Transcript
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EnergyComfort
WaterStorm water
Sewage
Solid waste management
PollutionEcology and geolog
Building materials
visual, thermal, noise level, air quality
Energy
Comfort
Water Storm water
Solid waste management
Pollution
Ecology and geology
Building materials
visual, thermal, noise level, air quality)
Sewage
e n v i r o n m e n t a l
building guidelinesfor Hyderabad Metropolitan Development Authority
An abridged manual on
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e n v i r o n m e n t a l
building guidelinesfor Hyderabad Metropolitan Development Authority
An abridged manual on
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The Energy and Resources Institute, 2009
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced in any form or by any means
without prior permission of The Energy and Resources Institute, Terra Viridis Partnership Ltd, and
Hyderabad Metropolitan Development Authority.
Published by
TERI Press
The Energy and Resources Institute Tel. 2468 2100 or 4150 4900
Darbari Seth Block Fax 2468 2144 or 2468 2145
IHC Complex India +91 Delhi (0) 11Lodhi Road E-mail teripress@teri.res.in
New Delhi 110 003, India Web www.teriin.org
Printed in India
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CONTENTS
Messages v
Project team v i i i
Foreword i x
Preface x i
Abbreviation x i i i
Introduction x v
Energy ....................................................................... 1Comfort ...................................................................... 15
Water ........................................................................ 21
Storm water ................................................................ 27
Sewage ...................................................................... 33
Solid waste management ................................................. 39
Pollution ..................................................................... 45
Ecology and geology ....................................................... 49
Building materials.......................................................... 53
Glossary ..................................................................... 55
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CHIEF MINISTER
ANDHRA PRADESH
I am glad to know that the HyderabadMetropolitan Development
Authority is releasing an educational booklet on Environment Building
Guidelines for sustainable development of the historic city of Hyderabad.
Hyderabad has become a global city, the best place to do business
and to live. Our beautiful city is prospering and growing at an enormous
rate. However we cannot continue to grow in the present manner without a
detrimental impact on our environment. We no longer have abundant
availability of water. We cannot generate limitless levels of energy. Ever
changing weather patterns due to climate change are playing havoc in our
daily lives. It is time we start preparing ourselves to face the consequences
of climate changes on one hand while helping to reduce our contributionsto it on the other. The solution is not to curtail development but to develop
sustainably.
The foresight of HMDA in developing Hyderabad specific building
guidelines will ensure not only a higher quality of life for us but also for
our children. Following these guidelines will be the gr t gift we can
bestow upon our future generations.
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r C V.S.K. SARMA,IASPrincipal Secretary to Government &Chairman, Hyderabad Metro Rail
Municipal Administration &
Urban Development DepartmentGovernment of Andhra PradeshL-Block,A.P.SecretariatHyderabad - 500 022.(() : Off : +91-40- 2345 2499Tele/Fax: +91-40- 23450622Res: +91-40- 2355 0256e-mail: prlsecy_maud@ap.gov.in
There is currently no end in sight to our daily power and municipal water
shortages. There will be no respite from the flooding of our roads during
the monsoon and the over flowing of garbage on to our streets. The air
we breathe and the lakes we utilise are getting more and more polluted.
The loss of Hyderabad's unique rock formations and corresponding
biodiversity is accelerating.
These problems will only get worse unless each one of us make a
conscious effort to change the way the city operates, the buildings we
build and our behavioural patterns within our own gamut, be it the
government, corporate bodies, institutions or individuals.
The set of environmental building guidelines developed specifically forHyderabad by HMDA along with their consultants TERI and Terra
Viridis will assist each of us to make a positive contribution. Written in a
form that either a professional or layman can utilise, following these
guidelines will help in correcting the problems that the rapid, haphazard
development of Hyderabad has resulted in.
Going green does not mean a reduced standard of living. Quite the
opposite, it not only enhances your current quality of life but also
ensures an enhanced quality of life for your children and the futuregenerations.
