Transcript
HUMAN NEEDS
AIR
WATER
EAT
FOOD
SLEEP SEX
EAT
Needs: (Pvwn`v) are internal biological state that help to initiate, guidance and maintain behavior. Air, water, food, cloths… Pvwn`v n‡”Q gvby‡li Af¨šÍixb kixi e„wËi GKwU ¯Íi hvAvgv‡`i AvPiY‡K wbqš¿Y K‡i, cwiPvjbv †`q|
Drives (‡cÖlYv): are internal states of tension or arousal/RvMªZ K‡i stimulation that initiates actions that will try to satisfy the underlying need. Pvwn`v c~i‡Yi Rb¨gvby‡li g‡b †h †cÖlYv RvMÖZ nq... gvbyl Kvw•LZ e¯‘ cvevi Rb¨ †h AvPiY Ki‡Z DØy× nq...
Biological Needs and Drives:
EAT
Homeostasis: is an automatic physiological process(kixi e„wËq avc/¯Íi) that responds to drives in order toreduce the internal tension(Af¨šÍixb Pvc Kgv‡Z cwiPvwjZ
K‡i Ges wb‡Ri g‡a¨ fvimvg¨ iKelv K‡i) and maintain a physiological balance.
Biological Needs and Drives:
Need hierarchy theory (Maslow)
• The theory can be summarized as follows:Human beings have needs and desires which influence their behavior. Only unsatisfied needs influence behavior, satisfied needs do not. Since needs are many, they are arranged in order of importance, from the basic to the complex.
gvby‡li wewfbœ Pvwn`v Ges AvKvsLv Zvi AvPiY‡K cÖfvweZ K‡i| Z‡e AZ„ß ev Am¤úyY© Pvwn`v¸‡jv †ekx Zvi AvPi‡Y cÖfve †d‡j| ‡h‡nZz A‡bK Pwn`v, ZvB me‡P‡q `iKvix †hwU Zv AMÖvwaKviwfwˇZ mvRv‡bv nq| cÖ_‡g mnR Av‡¯Í Av‡¯Í RwUj/KwVbPvwn`v...
Need Hierarchy/ social structure Theory (Maslow)
The person advances to the next level of needs only after the lower level need is at least minimally satisfied.The further the progress up the hierarchy, the more individuality, humanness and psychological health a person will show. The needs, listed from basic (lowest-earliest) to most complex (highest-latest) are as follows:
e¨w³ ZLbB Ab¨ Pvwn`v Abyfe K‡i hLb Zvi †gŠwjK Pvwn`vwUc~iY nq| Gfv‡e ax‡i ax‡i AvZ¥-cÖwZôvi P‚ovq Av‡ivnbKi‡Z Aweivg mvabvB---Aveªvnvg gvm‡jvÕi µ‡gv”Pnvwn`v Z¡Ë|
Aveªvnvg gvm‡jvÕi µ‡gv”P Pvwn`v mg~n:
Aveªvnvg gvm‡jvÕi G wcivwgW cÖKvk K‡i †h, gvby‡likvixwiK Pvwn`v †hgb: Lv`¨,e¯¿,... BZ¨vw` hLb c~iY nqZLbB µ‡gv”P Pvwn`v c~i‡Yi cÖ‡Póv Pvjvq| Gfv‡e hLbPZz_© av‡ci Pvwn`v c~iY nq; ZLbB GKRb Zvi wb‡RiAw¯ÍZ¡ m¤^‡Ü wPšÍv K‡i, Zvi gnvb m„wóKZv©i Aw¯ÍZ¡ †Lvu‡R cvq †hgb: gv`vi ‡Z‡iRv, mvay d«vwÝm Ad Avwmwm..
