Holt McDougal, Ancient India Holt McDougal, Map of India.

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Ancient India

Holt McDougal,

Map of India

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Geography and Early India

The Big Idea

Indian civilization first developed on the Indus River.

Main Ideas

• The geography of India includes high mountains, great rivers, and heavy seasonal rain.

• Harappan civilization developed along the Indus River.

• The Aryan invasion of India changed the region’s civilization.

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Mountains

• North: The Himalayas are the highest mountains in the world.

• West: The Hindu Kush provide protection from enemies.

Plains and Plateaus

• Rivers and melting snow kept the plains fertile.

• Both sides of the river thrived.

Indian Geography

Water

• Monsoons

• Heavy rainfall

• Civilizations arose around seasonal rainfall.

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The Harappan Civilization

3300 BCE - 2400 BCE

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People

• Population grew in the Indus River Valley.

• Growth came as irrigation and farming techniques improved.

• Cities were built as surplus food was produced.

Cities

• Harrapa

• Mohenjo Daro

• Fortresses for defense against enemies

• Well-planned public areas

Harappan Civilization

Achievements

• Wells and indoor plumbing

• Pottery, cotton clothing, jewelry

• India’s first writing system

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CitadelOf

Mohenjo-Daro

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Aerial View of Mohenjo-Daro

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Wide View, Mohenjo-Daro

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The Great Bath, Mohenjo-Daro

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Bath Area, Mohenjo-Daro

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Well, Mohenjo-Daro

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Granery, Mohenjo-Daro

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pottery, Mohenjo-Daro

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Bison Seal, Mohenjo-Daro

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A Horned-God Seal, Mohenjo-Daro

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A Male Head, Mohenjo-Daro

Dravidian

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A Priest-King, Mohenjo-Daro

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Necklace, Mohenjo-Daro

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Public Well, Harappa

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Drain, Harappa

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Unicorn Seal, Harappa

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Female Figures, Harappa

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Bull Figurine, Harappa

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Elephant Figurine, Harappa

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Burial Pottery, Harappa

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Male Skeleton, Harappa

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Female Skeleton with Child, Harappa

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Harappan Writing

Undecipherable to date.

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Aryan Migration

pastoral depended on their cattle.

warriors horse-drawn chariots.

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Religion

Government

Language

Invaders from the West

When the Harappan civilization dissipated in 1700 BC, Central Asians called Aryans began taking over territory.

The Aryans left behind vast collections of poems, hymns, myths, and rituals. They also had religious writings known as Vedas.

No central government: small communities ruled by rajas

Sanskrit is the root of many modern South Asian languages.

Aryan Invasion

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Harappan Civilization

Aryan Invasion

• Two major cities: Harappa, Mohenjo Daro

• Advanced civilization that thrived between 2300 and 1700 BC

• Culture, artistry, city planning

• South Asian warriors pushed through the Hindu Kush mountains and settled in the Indus Valley

• Oral tradition in religion and mythology resulted in the most important language of ancient India: Sanskrit.

Summary

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Sanskrit

writing

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The Vedas 1200 BCE-600 BCE.

written in SANSKRIT.

Hindu core of beliefs:

hymns and poems.

religious prayers.

magical spells.

lists of the gods and goddesses.

Rig Veda oldest work.

Rig Veda oldest work.

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Varna (Social Hierarchy)

ShudrasShudras

VaishyasVaishyas

Kshatriyas Kshatriyas

Pariahs [Harijan] -> Dalits Untouchables

Pariahs [Harijan] -> Dalits Untouchables

BrahminsBrahmins

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The Caste System

The mouth?

The arms?

The legs?

The feet?

WHO IS…

BrahminsBrahmins

KshatriyasKshatriyas

VaishyasVaishyas

ShudrasShudras

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The Vedic Age

The foundations for Hinduism were

established!

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Origins of Hinduism

The Big IdeaHinduism, the largest religion in India today,

developed out of ancient Indian beliefs and practices.

Main Ideas

• Indian society divided into distinct groups under the Aryans.

• The Aryans practiced a religion known as Brahmanism.

• Hinduism developed out of Brahmanism and influences from other cultures.

• The Jains reacted to Hinduism by breaking away to form their own religion.

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Kshatriyas

Vaisyas

Sudras

Brahmins Priests

Rulers and warriors

Laborers and non-Aryans

Indian Society Divides

Varnas

Farmers, craftspeople, and traders

Social divisions in Aryan society

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Individuals

• Place in society based on birth, wealth, or occupation

• 3,000 castes once existed in India.

• Individuals could rarely change castes.