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Project team
TERI (The Energy and Resources Institute)
Pradeep Kumar, Mili Majumdar, Hina Zia, Minni Mehrotra,
Priyanka Kochchar, Apoorv Vij, Rana Pratap Poddar, Sudipta
Singh, Nitish Poornia, Tarun Garg, Siddharth Tampi, and
Shraddha Mahore
TVPL (Terra Viridis Pvt. Ltd)
Swati Puchalapalli, Srikumar Sattaru, and Pallavi Damodaran
TERI Press
Richa Sharma, R Ajith Kumar, Chandni Sengupta, and
T Radhakrishnan
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FOREWORD
India heads for an economic growth of about 8 per
cent with cities contributing a major portion to this
growth. Meeting the infrastructure requirements of
these cities is of fundamental importance to Indias
economic growth aspirations and its efforts to raise
the level of human development.
Hyderabad Metropolitan Region (HMR), the capital city
of Andhra Pradesh state is witnessing high economic growth
especially in IT sector, biotechnology, entertainment industry,
manufacturing and service sector. Building and real estate
sector is likely to grow along with this economic growth. Theexisting status of various infrastructure facilities related
to construction, operation and maintenance of buildings
including water, energy, and waste management all
demonstrate serious gaps at present, which are expected to
increase in the future. However, the building sector holds
a lot of potential to conserve and reduce the pressure on
depleting resources like energy and water besides improving
environmental quality in Hyderabad.
Considering immense challenges on climate change
and global warming, Hyderabad Metropolitan Development
Authority (HMDA) initiated a study in the year 2007 on
Environmental Building Regulations and Guidelines (EBRGs)
for a sustainable development of Hyderabad Metropolitan
Region. The broad vision behind the EBRG project is to assess
the present and future environmental issues in the building
industry, specically with respect to urban development
and propose guidelines for environmental sustainable
building design, construction and operation to promote and
integrate sustainable practices and provide an affordable
and higher quality environment for the residents.
This is an unique initiative and Hyderabad is one of rst
cities in India to take up this initiative, which forcefully
reinstates HMDAs commitment towards sustainable
development of Hyderabad Metropolitan Region.
The Energy and Resources Institute (TERI), New Delhi in
association with Terra Viridis Partnership Limited (TVPL) are
the consultants for the project.
During the study, the builders, planners, architects,
engineers, resident welfare associations, GHMC, APPCB,
APCPDCL, HMWS&SB, GoAP, academicians and various
stakeholders in HMR were actively involved. The EBRGs
proposed by the consultants were placed for further extensive
stakeholders dialogues and nally a set of Environmental
Building Guidelines (EBGs) were rmed up covering various
aspects of urban development like energy, comfort, water
and storm water, sewage, solid waste management, building
materials, ecology and geology.
The detailed guidelines and other information areprovided at HMDA website . The
website has easy to use tools, calculators and links to other
resources.
This booklet summarises the guidelines and can be
used by one and all as a ready reckoner for both new and
existing buildings. The EBGs can be followed by architects,
engineers, developers, building owners and common man to
enable design, construction and operation of environment
friendly buildings and developments.
A book of this magnitude and complexity could not have
been brought out without help of all the stakeholders and
their contributions are gratefully acknowledged.
TERI and TVPL made a commendable work in providing
the research content in simple and lucid manner with
attractive illustrations for easy understanding.
We encourage everyone to read and derive benet of
the knowledge resources that have been provided in this
contents, practice and spread the spirit of green concepts.
Dr K S Jawahar Reddy, IAS
Metropolitan Commissioner
HMDA
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PREFACE
The EBRG (Environmental Building Regulation
Guideline) educational booklet is an attempt
to create environmental awareness in the
built environment available to all. The booklet
is a concise version of the EBRGs developed
for the HMDA (Hyderabad Metropolitan Development
Authority). Due to rapid growth in the Greater Hyderabad
region, HMDA decided to develop environmental building
regulations, which can be used as guidelines for all future
developments, keeping in mind the environmental impacts
of construction. The EBRGs attempt to provide modelparameters to adopt and follow in order to minimize the
negative impacts of construction. This is to ensure that the
pressure on infrastructural facilities like electricity, sewage
disposal, and so on, for the upcoming sub-urban regions is
minimized.
The EBRGs look at various aspects of buildings like energy
consumption, water requirements, ecology and geology
on site, building materials, sewage disposal, comfort,
storm water management, solid waste management, and
pollution control. The Guidelines look at these aspects at
the neighbourhood level as well as the buildings level. The
neighbourhood level interventions and the building level
interventions together create a sustainable habitat.
The booklet has one page description of various aspects
of each Guideline along with tips and easy solutions for the
users to understand and adopt the concepts easily. Variousaspects of each Guideline, have been explained in the
simplest possible way in order to ensure that even a non-
technical person is able to read and understand them.