g‡bvweÁvbx Aveªvnvg gvm‡jvÕi g‡Z, mKj kvixwiKPvwn`v ¸‡jv Afve RwbZ †cÖlYv †_‡K Av‡m| Zvi
g‡Z gvbyl A‡bK fvj; Zvi cÖv_wgK Pvwn`v ¸‡jvmyôzfv‡e cyiY n‡j; Zvi †h m¤¢vebvgqZv Zvi weKvkNUv‡Z cv‡i Ges mvg‡_©i myôz e¨envi K‡i wb‡R wb‡R
AMÖMwZi w`‡K avweZ n‡Z cv‡i|
weL¨vZ g‡bvweÁvbx †nbix †gv‡i (1981), ZviK‡qKRb m½x‡K wb‡q gvby‡li gvbwmK Pvwn`viDci we‡kl M‡elYv K‡i 44wU Pvwn`vi GKwUZvwjKv ‰Zwi K‡ib| G ZvwjKvi Dci wfwËK‡i
GKRb wLª÷vb hvRK I g‡bvweÁvbx dv`vi †ivjv Zvim½x‡`i wb‡q 21wU MyiæZ¡c~Y© Pvwn`vi Dciwe‡kl ¸iæZ¡v‡ivc K‡ib; hv gvby‡li Ava¨vwZ¥K, gvbwmK I †hŠwËKZv‡K we‡klfv‡e cÖfvweZ K‡i|
g‡bvweÁvbx †nb&ix †gv‡i (1981)
NEEDS…GB 21wU Pvwn`v‡K Avevi wZbwUfv‡M fvMK‡i‡Qb|
1. Dissonant Needs: HK¨nxb, AmvgÄm¨Zv 7wU
2. Consonant Needs: mvgÄm¨Zv, m½wZc~Y©, Dc‡hvMx7wU
3. Neutral Needs: wbi‡cÿ 7wU
1. nxbgb¨Zv: Abasement
2. Kó‡K Gwo‡q Pjv: Harm avoidance
3. fzj Ki‡Z fq cvIqv: Avoid failure/
defendense,
4. AvµgYvZ¥K fve, ivM: Aggression
5. mnvbyf‚wZ cvevi cÖeYZv: Succorance
6. Rvwni Kiv: Exhibition
7. ‡hŠb Z…wß/cÖeYZv: Sexual
Gratification
DISSONANT NEEDS
1. mdjZv ARb© : Acheivement
2. cÖwZcvjb ev †mev Kiv: Nurturance
3. mymgcK© ¯’vcb Kiv: Affiliation
4. Ávb : Knowledge
5. KZ…©Z¡ Kiv: Domination
6. cÖwZK‚j wµqv: Counteraction
7. k„sLjv‡eva/¸wQ‡q ivLv: Order
CONSONANT NEEDS
1. ¯^xK…wZ cÖ`vb: Recognition/Social Approval
2. mvdj¨ AR©b Kiv: Acquisition/Acquirement
3. ¯^vaxb‡PZv: Autonomy
4. cwieZ©bkxj: Change/Novelty
5. AbyMZ: Submission/ deference
6. Av‡gv`wcÖq: Play/Excitement
7. AvZ¥ghv©`v: Self-esteem
NEUTRAL NEEDS
DISSONANT NEEDS
DISSONANT NEEDS: Abasement
nxbgb¨Zv Abasement : e¨w³ nxYgb¨Zvq †fv‡M,
mn‡R AvZ¥ mgc©Y K‡i, nZvkv-wbivkvq †fv‡M, evwn¨K kw³i Kv‡Q mn‡R gv_v bZ K‡i, SzwuK wb‡Z fq cvq|
- wb‡Ri `yfv‡M¨©i Rb¨ Ab¨‡K †`vlviæc K‡i, ‡h KvR Rv‡b , Zv-I Ki‡Z A¯^xKvi K‡i| M‡elYvq †`Lv †M‡Q 60% eªZavwibx GB nxbgb¨Zvq †fv‡M| eªZxq Rxe‡b AmyLx nIqvi Ab¨Zg KviY G nxbgb¨Zv|