Caste Rules

• Sutras (guides) listed all the rules for the caste system.

• Breaking rules resulted in a transfer to a lower class.

Caste System

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Brahmanism

• Aryan priests were called Brahmins.

• Wrote Vedic texts, which were their thoughts about the Vedas

Evolving Beliefs

The Vedas, Upanishads, and other Vedic texts began blending with beliefs from different cultures, creating Hinduism.

Brahmanism develops into Hinduism

Hinduism

• Many gods

• Reincarnation: could be reborn into new forms and castes

• Men and women could both gain salvation, but women were inferior.

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Hinduism

• Also known as The Sanatana Dharma

• Hinduism is a way of life, not a religion.

• Third most popular religion• Believe in one God reincarnated

into different forms • Follow The Vedas

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Hinduism• A Hindu’s goal is to become free from

continuous reincarnations. • Three ways to end the cycle of

reincarnation1. Be devoted to any of the Hindu God or

Goddesses2. Mediation. Acknowledge life as an

illusion and realize that Brahman is the only real thing

3. Dedicate oneself to various religious ceremonies

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The Vedas

• Religious text also called Shruti• Arranged into four parts

1. The Samhitas 2. The Brahmanas 3. The Aranyakas 4. The Upanishads

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Gods

Three Majors Gods• Brahma (Creator)• Vishnu (Preserver)• Shiva (Destroyer)

Three Major Goddess• Saraswati (Knowledge)• Lakshmi (Wealth)• Parvati or Shakti

(Power)

Hindus believe in only one God, Brahman, but they worship other

reincarnations of Brahman. There are 300,000 different reincarnations of

Brahman.

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Shiva Vishnu

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Hindu Gods

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Hindu Gods

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Origins of Jainism

Four Principles of Jainism

• 599 BC, established as an alternative to Hindu ritualism

• Based on the teachings of Mahavira, who abandoned his life of luxury to become a monk

• Injure no life.

• Tell the truth.

• Do not steal.

• Own no property.

Jains React to Hinduism

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Origins of BuddhismThe Big Idea

Buddhism began in India and became a major religion.

Main Ideas• Siddhartha Gautama searched for wisdom in many

ways.• The teachings of Buddhism deal with finding peace.• Buddhism spread far from where it began in India.

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Quest for Answers

• Siddhartha was born a prince, but he questioned the meaning of life.

• Determined to find answers using:

• Meditation

• Fasting

• Learning from different teachers

Enlightenment

• Found it under the Tree of Wisdom while meditating

• Called the Buddha (Enlightened One)

• Spent the rest of his life traveling and teaching his ideas

Siddhartha Gautama

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1. Suffering and unhappiness are a part of human life. No one can escape sorrow.

Teachings of Buddhism

Four Noble Truths

2. Suffering comes from our desires for pleasure and material goods.

3.People can overcome desire and ignorance and reach nirvana, a state of perfect peace.

4.People can overcome ignorance and desire by following an eightfold path that leads to wisdom, enlightenment, and salvation.

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Ancient Ways

• The Buddha taught that following the Vedic texts was unnecessary.

• Challenged the authority of Hindu priests

Changing Society

• A more individualistic approach to enlightenment

• Rebirth as a means to evolve

Challenging Hindu Ideas

Caste System

• Opposed caste system

• The Eightfold Path could lead any individual to nirvana.

• The Buddha’s teachings reached all classes.

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Buddhism branches out

Buddhism splits

• Asoka, one of the most powerful kings in India, became a Buddhist and spread Buddhism in India and foreign lands.

• Buddhist missionaries traveled the world to teach enlightenment.

• Buddhism split into two main sects: Theravada and Mahayana.

• Members of the Theravada followed the Buddha’s teachings exactly.

• Members of the Mahayana believed that individual interpretation was important.

Buddhism began in India and then became a major religion.

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Religions of South Asia

Religions of South Asia

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Buddhism in the SubcontinentBuddhism in the Subcontinent

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The Essence of Buddhism

The Essence of Buddhism The “middle way of wisdom The “middle way of wisdom and compassion.”and compassion.”

2,500 year old tradition.2,500 year old tradition. The 3 jewels of Buddhism:The 3 jewels of Buddhism:

BuddhaBuddha, the teacher., the teacher. DharmaDharma, the teachings., the teachings. SanghaSangha, the community., the community.

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Siddhartha Gautama (563-483 BCE)

Siddhartha Gautama (563-483 BCE) Born in NE India Born in NE India

(Nepal).(Nepal). Raised in great luxuryRaised in great luxury

to be a king.to be a king. At 29 he rejectedAt 29 he rejected

his luxurious life tohis luxurious life toseek enlightenmentseek enlightenmentand the source ofand the source ofsuffering.suffering.

