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How to Select a Journal
Journal Impact Factor
Research Ethics: Plagiarism
Hinari, Agora and online search
Parts of this presenta?on were taken from
Science Paper Wri,ng Workshop Chris Beadle, Peter Willadsen (designed by Peter Hairsine), CSIRO How to choose a journal Kim E. Barre? hAp://www.apsarchive.org/download.cfm?submissionID=6214 Journal Impact Factors and the Author h-‐index Ka@e Newman hAp://www.library.illinois.edu/biotech/docs/ImpactFactors.pdf
On Being a Scien,st: A Guide to Responsible Conduct in Research: Third Edi?on (2009) hAp://www.nap.edu/openbook.php?record_id=12192&page=15
How to select a journal • More than 21,000 peer-‐reviewed academic journals
• New journals published every year
• Where do you start?
Why does it maAer? • Online access, enhanced search capabili?es and indexing vastly expand immediate access to ar?cles of interest
• However, the journal you choose s?ll has major implica?ons
• Must consider – Audience – Type of paper – Impact factor – Journal scope – Cost
How to start?
• Ask yourself “Who would be interested in reading this paper?” – Basic scien?sts vs. policy makers – Specialists vs. generalists
• Assess perceived impact – Earth-‐shaAering; of broad importance – Important contribu?on to the discipline – Solid work but of limited interest – LPU (least publishable unit)
Na?onal or interna?onal audience?
• Relevant to a na?onal audience (local researchers, farmers, extension workers or policymakers)?
• Does it present data that is primarily of local interest? o If so, consider a journal whose audience is na?onal or
regional in scope OR • Does the ar?cle deal with universal themes that are relevant
to audiences all over the world? o If so, consider an interna?onal, well-‐indexed journal
• For interna?onal audience: English is the language of choice
Audience Selec?ng your journal: what audience do you want to reach?
An example:
Core result: The exo?c ?ck R. (Boophilus) microplus has displaced the endemic ?ck R. (Boophilus) decoloratus over much of East Africa over the last two decades. It is likely to bring increased threats of disease transmission and pes?cide resistance.
Interna?onal ecology / disease journal An example of the displacement of an endemic by an exo@c species with implica@ons for disease control.
A journal on African livestock produc?on An emerging disease threat that farmers
need to know about.
An (African) public policy journal A new and possibly very damaging threat
that will require policy ac?on..
For each of these op?ons both the wri?ng and suppor?ng informa?on will be different. Your success depends on recognising this.
Aim
What is your aim? To get your readers to use the contents of your paper for:
• Decision making • Designing their own experiments • Cita?on in their own research
Type of paper
What type of paper is it? • Original ar?cle • Review paper • Commentary • Short communica?on or ‘Technical Note’
When to choose the journal?
• As soon as possible! • Definitely before you start to write – Format issues – Style issues – Scope of you paper
Strategy for choosing
• Are your ‘compe?tors’ publishing in these journals? – Papers cited in your manuscript – Online search hAp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed
• Past papers from the research group/lab? • Journal scope statements – Any limita?ons? See Scope on journal site hAp://www.plosntds.org/sta?c/scope.ac?on
• Inquiry to editor – In wri?ng -‐ with brief details – Does not imply any obliga?on to publish
Addi?onal considera?ons
• Length restric?ons – Many journals restrict the number of words and/or figures
• Color figures – Costs vary widely
• Requirements of donor – e.g., NIH regula?ons require publica?on in a journal that provides free access within 12 months
Addi?onal considera?ons
• Cost of publica?on – Submission fees/author fees (Open Access model) – Page charges – Reprint costs – Fee Waiver
• Availability of journal – Print vs. online vs. both – Available through Hinari or Agora? – Is it in your library? If not, may want to reconsider.
Once selected get the style guide and template from the journal’s homepage and use it in this workshop
e.g. Euphy?ca hAp://www.springer.com/life+sciences/plant+sciences/journal/10681
• Instruc?ons to authors, style guide • Recent examples of papers • Scope • Impact factor
• Impact Factor (IF) is the number of current cita?ons a journal receives divided by the number of ar?cles published in the two preceding years
• See: hAp://thomsonreuters.com/products_services/science/academic/impact_factor/
Impact factor (IF)
Journal impact factor (IF)
• Discipline-‐dependent • Medicine has high level of networking, so high impact (e.g. New England Journal of Medicine = 45)
• Social Science has low level of networking, so low impact
• Work out impact threshold you want to achieve
• Euphy?ca (Interna?onal Journal of Plant Breeding) IF = 1.597
How is IF calculated?