DISSONANT NEEDS: Harm Avoidance
Kó‡K Gwo‡q Pjv: kvwiixK †Kvb AvNvZ, Amy¯’Zv,
GgbwK g„Zz¨‡K cÖPÐ fq cvq| me mgq cwiwPZ I wbivc` cwi‡e‡k _vK‡Z I KvR Ki‡Z cQ›` K‡i| wec`RbK cwiw¯’wZ‡KGwo‡q P‡j, †Kvb KvR Kivi Av‡MB wPšÍv K‡i wKfv‡e†invB †c‡Z cv‡i Ges mveavb g~jK e¨e¯’v Aej¤^b K‡i|
DISSONANT NEEDS: Avoid failure/defendence
fzj Ki‡Z fq cvIqv: weeªZKi cwiw¯’wZ †_‡K Av‡MB
m‡I `vouvq, AeÁvRwbZ NUbv †_‡K Av‡MB cjvqb K‡i, Dcnvm, AeÁv I wZi¯‹vi‡K fq cvq| K_bI wb‡Ri †`vl ¯^xKviKi‡Z Pvqbv, wb‡R‡K wb‡`v©l cªgvY Ki‡Z AvcÖvY †PóvK‡i| hw` e¨_© nq Z‡e AvZ¥nZ¨vi ûgwK †`q| Z‡e g‡b ivL‡Znq †h hZ †ekx fzj K‡i †m ZZ †ekx KvR K‡i|
DISSONANT NEEDS: Aggression
AvµgYvZ¥K fve: †h †Kvb Ae¯’vq cÖwZ‡kv‡ai fve†ekx _v‡K| Ab¨‡K mn‡R AvNvZ K‡i, A‡b¨i weiæ‡×AvµgYvZ¥K e¨envi I AvPiY K‡i; mn‡R Ab¨‡K †evKvevbvq, A‡b¨i cÖwZ KwVb I iæp AvPiY K‡i| Ab¨‡K wg_¨v Acev` †`q, wecixZ K_v e‡j| ivM Avgv‡`iHk¦wiK ¯^fve weiæ×| b¨q m½Z Kvi‡Y ivM Ki‡jID‡ËwRZ nIqv wVK bq|
DISSONANT NEEDS: Succorance
mnvbyfzwZ cvevi cÖeYZv: me mgq mnvbyfzwZ,
mg‡e`bv cvevi †Póv K‡i, mvgvb¨ Kó‡K eo K‡i †`Lvq| hv‡ZmgMÖ KwgDwbwU Zvi Rb¨ wPwšÍZ I †mevq wbqwRZ nq| me©`v mywcwiI‡ii mg_©b Pvq, mevB †hb Zvi cÖksmv K‡i, hZœ K‡i, fvjev‡m, fzj Ki‡jI †hb ivM bv K‡i, mevB †hbcÖkÖq †`q| K‡ói mgq †KŠk‡j KvbœvKvwU K‡i A‡b¨i¯^všÍ¦bv †Lvu‡R| mywcwiI‡ii Lye KvQvKvwQ _vK‡Z cQ›` K‡i, Dc‡`k kyb‡Z Pvq wKš‘ cvjb K‡i ïay hv Zvi g‡bvgZ|
DISSONANT NEEDS: Exhibition
Rvwni Kiv: me©`v wb‡R‡K A‡b¨i mvg‡b AvKlbx©q K‡i
†`Lv‡Z Pvq| Ggbfv‡e KvR K‡i †hb mevi bR‡i c‡o| ZvKjvMv‡bvi g‡Zv KvR Ki‡Z I GKUz K‡iB eo K‡i Rvwni Ki‡ZcQ›` K‡i| Zviv †Mvc‡b †Mvc‡b A‡bK `yógwZi KvR K‡iwKš‘ evB‡i Lye mšÍc©‡b P‡j| wb‡Ri †`vl A‡b¨i Dci Pvcv‡ZPvq|
DISSONANT NEEDS: Sexual gratification
‡hŠb Z…wß/‡hŠb cªeYZv: Lye mn‡R †Mvcb
†cÖ‡g Rwo‡q c‡o, †Mvc‡b †Mvc‡b Lvivc g¨MvwRb, cÎ-cwÎKv.. co‡Z cQ›` K‡i| Zv‡`i g‡a¨ †emvgvj AvPiY jÿ¨ Kivhvq, Lye †m‡R-¸‡R A‡b¨i mvg‡b AvKlYx©q K‡i Zyj‡Z cQ›` K‡i| eÜzyZ¡ K‡i †Mvc‡b...