Lived a strict,Lived a strict,ascetic life for 6 yrs.ascetic life for 6 yrs.

Rejecting this extreme, sat in Rejecting this extreme, sat in meditation, and found meditation, and found nirvananirvana..

Became “The Enlightened One,” at Became “The Enlightened One,” at 35.35.

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What is the fundamental cause

of all suffering?

What is the fundamental cause

of all suffering?

Desire!Desire! Therefore, extinguish the Therefore, extinguish the

self, don’t obsess about self, don’t obsess about oneself.oneself.

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Four Noble Truths

Four Noble Truths1.1. There is suffering in the There is suffering in the

world. To live is to suffer. world. To live is to suffer. ((DukkhaDukkha) )

The Buddha found this out The Buddha found this out when he was young and when he was young and

experienced suffering and experienced suffering and death in others.death in others.

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Four Noble Truths

Four Noble Truths2.2. The cause of The cause of

suffering is self-suffering is self-centered desire centered desire

and attachments. and attachments. ((TanhaTanha))

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Four Noble Truths

Four Noble Truths

3.3. The solution is to The solution is to eliminate desire eliminate desire

and attachments. and attachments. (Nirvana = (Nirvana =

“extinction”)“extinction”)

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Four Noble Truths

Four Noble Truths4.4. To reach To reach nirvananirvana, one must , one must

follow the Eightfold Path. follow the Eightfold Path.

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Eightfold PathEightfold Path

NirvanaNirvana The union with the The union with the

ultimate ultimate spiritual reality. spiritual reality.

Escape from the cycle of Escape from the cycle of rebirth. rebirth.

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Buddhist AltarBuddhist Altar

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Types of BuddhismTypes of Buddhism Therevada Buddhism Therevada Buddhism

(traditional type)(traditional type)

Mahayana Buddhism Mahayana Buddhism (modern type)(modern type)

Tibetan BuddhismTibetan Buddhism

Zen BuddhismZen Buddhism

Therevada Buddhism Therevada Buddhism (traditional type)(traditional type)

Mahayana Buddhism Mahayana Buddhism (modern type)(modern type)

Tibetan BuddhismTibetan Buddhism

Zen BuddhismZen Buddhism

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Theravada BuddhismTheravada Buddhism The oldest school of Buddhism.

The “Way of the Elders” or the “Small Vehicle.”

Found in southern Asia. The monastic life is the best way

to achieve nirvana. Focus on wisdom and meditation. Goal is to become a “Buddha,” or

“Enlightened One.” Over 100,000,000 followers today.

The oldest school of Buddhism. The “Way of the Elders” or the

“Small Vehicle.” Found in southern Asia.

The monastic life is the best way to achieve nirvana.

Focus on wisdom and meditation. Goal is to become a “Buddha,” or

“Enlightened One.” Over 100,000,000 followers today.

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Theravada BuddhismTheravada Buddhism

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Mahayana BuddhismMahayana Buddhism The “Great Vehicle.”The “Great Vehicle.”

Founded in northern Asia (China, Founded in northern Asia (China, Japan).Japan).

Buddhism “for the masses.”Buddhism “for the masses.” Seek guidance from Seek guidance from BoddhisatvasBoddhisatvas, ,

wise beings. wise beings. GoalGoal: Not just individual escape : Not just individual escape from the wheel, but the salvation of from the wheel, but the salvation of all humanity through self-sacrifice all humanity through self-sacrifice

of those enlightened few.of those enlightened few.

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Mahayana BuddhismMahayana Buddhism

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BoddhisatvaBoddhisatva

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Tibetan BuddhismTibetan

Buddhism The “Diamond Vehicle.” The “Diamond Vehicle.” [[VajrayanaVajrayana]]

Developed in Tibet in the Developed in Tibet in the 7c CE.7c CE.

A mix of Theravada and A mix of Theravada and Mahayana.Mahayana.

BoddhisatvasBoddhisatvas include include Lamas, like the Lamas, like the

Dalai LamaDalai Lama.. The The Tibetan Book Tibetan Book

of the Deadof the Dead[[Bardo ThodolBardo Thodol].].

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The DalaiLama

The DalaiLama

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Zen BuddhismZen Buddhism The “Meditation School.”The “Meditation School.”