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ABBREVIATIONS
ASHRAE American Society of Heating, Refrigeration and Air conditioning Engineers
BEE Bureau of Energy Efciency
BIS Bureau of Indian Standards
CPCB Central Pollution Control Board
ECBC Energy Conservation Building Code
HMDA Hyderabad Metropolitan Development Authority
HVAC Heating, ventilation and air conditioning
LED Light-emitting diode
MoEF Ministry of Environment and ForestsNBC National Building Code
RCC Reinforced cement concrete
RO Reverse osmosis
SEGR Specic Energy Generation Ratio
SHGC Solar heat gain coefcient
SUDS Sustainable urban drainage systems
TDS Total dissolved solids
VOC Volatile organic compounds
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INTRODUCTION
Urban centres across the world face major
challenges in the form of increasing population
and infrastructure pressures. As a result, major
shortages of natural resources occur as demand
increases alongside population, even while
supplies decrease. Buildings alone are major contributors to
energy and resource consumption and, therefore, provide
many possibilities for reduction in resource consumption.
Hyderabad, the capital city of Andhra Pradesh, is one such
fast growing urban centre facing enormous population andinfrastructure pressure with buildings contributing to the
various environmental hazards in the area.
Recognizing these concerns and challenges, the HMDA
(Hyderabad Metropolitan Development Authority) is
committed to put in place building regulations and guidelines
to.
Assess present and future environmental issues in the
building industry with a focus on urban development in
Greater Hyderabad;
Provide an affordable and higher quality environment
for habitants of Greater Hyderabad;
Promote and integrate sustainable building practices, asit benets both current and future generations;
Formulate guidelines and regulations in building
design, construction, and operation for a balanced and
sustainable built environment;
Facilitate guidelines and regulations in building
design, construction, and operation for a balanced and
sustainable built environment;
Educate people in environmental building design and
remove the false notion that environmental building
design equates to higher building costs; and
Create awareness among public utility agencies,
building professionals, and users in making decisions tointroduce sustainable building features in design and
construction.
Environmental building regulations andguidelines
The existing system of guidelines and building regulations
were prepared with a piecemeal approach and a strong need
was felt to improve the building guidelines in an integrated
manner, keeping it at par with the best international
practices. The HMDA has taken this initiative to draw a
vision for a sustainable Hyderabad. The development of
EBRGs (environmental building regulations and guidelines)
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
for Hyderabad is a rst move towards this direction.
The current system of guidelines for buildings do not cover
all the aspects such as energy efciency, comfort conditions,
on-site water and waste management, consideration of
specic topography, site conditions, and other ecological
issues. It is also observed that the connectivity, between
individual buildings and its surroundings, is currently lacking
in the existing system of guidelines. As a result, the area is
fast growing into a concrete jungle with complete dismay
to its rich heritage and natural bounty. It has, therefore,become essential to redraw our vision and frame guiding
principles to drive Hyderabad towards a greener and
healthier place in line with its beautiful past.
The broad vision behind developing the new framework of
guidelines is to assess the present and future environmental
issues in the building industry, specically with respect to
urban development in the Hyderabad Development Area
and propose guidelines for environmentally sustainable
building design, construction, and operation in a wider
context to promote and integrate sustainable practices and
provide an affordable and higher quality environment for
the residents.
Relevance of EBRGs for a green habitat
Environmental building regulations and guidelines encompass
a wide range of issues both at the neighbourhood scale and at
the individual buildings level. These guidelines try to build a
greener habitat, by considering various environmental issues,
at both these scales and attempts to incorporate the green
buildings concept. Green building is the practice of increasing
the efciency through which buildings use resources, viz.,
energy, water and materials, while reducing building impacts
on human health and the environment during the buildings
lifecycle, through planned design, construction, operation,
maintenance, resource recycle, and reuse in a wider context
of its locality.
Green buildings are the ones, which encompass several
environment-friendly products and features. They showcase
concern for extending life span of natural resources;
provide human comfort, safety, and productivity. This
results in reduction of operation and maintenance costs,
conservation of energy and water, health, social benets,
and other intangible benets.
