How To Cite Version 2.0

(c) Swansea University. All Rights Reserved.

How to Cite

Dr C. P. Jobling (C.P.Jobling@Swansea.ac.uk)

Contents

• Acknowledging your sources

• Why cite?

• Plagiarism – and how to avoid it

• How to cite

• Bibliography tools

• References

• Bibliography

Acknowledging your sources

• Provide evidence of wider reading.

• Demonstrate critical skills

• Provides evidence of understanding.

• Puts your work in context

• Frames your contribution.

• Can be the difference between a 1st and 3rd class honours dissertation!

Why cite? [1]

• The challenge of original work

• Acknowledging your sources

• When to cite

http://www.princeton.edu/pr/pub/integrity/08/original/

http://www.princeton.edu/pr/pub/integrity/08/sources/

http://www.princeton.edu/pr/pub/integrity/08/cite/

Plagiarism [2]

• What is plagiarism?

• Why does it matter?

• What forms can it take?

• Not just printed text!

http://www.admin.ox.ac.uk/epsc/plagiarism/index.shtml

More on plagiarism [3]

• Plagiarism defined

• Plagiarism on the Internet

• Types of plagiarism

http://www.plagiarism.org/learning_center/what_is_plagiarism.html

http://www.plagiarism.org/learning_center/plagiarism_the_internet.html

http://www.plagiarism.org/learning_center/types_of_plagiarism.html

Examples of Plagiarism

• From Princeton University [1]

• From Drew University [4]

• Plagiarism tutorial [5]

• Citation and Plagiarism Module [6]

http://www.princeton.edu/pr/pub/integrity/08/plagiarism/

http://depts.drew.edu/composition/Avoiding_Plagiarism.htm

http://library.acadiau.ca/tutorials/plagiarism/

http://bit.ly/pTBRb

How to cite

• Two main styles: Numeric Symbolic

• Many variations

• Every publisher has its own style!

Numeric citing schemes

• According to Shakespeare [7] winter’s discontent is now made glorious by “this son of York”.

• “Now is our winter of discontent made glorious summer by this son of York” [7].

Symbolic citing schemes

• According to Shakespeare [1597] winter’s discontent is now made glorious by “this son of York”.

• “Now is our winter of discontent made glorious summer by this son of York” [Shakespeare, 1597].

Examples of Citing Styles

• Vancouver (numerical style) [6]

• Bibliographic Referencing [8]

http://www.swan.ac.uk/lis/HelpAndGuides/bibliographic_referencing/

Quoting

• Never quote without citing the sources.

• Make sure that the quote has quotation marks

• If you like what someone had to say on a subject, paraphrase it in your own words!

• Copy-and-paste of large amounts of text, even with quotation marks and full attribution is considered plagiarism.

More Specific Examples [3]

• How to paraphrase properly

• How to cite sources (including quoting)

http://www.plagiarism.org/learning_center/paraphrase.html

http://www.plagiarism.org/learning_center/how_to_cite_sources.html

Referencing

• Technical Report References at end of document Poor support for “End notes” in some word

processors

• Different publications often have different styles

• Consider use of a bibliographic database and citing tool to automate citing and formatting of references.

Referencing Styles: Numeric

[7] William Shakespeare, Richard III (Act I, Scene I), Quarto 1, 1597.

+ Easy to use if references do not have to be sorted

Difficult to maintain if references need to be presented as a sorted list.

Referencing Styles: Symbolic

Shakespeare, William 1597. Richard III (Act I, Scene I), Quarto 1.

+ Easy to maintain a sorted list of references.

– More verbose when citing.

URLs

• With more of the world’s knowledge accessible via the Internet it is unrealistic to ban URLs from reference lists.

• Do not rely solely on hyperlinks to present URLs A paper report will not be read on a browser! Cite them like any other resource

• Cite them as you would a book or article.

• Use as much detail as possible:[7] William Shakespeare, Richard III. Online at

URL: http://www.gutenberg.org/catalog/world/readfile?fk_files=53 (Project Gutenberg., 2002)

References and Further Reading

• In academic circles, the References section could contain a complete list of all sources cited in the body of the report.

• Other sources that you have read and that have helped inform your work but which you have not cited should be included in a Bibliography or a Further Reading section.

• References are essential to understanding your work. Bibliographies are sources that were useful to you and therefore may be useful to your readers.

Referencing tools

• Zotero [8], [9]

• Endnote [10]

• Microsoft Word 2007 [11], [12], [13]

http://www.zotero.org/

http://bit.ly/8Ab1T

http://www.swan.ac.uk/lis/HelpAndGuides/bibliographic_referencing/endnote/

http://office.microsoft.com/en-us/word/HA100674921033.aspx

http://blogs.msdn.com/microsoft_office_word/archive/2007/10/22/final-paper-time.aspx

References 1

[1] Academic Integrity, University of Princeton. Online at: http://bit.ly/11OGeP.

[2] Plagiarism, Educational Policy and Standards, University of Oxford, Online at: http://bit.ly/13iuoM.

[3] Plagiarism Learning Centre, Plagiarism.org,. Online at: http://www.plagiarism.org/.

[4] Plagiarism – and how to avoid it!, Drew University. Online at: http://bit.ly/HeBtf.

[5] Plagiarism Tutorial, Vaughan Memorial Library. Online at: http://bit.ly/cUT2J.

[6] Citation and Plagiarism Module, UCR Wales, Library and Information Services, Swansea University. Online at: http://bit.ly/pTBRb.

References 2

[7] William Shakespeare, Richard III (Act I, Scene I), Quarto 1, 1597. Online at URL: http://bit.ly/762I (Project Gutenberg., 2002)

[8] LIS Swansea, Bibliographic Referencing, Library and Information Services, Swansea University. Online at: http://bit.ly/3aQ7C.

[9] Zotero “Citation Management is only the Beginning”, zotero.org. Online at: www.zotero.org.

[10] Jobling, C.P. Citing with Zotero. Screencast online at: http://bit.ly/8Ab1T.

[11] About Endnote, Library and Information services, Swansea University. Online at: http://bit.ly/oYxQU.

References 3

[12] Create a Bibliography, Office 2007 Online, URL: http://bit.ly/D2RxF.

[13] Final Paper Time, Microsoft Office word Team’s Blog, October 22, 2007. Online at: http://bit.ly/h9EGQ.

[14] Pike, Hillary, Microoft Word 2007: Bibliography, YouTube Video, 11 dec 2007. Online at: http://bit.ly/11r6mu .

BibliographyBonet, J. and M.S. Towers, Layout and Structure of an

Honours Project Thesis, School of Engineering, Swansea University. Available on the Blackboard module site.

Bonet, J. and M.S. Towers, Writing an Honours Thesis, School of Engineering, Swansea University. Available on the Blackboard module site.

Barrass, Robert 2002. Scientists Must Write: A Guide to Better Writing for Scientists and Engineers. Routlege Study Guides, Routledge Falmer. ISBN: 0415269962 . [In the Library T11>Bar]

Rosenberg, Barry 2005. Spring into Writing for Engineers and Scientists, Addison Wesley.ISBN: 0131498630.

Technical Writing, Library Call Number T11.

University of Wales Swansea, Student Support Services Web Site, Study Skills Resources.

Links tagged briefinh6 in Dr Jobling’s bookmark collection: http://bit.ly/1zmdHG .

Contents

• Acknowledging your sources

• Why cite?

• Plagiarism – and how to avoid it

• How to cite

• Bibliography tools

• References

• Bibliography