call

MESSAGE

From: WitnessTo: Eemergency response 24/7 call service or other designated playerSimulated time: 0730

A witness called the emergency response 24/7 service to inform the emergencydispatchers of an emergency. He gave information about a train and truck crash,possible leaking fuel, and gave no other information.

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Inject (Example)

• Medical injects• Patient starts vomiting

• Moulage

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How to Deliver an Inject

• Verbally (by simulating the originator)• Direct but interferes with the player

• By phone, fax or radio• Direct and simulates reality

• In writing, by handing out the inject• Indirect and interferes with players, but is the best

way in cases where there is a language barrier

• Visually• Example, moulage

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Data (Reminder)

• Data = information provided by a controller to a player when adequate actions are taken to obtain it• Example: ambient gamma measurement when a

survey is conducted

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What Data is Required?

• All information needed but not actually available must be simulated

• To understand what data will be required, ask yourselves:• What must the players do?• What information or data will they need?• Will that data be available?• Is it essential for their performance?• In what form is it normally obtained?

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What Data is Required (Cont’d)?

• Generate the data in the form required:• e.g. If ambient dose rate is measured, do not

provide committed effective dose or dose rate

• e.g. If contamination meters read in cpm, do not provide contamination data in Bq/m2

• e.g. If the meters saturate at the expected reading, don’t give a reading that exceeds the scale of the instrument

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Data Required (Facility)

• System parameters

• In-station radiological data

• Stack monitor readings

• Off-site radiological measurements• Gamma shine

• Ground deposition

• Soil and food contamination

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Data Required (Facility)

• Chemistry laboratory analyses

• Health physics laboratory analyses

• Fixed monitoring station readings

• Personnel accounting (to simulate missing persons if required)

• Medical data

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Data Required (Facility)

• Source term?• Not required because not normally available

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Data Required (Off-site)

• Radiation levels

• Vehicle contamination

• People contamination data

• Road conditions

• Other operational data

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Data Required (Off-site)

• Weather: real or simulated?

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Data Required (Medical)

• Patient basic information

• Vital signs

• Bioassay results

• X-ray results

• Lymphocyte counts

• Status of injuries

• Others

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How to Prepare the Data?

• From tables• Technical data

• From graphs• Time-dependent technical data

• From figures or pictures• Geometric technical data, layouts, site condition,

control board status

• From maps• Geographical information

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Tables

Time Containment pressure

Remark

0900 60 kPa Increasing

0930 90 kPa Stable

1000 85 kPa decreasing

L-054: Scenario, Injects and Data 33

Exercise DataGraphs (Example)

Ambient radiation levels

0

50

100

150

9 10 11 12 13

time

mic

roS

v/h

L-054: Scenario, Injects and Data 34

20 - 25 cps

15 - 20 cps

10 - 15 cps

5 - 10 cps

Exercise DataFigures or Pictures (Example)

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Exercise DataMaps (Example)

1 33 46 49 51

LittleDipperHarbour

58

63

Pt Lepreau NGS

Dipper Harbour

2 km

4 km

6 km

8 km

10 km

100101

102

103

104105

106107 108

L-054: Scenario, Injects and Data 36

Maps (Cont’d)F ig u r e 1 : D o s e r a t e s a t t h e s c e n e b e f o r e s o u r c e r e m o v a l

D o s e r a t e s in m S v / h . E a c h s q u a r e r e p r e s e n t s 1 m 2 . T h e s o u r c e lo c a t io n is s h o w n inr e d . N o t e t h a t t h e d is t a n c e a t w h ic h t h e a m b ie n t g a m m a d o s e r a t e d r o p s t o 1 0 0 S v / h isa t a b o u t 1 0 0 m .

3 4 4 4 5 5 5 6 6 7 8 8 9 1 0 1 1 1 3 1 4 1 5 1 7 1 8 2 0 2 2 2 3 2 4 2 5 2 5 2 5 2 4 2 3 2 2 2 0 1 8 1 7 1 5 1 4

4 4 4 4 5 5 6 6 7 7 8 9 1 0 1 1 1 2 1 4 1 5 1 7 1 9 2 1 2 4 2 6 2 8 2 9 3 1 3 1 3 1 2 9 2 8 2 6 2 4 2 1 1 9 1 7 1 5

4 4 4 5 5 5 6 6 7 8 9 1 0 1 1 1 2 1 4 1 5 1 7 2 0 2 2 2 5 2 8 3 1 3 4 3 7 3 8 3 9 3 8 3 7 3 4 3 1 2 8 2 5 2 2 2 0 1 7

4 4 4 5 5 6 6 7 7 8 9 1 0 1 1 1 3 1 5 1 7 1 9 2 2 2 6 2 9 3 4 3 9 4 3 4 7 5 0 5 1 5 0 4 7 4 3 3 8 3 4 2 9 2 6 2 2 1 9

4 4 4 5 5 6 6 7 8 9 1 0 1 1 1 2 1 4 1 6 1 8 2 1 2 5 2 9 3 5 4 1 4 8 5 6 6 3 6 8 6 9 6 8 6 3 5 6 4 8 4 1 3 5 2 9 2 5 2 1

4 4 5 5 5 6 6 7 8 9 1 0 1 1 1 3 1 5 1 7 2 0 2 4 2 8 3 4 4 1 5 0 6 1 7 4 8 6 9 6 1 0 0 9 6 8 6 7 4 6 1 5 0 4 1 3 4 2 8 2 4