These guidelines are, thus, designed to reduce the
overall impact of the built environment on human health
and the natural environment by
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Efciently using energy, water, and other resources
Protecting occupant health and improving employee
productivity
Reducing waste, pollution, and environmental
degradation
They are designed to use the least amount of non-
renewable energy and natural resources, and to use theseresources in the most efcient manner. Further, such
buildings produce a minimum amount of pollution and cost
less as compared to conventional buildings. In addition to
these, such a habitat creates a healthy and comfortable
place for people to live and work.
Scope of the booklet
This booklet is an attempt to give a concise summary of
the aforementioned building guidelines and regulations to
the common man in an easy-to-understand format. These
guidelines will introduce the common people to the what
and how of various issues pertaining to constructing a new
building or retrotting an existing building at neighbourhood
scale, as well as the individual building level with the
prime objective of living a healthier lifestyle. The booklet
contains simple solutions and tips to improve the energy
and resource performance of new and existing buildings
residential and non-residential.
Kindly visit the website of HMDA for further detailed
information on any of the guidelines and the legal process
to do so.
List of EBRGs
The developed guidelines have been classied under three
broad sectors and sub-sectors within as follows.
a) Energy and indoor comfort-energy, comfort
b) Water and wastewaterwater, sewage, storm water
c) Quality of built environment solid waste, pollution,
ecology and geology, building materials
Following gives a list of all these guidelines under the
various sub-sectors:
Energy
1. Layout and design as per solar geometry
2. Plan for environment-friendly transportation on site
3. Provide for energy-efcient site lighting and use
renewable-energy-based (solar PV, biomass, wind, fuel
cells) lighting system
4. Minimum local amenities to reduce use of private
vehicles
5. Control light pollution
6. Solar passive design for new buildings
7. Provide roof treatment to cut heat gains
8. Window design for day lighting, solar control, and
ventilation
P
P
P
9. Design energy-efcient lighting in all new residential
and commercial buildings and retrot external and
common area lighting with efcient xtures and apply
lighting controls in existing residential complexes/
buildings
10. Design energy-efcient space conditioning in commercial
buildings
11. Replace existing equipment by BEE labelled appliances/equipment and use BEE labelled appliances/equipment
in all new buildings
12. Provide solar water heating systems to meet minimum
20% of service hot water requirement for new
commercial and residential buildings
13. Perform mandatory energy audit for existing commercial
buildings with connected load in cases of 500 kW or 600
kVA and reduce energy expenditure by 20% over previous
year. Follow prescriptive/mandatory requirements of
lighting, HVAC, electrical, and hot water systems as per
the ECBC (Energy Conservation Building Code) 2007 for
all new commercial buildings, as stipulated by the ECBC2007
Comfort
14. Provide thermal comfort (for air conditioned and
naturally/mechanically ventilated spaces) as per the
NBC (National Building Code) for all new residential and
commercial buildings
15. Provide adequate day lighting as per the NBC and the
ECBC
16. Use internal nishes with no or low VOC (volatile organic
compound) content
17. Indoor noise levels as per the NBC, 200518. Maintain indoor air quality standards
Water
19. Water conserving ttings
20. Drinking water quality requirements
21. Water conserving landscaping
22. Water audits to assess water conservation potential in
existing buildings
Storm water
23. Adherence to neighbourhood catchment area and
drainage pattern
24. An integrated approach for SUDS (sustainable urban
drainage system)
25. Reducing storm water runoff and heat island effect
through permeable paving and inltration trenches
26. Rainwater harvesting and collection from roofs
Sewage
27. Dual plumbing systems and wastewater treatment
28. Decentralized STPs - Operation and maintenance
requirements
Introductionvi
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29. Safe disposal of treated unused grey water and
wastewater
30. Safe sludge disposal methods
Solid Waste Management
31. Waste management of municipal solid waste at
neighbourhood level
32. Waste management of residential waste
33. Waste management for commercial buildings (also
caters to e-waste)
34. Waste management of biomedical waste from hospitals/
health care facilities
35. Reduction in waste during construction and construction
and demolition waste management plan
Pollution
36. Control levels of air pollution during construction
37. Ensure ambient outdoor noise standards
Ecology and geology
38. Conserving site vegetation through design and during
construction39. Soil conservation and erosion control during
construction
40. Conserving site geology through design and during
construction
Building materials
41. Use of sustainable building materials
Introduction xv
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ENERGY
The prime intent for developing energy-related EBRGs (Environmental
Building Regulations and Guidelines) is to enable the reduction of energy
consumed by buildings, through proper transport planning in large
neighbourhoods, site planning, and adopting climate-responsive design
for buildings, in addition to using efcient lighting and space cooling.