CONSONANTNEEDS
CONSONANT NEEDS: Achievement
mdjZv AR©b: KwVb Ae¯’vqI mdjZv AR©‡bi Rb¨ AvcÖvY
†Póv K‡i, Ck¦I cÖ`Ë ¸‡Yi myôz e¨envi Ki‡Z I fvj dj jvf Ki‡Z e× cwiKi| Ávb Avn‡iv‡bi cÖej evmbv Zv‡`I _v‡K, Zviv K‡Vvi cwikÖ‡gigva¨‡g Ávb jvf K‡i| eZxq Rxe‡b evYx cÖPv‡i, wkÿKZvi Kv‡R, civgk©`v‡b, Dc‡`k `v‡bG ai‡Yi e¨w³ Lye Kvh©Kix fzwgKv iv‡L| Z‡e †Kvb †Kvb †ÿ‡Î G ai‡Yi e¨w³ Lye ¯^v_©ci, Ab¨Kv‡R Ae‡njv Ges D”PvKvsLx n‡q _v‡K| Zviv Zv‡`i mdjZvi Rb¨ A‡b¨i KvQ †_‡K cÖksmv Kzov‡Z GKUvi ciGKUv †Uªwbs wb‡Z ev D”P wkÿvi Rb¨ `vex K‡i|
CONSONANT NEEDS: Nurturance
cÖwZcvjb ev hZœ Kiv: G ai‡Yi e¨w³‡`i Afvex, Amnvq,
AbwfÁ, Ae‡nwjZ, Aejv‡`i cÖwZ gvZ„Z¡‡eva, hZœ I mnvbyfzwZ_v‡K| ¯^Rbnviv, AZ¨vPvwiZ, Ae‡nwjZ‡`I cv‡k Zviv mn‡R Qz‡Uhvq| Ab¨‡K mvnvh¨ Kivi, m¦všÍbv †`qvi, mg_©b Kivi Rb¨ †`Š‡o hvq| †mev w`‡qB Zv‡`I Z…wß|
CONSONANT NEEDS: Affiliation
mym¤úK© ¯’vcb: Ab¨‡`i Lye Kv‡Q Uvb‡Z cv‡I, mn‡R mevi
mv‡_ eÜyZ¡ Ki‡Z cv‡i, Ab¨‡`i mv‡_ gZ wewbgq Ki‡Z Rv‡b| ZvivLye mn‡hvMx Ges eÜz‡`i cÖwZ Lye AvbyMZ¨ I wek¦¯Í n‡h _v‡K| Z‡e wbR ¯^v‡_© G ¸Yvejx e¨envi Ki‡j ¯^v_©ci nq, m¤úK© Lvivcnevi m¤¢vebv _v‡K|
CONSONANT NEEDS: Knowledge
Ávb: Zviv Ávb wccvmy, Ávb Avn‡iv‡bi Rb¨ wewfbœ eB,
g¨vMvwRb, wbDR †ccvi, wewfbœ Z_¨ m¤^wjZ welq co‡Z cQ›` K‡i| wewfbœ wU.wf †cÖvMÖvg hv †`L‡j Ávb evo‡e Zv †`L‡Z AvMÖnx_v‡K| Zviv A‡bK cÖkœ K‡i, wewfbœ Z_¨ msMÖn K‡i, Ávbxe¨w³‡`i m½ I e³e¨ ïb‡Z cQ›` K‡i|
CONSONANT NEEDS: Domination
KZ…©Z¡ Kiv: Ab¨‡`i civgk© w`‡q, Av‡`k w`‡q ev eywS‡q-
mywS‡q, wb‡la K‡i, ej cÖ‡qvM K‡i, eva¨ K‡i cwiPvjbv Ki‡Z cv‡i| Ab¨‡`i bv gvbvi cÖeYZv, KZ…©Z¡ Kivi fve †ekx jÿYxq|
cÖwZK‚j wµqv(Counteraction) : nZvkv, wbivkv `y:L-Kó, Acgvb weeªZKi cwiw¯’wZ A¯^xKvi K‡i, †gvKv‡ejv Kiv| wb‡R‡KwbR `vwqZ¡ cvjb †_‡K mwi‡q ‡bq| gv‡S gv‡S Ggb fve †`Lvq †hbZvi wKQyB nqwb A_P wfZ‡i A‡bK Kó cvq; Avevi Zviv cwRwUffv‡e †`L‡j cÖwZK‚j cwiw¯’wZ my›`i fv‡e †gvKv‡ejv Ki‡Z cv‡i| cixÿvq †dj Ki‡j..