Seeks sudden enlightenment Seeks sudden enlightenment [[satorisatori] through meditation, ] through meditation,

arriving at emptiness [arriving at emptiness [sunyatasunyata].]. Use of meditation masters Use of meditation masters

[[RoshiRoshi].]. Beauty, art, and aesthetics:Beauty, art, and aesthetics:

Gardens.Gardens. Archery.Archery.

Tea ceremony.Tea ceremony. Calligraphy.Calligraphy.

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Buddhism in AmericaBuddhism in America

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Relieve Stress & Meditate:Get a Mantra !

Relieve Stress & Meditate:Get a Mantra !

Ohm...mani...padme...hung.Ohm...mani...padme...hung.....Hail to the jewel in the lotus!Hail to the jewel in the lotus!

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Indian Empires

The Big Idea

The Mauryas and the Guptas built great empires in India.

Main Ideas

• The Mauryan Empire unified most of India.

• Gupta rulers promoted Hinduism in their empire.

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Candragupta Maurya

(321 BCE-298 BCE)

• Candragupta seized control of northern India and created a society dominated by war.

• Candragupta became a Jainist monk and gave up his throne.

Asoka (304 – 232 BCE)

• The grandson of Candragupt extended Mauryan rule over most of India.

• Asoka converted to Buddhism and stopped waging war, choosing instead to rebuild cities and spread Buddhist teachings.

Mauryan Rule

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Asoka’s law Asoka’s law codecode

Asoka’s law Asoka’s law codecode Edicts scattered inEdicts scattered in

more than 30 places more than 30 places in India, Nepal, in India, Nepal, Pakistan, & Afghanistan. Pakistan, & Afghanistan.

Written mostly inWritten mostly in Sanskrit, but one was in Sanskrit, but one was in Greek and Aramaic. Greek and Aramaic.

10 rock edicts.10 rock edicts.

Each pillar [Each pillar [stupastupa] is 40’-50’ high.] is 40’-50’ high.

Buddhist principles dominate his Buddhist principles dominate his laws.laws.

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The Mauryan EmpireThe Mauryan EmpireThe Mauryan EmpireThe Mauryan Empire

321 BCE – 321 BCE – 185 BCE185 BCE

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Turmoil & a power Vacuum:Turmoil & a power Vacuum:220 BCE – 320 CE220 BCE – 320 CE

Turmoil & a power Vacuum:Turmoil & a power Vacuum:220 BCE – 320 CE220 BCE – 320 CE

Tamils

Tamils

The The Maurya Maurya

Empire is Empire is divided divided

into many into many kingdomskingdoms

..

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• After the decline of the Mauryan Empire, India remained primarily Buddhist for 500 years.

• Under the rule of Candra Gupta I, India became unified and prosperous again.

• Gupta rulers spread Hinduism in their empire through the building of temples and the promotion of Hindu writings and rituals.

• Widespread religious tolerance was encouraged for Buddhists and Jainists.

Gupta Empire

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Gupta RulersGupta RulersGupta RulersGupta Rulers Chandra GuptaChandra Gupta II

r. 320 – 335 CEr. 320 – 335 CE

“ “Great King of Kings”Great King of Kings”

Chandra Gupta IIChandra Gupta II r. 375 - 415 CEr. 375 - 415 CE

Profitable trade withProfitable trade with the Mediterranean the Mediterranean

world! world!

Hindu revival.Hindu revival.

Huns invade – 450 CEHuns invade – 450 CE

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Economy and Culture

The Caste System

Social Ramifications

GrowthUnder Candra Gupta II, the Gupta Empire reached the height of its power. It spread across northern India and prospered.

The economy boomed, allowing citizens the time and money to create great works of art and literature.

It was believed that keeping citizens under strict caste rule would stabilize the empire.

Women in the caste system were not seen as equals and had few basic rights.

Candra Gupta II

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Gupta Empire:Gupta Empire: 320 CE – 320 CE – 647 647 CECE

Gupta Empire:Gupta Empire: 320 CE – 320 CE – 647 647 CECE

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Chandra Gupta Chandra Gupta IIII

Chandra Gupta Chandra Gupta IIII

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International Trade Routes International Trade Routes during the Guptasduring the Guptas

International Trade Routes International Trade Routes during the Guptasduring the Guptas

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Extensive Trade:Extensive Trade:4c4c

Extensive Trade:Extensive Trade:4c4c

spices

spices

spicesspices

gold & gold &

ivoryivory

gold & gold & ivoryivory

rice & rice & wheatwheathorseshorses

cotton goods

cotton goods

cotton goods

cotton goodssilkssilks

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KalidasaKalidasaKalidasaKalidasa

The greatest of Indian poets.The greatest of Indian poets.