E.g., the 2009 Impact factor for the journal Cell = # of ?mes ar?cles or other items published in Cell in 2007 & 2008
were cited in indexed journals* in 2009 –––––––––-‐––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––
# of “citable” ar?cles** published in Cell in 2007 & 2008
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ *Only references in ar?cles within the ~10,000 journals indexed in Web of Science are counted; does not include cita?ons that may cite the ar?cles in Cell from book chapters, proceedings, or other journals that are not indexed in Web of Science * * Citable ar?cles are just research ar?cles and reviews – not news ar?cles, commentary, etc.
How is IF calculated?
2009 Impact factor for the journal Cell = Cites in 2009 to items published in 2008 + 2007 = 9533 + 12554 = 22087 Number of items published in 2008 + 2007 = 343 + 366 = 709 Impact Factor is 22087 ÷ 709 = 31.152
Where next if your paper is rejected?
• Decide on two to three journals at the ?me of ini?al submission, ranked by desirability
• Reformat for the new journal – very important – Reference format – Re-‐wri?ng may be needed
Closing thoughts
• Your goal should be to publish in the best journal for your work and for your audience – Not necessarily the same as the “best journal”
• Picking the right journal…. – Increases your chance of geung accepted the first ?me – Increases your chance of having your work read/cited – Increases chances that your research will have impact – Advances your career
Research Ethics: Respect for Intellectual Property
• Do not use unpublished data, methods, or results without permission.
• Give proper acknowledgement or credit for all contribu?ons to research.
• Never plagiarize – Plagiarism is the appropria?on of another person’s ideas, processes,
results, or words without giving appropriate credit.
Plagiarism “If you copy any words without ci?ng a source, then it's plagiarism. You can paraphrase a source (rewrite it with your own words), or you can quote directly (correctly using quota?on marks), but you always have to cite the source. When you're paraphrasing, if two or three words are the same, you're probably not going to be cited for plagiarism… Here's a site that may help you understand beAer what cons?tutes plagiarism: hAp://www.plagiarism.org/ “ Source: rockdahouse85, hAp://answers.yahoo.com/ques?on/index?qid=20100708084442AAhTzUA
Plagiarism search
etblast hAp://etest.vbi.vt.edu/etblast3/
Test: “Trypanosomiasis, a disease of humans and animals caused by several species of trypanosomes and spread by tsetse flies is a major constraint to livestock produc?on in 37 countries within the Sub-‐Saharan region.”
Outline of presenta?on
• Importance of journal selec?on • Timing of choice • Strategies for selec?ng a journal – Where to start – Nuts and bolts – Other considera?ons
• A word about impact factors • What to do if your paper is rejected from your first (or second…) choice journal
• hAp://www.who.int/hinari/en/ • Set up by WHO with major publishers • Enables developing countries to gain access to one of the world's largest collec?ons of biomedical and health literature
• More than 8,000 digital informa?on resources (in 30 different languages)
• hAp://www.aginternetwork.org/en/ • Set up by FAO with major publishers • Enables developing countries to access a digital library collec?on (1900 journals) – Food – Agriculture – Environmental science – Related social sciences
• Ins?tu?ons in 107 countries
Online search
• Google (All disciplines) • Google Scholar scholar.google.com (All) • Pubmed www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed (Life sciences)
• Scirus www.scirus.com (All) • Na?onal Agricultural Library (AGRICOLA) agricola.nal.usda.gov (Agriculture)
Defini?ons
• a cita,on is a reference to a published or unpublished source
• Science Cita,on Index is a list of scien?fic texts from all over the world. For each scien?fic paper, it has informa?on about the author, the ?tle, the subject, etc. All this informa?on is taken from thousands of scien?fic journals. Science Cita?on Index is made by the Ins?tute for Scien?fic Informa?on.
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