Integration of renewable energy for water heating is also suggested in the regulations.
There are also a number of existing buildings that need to be made energy efcient.
An EBRG on conducting energy audit of existing buildings has also been included.
The EBRGs have been divided into two sections. The rst section comprisesguidelines that specify the actions that need to be taken at the neighborhood and site
levels during the planning stage. These include layout and planning as per the solar
geometry, planning for eco-friendly transportation on-site, energy-efcient and solar-
based site lighting, making available facilities within easily approachable distances,
and controlling light pollution. The next set of EBRGs is tailored for building-level
interventions for new and existing buildings. The basic approach towards developing
EBRGs is based on three fundamental strategies adopted to optimize energy
performance in a building.
1 Reducing energy demand
2 Maximizing system efciency
3 Optimizing the usage of renewable energy
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Correct orientation and shading helps
reduce energy consumption by almost 15%
Guideline
Layout and design of buildings should be as per solar geometry
P Longer dimensions of buildings should face north and south (with a maximum deviation of 5 off north)
and shorter dimensions should face east and west. In multistoried apartments, the sides having openings
should face either north or south.
P The southern sides of the plots should be shaded by deciduous trees. In case of high-rise structures,
windows or faade should be shaded by in-built shading devices.
P The east and west faades should be protected by using shading devices, vegetation or buffer spaces.
P Courtyards should be oriented along eastwest axis to
capture maximum wind. To create cooler microclimate conditions,
water elements should be provided along the wind paths.
Orientation of buildings
P A building can be laid out and designed on the basis of sun path and wind direction.
P A building designed according to solar path remains comparatively cool in summers and warm inwinters, thus obviating the need for articial heating or cooling.
P If oriented properly, a building receives comparatively less radiation, which results in lesser heat gains.
This reduces overall air conditioning requirement, which, in turn, saves energy.
P Solar angle and altitude with respect to a particular surface vary with time, following a distinct
geometry. This geometry can be followed while designing a building.
P Proper layout and design of a building ensure that the building benets the maximum from the wind so
that there is no need for articial ventilation and cooling.
P Planned layout and design of a building make the building
get just enough sunlight, without any glare.
P Incorporation of shading devices can be planned in the initial stages of layout and design, which will
lead to energy efciency and add to the aesthetic appeal of the building.
P As the sun moves from east to west and sun path is more inclined towards south, the north faades ofthe building do not receive direct radiation.
P Solar angles are low in east and west, while high in south.
P In efcient buildings, the longer faade faces north and south, while the smaller faade faces east and
west.
P The radiation can be cut-off by using shading devices.
P Shading devices protect the building by obstructing the vertical shadow angle and horizontal shadow
angle, which are calculated from sun path diagram.
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Guideline
Eco-friendly transportation on-site
P Eco-friendly mode of transportation should be provided for intra-site transportation, with adequate
provision for bicycle tracks and shaded footpaths for sites 50 acres or more in area.
P Linear layouts leading to large vehicular lengths should be avoided. Cluster layouts should be preferred.
P Battery charging facilities should be provided for projects of size 50 acres or aboveone for 50 parked
cars. These charging points should be placed at convenient locations and should be spaced equally.
P For basement parking, provision for minimum daylight and ventilation should be made for the rst
basement. To ensure a minimum of three air changes per hour, a minimum vertical opening area
equivalent to 10% of oor area should be provided on the basement wall (on both windward and leeward
sides).
Advantages of using eco-friendly modes of transportation
P Eco-friendly modes of transportation do not cause environmental pollution like conventional modes of
transportation.P Using eco-friendly vehicles saves on the conventional fuel.
P There is no carbon footprint when eco-friendly vehicles are used.
P Walking and cycling are the healthiest modes of transportation.
P Planting shady trees on
footpaths and cycling
tracks enhances the natural
environment.
Guidelines forensuring eco-friendly
transportationP Cluster layout Clusters reduce
the long lengths of road and also
the vehicular speed. Parking
spaces in cluster development
can be provided outside the
cluster.