His most famous play was His most famous play was ShakuntalaShakuntala..

During the reign of Chandra Gupta II. During the reign of Chandra Gupta II.

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GupGuptataArtArt

GupGuptataArtArt

Greatly influenced Greatly influenced Southeast Asian art & Southeast Asian art &

architecture.architecture.

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MedicineMedicineMedicineMedicine LiteratureLiteratureLiteratureLiterature

MathematicsMathematicsMathematicsMathematicsAstronomyAstronomyAstronomyAstronomy

PrintedPrintedmedicinal medicinal

guidesguides

1000 1000 diseasesdiseasesclassifiedclassified

PlasticPlasticSurgerySurgery

C-sectionsC-sectionsperformeperforme

dd

InoculatioInoculationsns

500 healing500 healingplants plants

identifiedidentified

DecimalDecimalSystemSystem

ConceptConceptof Zeroof Zero

PI = 3.1416PI = 3.1416

KalidasKalidasaa

SolarSolarCalendarCalendar

The earthThe earthis roundis round

GuptaGuptaIndiaIndia

Gupta Gupta AchievementAchievement

ss

Gupta Gupta AchievementAchievement

ss

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The Decline of the The Decline of the GuptasGuptas

The Decline of the The Decline of the GuptasGuptas Invasion of the White Huns in the 4c Invasion of the White Huns in the 4c

signaledsignaled the end of the Gupta Golden Age, even the end of the Gupta Golden Age, even

thoughthough at first, the Guptas defeated them. at first, the Guptas defeated them.

After the decline of the Gupta empire, After the decline of the Gupta empire, northnorth

India broke into a number of separate India broke into a number of separate HinduHindu

kingdoms and was not really unified again kingdoms and was not really unified again untiluntil

the coming of the Muslims in the 7c. the coming of the Muslims in the 7c.

QUESTIONQUESTION:: Is the best literature and art written as Is the best literature and art written as

the civilization is on the rise, at its the civilization is on the rise, at its height, or in its decline? height, or in its decline?

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• 320 BC Candragupta Maurya becomes the first Mauryan emperor.

• 301 BC Candragupta Maurya relinquishes the throne to become a Jainist monk.

• 270 BC Asoka becomes the second Mauryan emperor.

• 261 BC Asoka’s empire gains great power, and he leaves to become a Buddhist.

• AD 375 Candra Gupta I invades and conquers northern India and brings Hinduism, prosperity, and a strict caste system back into popular culture.

Time Line

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Indian Achievements

The Big Idea

The people of ancient India made great contributions to the arts and sciences.

Main Ideas

• Indian artists created great works of religious art.

• Sanskrit literature flourished during the Gupta period.

• The Indians made scientific advances in metalworking, medicine, and other sciences.

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• Both Hindu and Buddhist temples began flourishing under Gupta rule.

• Once simply constructed meeting places, Hindu temples became complex towers covered with intricate carvings.

• Buddhist temples were large and impressive, some carved out of mountainsides. Most famous Buddhist cave temple is located at Ajanta.

• Buddhist stupas were built to house sacred objects from the life of the Buddha. They were covered with detailed carvings.

Religious Art: Temples

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The Taj Mahal

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• Great artists were commissioned by rich and powerful members of society.

• Paintings offered a perspective on the daily life and religious belief of the ancient Indians; many of these paintings could be found on the walls of temples.

• Indian sculptors carved columns, statues, and entire temples in the likenesses of the Buddha and Hindu gods.

Religious Art: Paintings and Sculpture

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Mahabharata

• One of the world’s longest literary works

• The story of two Indian families struggling for control of a kingdom

• Many long passages of Hindu beliefs and practices

Ramayana

• The story of a god, Vishnu, who has taken human form

• Written long after the Mahabharata; contains models for the ideal ruler (Rama) and the ideal mate (Sita)

Sanskrit Literature

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• Chadra Gupta II hired a famous writer named Kalidasa to write plays for the royal court.

• The Panchatantra, a book of stories intended to teach moral lessons and quick thinking, was translated into many languages.

Sanskrit Literature

Other Works

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Mathematics

Medicine

Astronomy

MetalworkingPioneers of metallurgy, the Indians created tools and weapons by mixing iron and other metals together.

The Indians invented the concept of zero and developed a sophisticated number system, the Hindu-Arabic numerals.

Using plants and minerals, Indian doctors made advances in medicinal science. They were among the first to practice inoculation and perform surgery.

Indian astronomers knew of seven about the nine planets in the solar system and could predict eclipses of the sun and moon.

Scientific Advances