4 4 5 5 5 6 7 7 8 9 1 0 1 2 1 4 1 6 1 8 2 2 2 6 3 1 3 9 4 8 6 1 7 8 1 0 0 1 2 5 1 4 7 1 5 6 1 4 7 1 2 5 1 0 0 7 8 6 1 4 8 3 8 3 1 2 6

4 4 5 5 6 6 7 8 8 9 1 1 1 2 1 4 1 6 1 9 2 3 2 8 3 4 4 3 5 6 7 4 1 0 0 1 3 9 1 9 3 2 5 0 2 7 8 2 5 0 1 9 2 1 3 9 1 0 0 7 4 5 6 4 3 3 4 2 8

4 4 5 5 6 6 7 8 9 1 0 1 1 1 3 1 4 1 7 2 0 2 4 2 9 3 7 4 7 6 3 8 7 1 2 5 1 9 3 3 1 3 5 0 0 6 2 5 5 0 0 3 1 3 1 9 2 1 2 5 8 6 6 3 4 7 3 7 2 9

4 4 5 5 6 6 7 8 9 1 0 1 1 1 3 1 5 1 7 2 1 2 5 3 1 3 9 5 0 6 8 9 7 1 4 8 2 5 1 5 0 1 1 2 5 1 2 5 0 1 1 2 5 0 5 0 0 2 5 0 1 4 7 9 6 6 8 5 0 3 8 3 1

4 4 5 5 6 6 7 8 9 1 0 1 1 1 3 1 5 1 7 2 1 2 5 3 1 3 9 5 1 7 0 1 0 1 1 5 7 2 7 9 6 2 6 2 5 0 1 2 5 0 1 2 5 0 0 6 2 5 2 7 8 1 5 6 1 0 0 6 9 5 1 3 9 3 1

4 4 5 5 6 6 7 8 9 1 0 1 1 1 3 1 5 1 7 2 1 2 5 3 1 3 9 5 0 6 8 9 6 1 4 7 2 5 1 5 0 1 1 2 5 1 2 5 0 1 1 2 5 0 5 0 0 2 5 0 1 4 7 9 6 6 8 5 0 3 8 3 1

4 4 5 5 6 6 7 8 9 1 0 1 1 1 3 1 4 1 7 2 0 2 4 2 9 3 7 4 7 6 3 8 6 1 2 5 1 9 3 3 1 3 5 0 1 6 2 6 5 0 0 3 1 3 1 9 2 1 2 5 8 6 6 3 4 7 3 7 2 9

4 4 5 5 6 6 7 8 8 9 1 1 1 2 1 4 1 6 1 9 2 3 2 8 3 4 4 3 5 6 7 4 1 0 0 1 3 9 1 9 3 2 5 1 2 7 8 2 5 0 1 9 3 1 3 9 1 0 0 7 4 5 6 4 3 3 4 2 8

4 4 5 5 5 6 7 7 8 9 1 0 1 2 1 4 1 6 1 8 2 2 2 6 3 1 3 9 4 8 6 1 7 8 1 0 0 1 2 5 1 4 8 1 5 7 1 4 7 1 2 5 1 0 0 7 8 6 1 4 8 3 8 3 1 2 6

4 4 5 5 5 6 6 7 8 9 1 0 1 1 1 3 1 5 1 7 2 0 2 4 2 8 3 4 4 1 5 0 6 1 7 4 8 6 9 7 1 0 1 9 7 8 6 7 4 6 1 5 0 4 1 3 4 2 8 2 4

4 4 4 5 5 6 6 7 8 9 1 0 1 1 1 2 1 4 1 6 1 8 2 1 2 5 2 9 3 5 4 1 4 8 5 6 6 3 6 8 7 0 6 8 6 3 5 6 4 8 4 1 3 5 2 9 2 5 2 1

4 4 4 5 5 6 6 7 7 8 9 1 0 1 1 1 3 1 5 1 7 1 9 2 2 2 6 2 9 3 4 3 9 4 3 4 7 5 0 5 2 5 0 4 7 4 3 3 9 3 4 2 9 2 6 2 2 1 9

4 4 4 5 5 5 6 6 7 8 9 1 0 1 1 1 2 1 4 1 5 1 7 2 0 2 2 2 5 2 8 3 1 3 4 3 7 3 9 4 0 3 9 3 7 3 4 3 1 2 8 2 5 2 2 2 0 1 7

4 4 4 4 5 5 6 6 7 7 8 9 1 0 1 1 1 2 1 4 1 5 1 7 1 9 2 1 2 4 2 6 2 8 3 0 3 1 3 1 3 1 3 0 2 8 2 6 2 4 2 1 1 9 1 7 1 5

L-054: Scenario, Injects and Data 37

How to Provide the Data

• Verbally or in writing• Be non-intrusive• Avoid conversations• Do not show the entire graph when using a

graph• Do not show the map if a single point data is

required• If the player does not take the appropriate

action, do not volunteer the data

L-054: Scenario, Injects and Data 38

Scenario Security

• Scenario security is important:• It helps ensure that the participants react in a

realistic way

• It helps ensure that the evaluation is accurate

• It is more stimulating and adds value to the exercise

• It leads to useful lessons

L-054: Scenario, Injects and Data 39

Summary

• You need to select objectives before you design an exercise

• The scenario is directly related to the objectives

• The scenario needs to be realistic and validated

• Injects and data are different• Injects drive the scenario

• Data must be deserved by the player

• Provide injects and data in a realistic and practical manner