P Facilities for cyclists and
pedestrians Pedestrians and
cyclists should be provided
with amenities like drinking
water fountains, benches, cycleparking, and so on. Cycling
tracks and sidewalks should be planted with shady trees.
P Landscaping Landscaping plan should be incorporated in road systems to enhance the aesthetics. Green
belt should be maintained around roads.
P Visibility Landscaping should be done in such a way that it does not obstruct the visibility and
movement.
P Public transportation Public mode of transportation should be encouraged to make travelling efcient
and convenient.
P Electric vehicle Electric vehicles are least polluting, so their use should be encouraged. Facilities
should be provided for charging the batteries used for such vehicles.
Trees shade walking paths and cycling tracks
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Bollard
P Up lights Used to highlight the ceiling. Installed in places like under-
foliage or near bigger plants to create a glowing effect.
P Path lights Used to light up walkways.
P Ornamental lights Used to enhance landscape features.
P Electric lamps
vHigh pressure mercury vapour lamps Light is produced by passing an
electric charge through gaseous mercury. Though the efcacy of mercurylamps is less compared to uorescent lamps, they are very popular for
outdoor lighting.
vHigh pressure sodium vapour lamps Light is produced by passing an
electric discharge through the combined vapours of mercury and sodium.
They have a distinct yellow or golden yellow appearance.
vMetal halide lamps Also known as metal arc lamps, these are mercury
vapour lamps with metal compounds like halides. These are used in car
parking areas and city centres. They have a relatively shorter life.
P Solar energy-powered lights These lights do not require any wiring and
are powered by a photovoltaic panel. This panel charges the inverter, which
supplies power to lamps.
Guideline
Energy-efcient and renewable-energy-based external lighting
P Horizontal average illuminance should be equal to or more than that dened in IS:1944 (Parts I&II
1970, as per classication of road).
P 50%100% of outdoor lighting should be based on solar photovoltaics alone or in combination with other
renewable sources of energy like biomass, fuel cell, wind, and so on.
P Luminous efcacy of external light sources used for outdoor lighting shall equal or exceed 60 lm/W in
case of compact uorescent lamps, 75 lm/W in case of uorescent lamps, 50 lm/W
in case of light-emitting diodes, and 90 lm/W in case of high-pressure sodium vapour
lamp.
Efcient lighting
P Efcient lighting ensures visual comfort and utilizes energy optimally and
efciently.
P The switches used for outdoor lighting generally do not take seasonal
variation into account, which results in the wastage of energy. Therefore,a device or a timer should be used that is sensitive to seasonal variations
and adjusts on the basis of actual length of day/night.
P Microcontroller-based time switch has inputs like real time, date, month,
year, and plus and minus offset. Due to its versatile concept of switching
at sunset and sunrise timings throughout the year, it saves on electrical
units, resulting in reduced electric bills.
P Solar energy and other sources of renewable energy can be used for outdoor
lighting, which requires minimum maintenance and operation cost.
Criteria for choosing outdoor lighting
The choice of source for external lighting is guided by following considerations.
P Luminous ux
P Economy (determined by lumens/watt and life)
P Colour characteristics
Types of outdoor lighting
Solar PV panel powered outdoor
lighting
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Guideline
Providing basic amenities in order to reduce the use of private vehicles
BenetsP Facilities like grocery stores, health care, community halls, ATMs, parks, and recreational facilities need
to be located within a 500-metre radius from where the people live or residential complexes come up.
P This will ensure that the people do not have to travel long distances in their private vehicles to procure
things of daily use.
P There would be minimal adverse impacts on the environment, as there would be limited emission of
polluting greenhouse gases, particularly carbon dioxide.
P Provision of basic facilities in new and upcoming residential localities ensures that these localities
develop into buzzing centres.
P People are saved from the drudgery of going long distances and have more quality time to spend as they
wish to.
Various facilities for which guidelines have been provided are as follows.
P Schools Ideally, there should be a pre-primary/nursery school for a population of 200 people, a primary
school for a population of about 5000 people, and a senior secondary school for a population of 7500
people. This will ensure that children do not have to travel long distance.
P Hospitals A clinic should be available for a population comprising 15 000 people, and a nursing home
with child care facilities should be available for a population of 50 000 people.
P Recreational facility People need community halls to organize various functions like marriages or to
simply play or relax. There should be a community hall for 5000 people, and for a population of about
15 000 people, there should be a community hall and a library.