CONSONANT NEEDS: Order
k„sLjv‡eva/ MywQ‡q ivLv: †h †Kvb KvR g„sLjvimv‡_ Kiv. wRwbmcÎ ¸wQ‡q ivLv, mvwR‡q K_v ejv, me wKQz mnRfv‡e †g‡b †bqvi ÿgZv, †Kvb wel‡qcÖwZev` Ki‡Z n‡j ax‡i-my‡¯’ eywS‡q ejv ev AvPiYKi‡Z cviv, mn‡R †i‡M bv hvIqv G Pwi‡Îi gvby‡liˆewkó¨|
NEUTRALNEEDS
NEUTRAL NEEDS: Recognition/Social approval
¯^xK…wZ/cwiwPwZ PvIqv: K…ZK‡g©i Ri¨
¯^xK…wZ cÖZ¨vkv Kiv, hw` ¯^xK…wZ cvq Z‡ebZzb D`¨‡g KvR K‡i hvq| Avi hw` bv cvq G‡Kev‡I†f‡½ c‡o, wm‡¯ÍR-wb®‹g©v n‡q c‡o,cÖksmvB †hbZvi PvwjKvkw³| G ai‡Yi gvbyl wb‡R cÖk©mv PvqwKš‘ Ab¨‡K cÖksmv Ki‡Z Kvc©Y¨ K‡i|
NEUTRAL NEEDS: Recognition/Social approval
mvdj¨ AR©b Kiv: †h †Kvb KvR A_©c~Y©fv‡e
Kó K‡I n‡jI mdjZvi mv‡_ Ki‡Z mÿg nIqv, wb‡Ri I A‡b¨I Kj¨v‡Y fvj wKQz K‡I mdjZv AR©Y Kiv| ZvivmyRbkxj, `ÿ-KvwiMi ‡h †Kvb cwiw¯’wZ †_‡K fvjwnQz AR©Y K‡i|
NEUTRAL NEEDS: Autonomy
¯^vaxb‡PZv: ¯^vaxbfv‡e _vK‡Z Pvq, cÖZ¨ÿfv‡eAb¨‡K cwiPvjbv w`‡Z Pvq; DaŸ©Zb KZ…©cÿ †h wb‡`©kbv †`b Zv cvj‡b Aeva¨Zv jÿYxq, Zviv Lye mvnmx †bZv n‡Z cv‡i; Z‡e eªZxq Rxe‡b mveavbbv n‡j wb‡RI Kó cvq Ab¨‡KI Kó †`q|
NEUTRAL NEEDS: Change/Novelty
cwieZ©Ykxj: †h‡Kvb cwi‡e‡ki mv‡_ Zvjwgwj‡q Pj‡Z cv‡i, mn‡R iywUbMZ Rxebe`jv‡ZI cv‡i| †hLv‡b †hgb; †Zgbfv‡eB Pj‡Zcv‡i| mn‡R A‡b¨iv Zvi myweav †fvM Ki‡Zcv‡i|
NEUTRAL NEEDS: Submission
AvbyMZ¨: G ai‡Yi e¨w³ mn‡R A‡b¨i ek¨Zv ¯^xKviK‡I,eva¨Zvi eªZ Zvi Rb¨ mnR| mn‡R bwZ ¯^xKviKiv, A‡b¨i cÖksmv Kiv, wbqgKvbyb BwZevPK`„wó‡Z MÖnY Kiv, KZ…©c‡ÿi cÖwZ kÖ×v‡eva, mn‡R †g‡b †bqv Zv‡`i PvwiwÎK ˆewkó¨| Z‡e G ai‡Yi e¨w³‡`I †giæ`Ð k³ _v‡K bv|
NEUTRAL NEEDS: Play
Av‡gv` wcÖq: Zviv Zv‡`I mvd‡j¨ D‡ËwRZ nq, Zviv†Ljv, bvP-Mvb, µxovq AskMÖnY K‡i Avb›` cvq| Zvivnvwm-Zvgvkv, iwmKZv Ki‡Z cQ›` K‡I;Zviv Av‡gv` wcÖq, `y:L mn¨ Ki‡Z Pvq bv| KwVb cwikÖg ZvivKi‡Z Pvqbv, w`ev ¯^cœ †`L‡Z cQ›`, wb‡Ri wfZ‡iiAe¯’v Ab¨‡`i †`Lv‡Z Pvq bv|
NEUTRAL NEEDS: Self-Esteem
AvZ¥ghv©`v/ AvZ¥-cÖZ¨q: wb‡R hv Zv wb‡qmš‘ó, wb‡Ri ¸Yv¸‡Yi cÖksmv K‡I, AvZ¥ Z…ß, wb‡Rwb‡Ri Kv‡Ri ¯^xK…wZ †`q, wb‡Ri gh©v`v AÿzbœivL‡Z AvcÖvY †Póv K‡i| Zviv A‡bKevi mn‡R Ab¨‡`iÿgv Ki‡Z cv‡i bv|
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