P Petrol pump There should be at least one petrol pump for 150 hectares of gross residential areas.
P Milk booths Milk booths offer various dairy products like milk, curd, buttermilk, and so on. There
should be a milk booth for every 5000 people.
P LPG (liquid petroleum gas) godowns LPG facilities should be made available for the residential areas.
There should be a gas godown for 40 000 to 50 000 people.
P Police post Any residential area needs to have a foolproof security system. There should be a police
post for 40 00050 000 people and a police station for a population of 90 000.
P Fire station There should be at least one re station or a sub-re station for a population of 200 000
people, within 13 kilometres.
P Fruit and vegetable market Informal activities take place in a fruit and vegetable market. So such a
market needs to be planned and designed keeping the specications of the residential areas in mind.
Close proximity o various
services to the building
helps in reducing the need
or transportation
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Guideline
Reduction of outdoor light pollution
Source of light pollutionLight pollution can occur in one of the following ways.
P Outdoor illumination There is excessive and wasteful scatter of light, which contributes to light
pollution. This also leads to unwanted illuminance and glare.
P Advertising display The attractive lights used by companies to promote their products also causes light
pollution. They also distract motorists.
Impacts of light pollution
P Light reected from buildings at night-time helps
pedestrians, but excessive light can also cause
discomfort and distract motorists.
P Night-time sky visibility gets reduced due to excessive
articial lighting, which hampers the work of
astronomers.P Light pollution also affects operations at airports,
where pilots may face problems due to excessive
articial lighting.
P Light pollution impacts the biological cycles of ora
and fauna in the vicinity of articial lights and also
affects the ecosystems operational in the area.
P Behaviourial patterns of animals and birds get
affected due to articial lighting.
P Excessive spillage of light is a form of electricity wastage.
Zone classication
The Commission Internationale de lEclairge has divided areas into four broad categories or zones and has
set standards for the degree of light pollution permissible in these areas.
Each zone has been given a certain lux level restriction, the maximum being 6 lux for a subject lighting
in zone E4 during nighttime, while in zones like E1 and E2, a maximum of 1 lux is permitted for subject
lighting.
P E1 (intrinsically dark) This zone comprises areas such as national parks, where life thrives in every
form. Articial lighting may interfere with the natural activity of ora and fauna. Astronomical
observatories also fall under this category.
P E2 (low ambient brightness) This zone comprises rural and sub-urban areas, and road lighting in these
areas is brighter than usual.
P E3 (medium ambient brightness) This zone comprises areas where night-time activity is slightly more
than E2 zone. So, here comparatively brighter light is permitted.
P E4 (high ambient brightness) Brightest of all zones. Comprises urban downtown areas, where a lot of
commercial activity takes place, especially at nights. So, high ambient brightness is permitted in this
zone.
Reducing light pollution
P Care should be taken while designing external lighting so that the difference between lit and unlit areas
is not very stark.
P External lighting should be turned off when not required, so as to conserve energy.
P For E1 and E2 zones, full cut-off luminaires should be used. For other zones, semi cut-off or non cut-off
luminaires should be used.
P Sensors should be used.
PRenewable sources of energy like solar panels should be used.
P Use of efcient lamps ensures energy saving.
Full cut-o and semi cut-o luminaires used to
control outdoor light pollution
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Solar passive architecture design strategiesP Landscaping Micro climate of a place can be altered by growing
trees and vegetation. Roof gardens also reduce heat load.
P Waterbodies Water has a moderating effect on air temperature.
It has a high thermal storage capacity. Water evaporation has a
cooling effect on surroundings.
P Orientation The amount of solar radiation falling on a surface
varies with orientation.P Building form Building form affects solar access and wind
exposure as well as the rate of heat gain and loss through the
external envelope.
P Building materials and construction techniques The energy content of a building can be reduced by
using building materials that use low energy in manufacturing.
P Building envelope Building envelope components like walls, roof, windows, oor, and surface
nishes are the key determinants of the amount of heat gain or loss and wind entering the building.
P Thermal storage/thermal capacity The heat storing capacity of building materials helps to
moderate uctuation in the indoor temperature by providing a time delay.
P Thermal insulation Insulation should be placed on the external side of wall and roof composition.
Heat gain through roofs could be reduced by external insulation, green roof or use of high reective
material on roof top.
Advanced passive coolingtechniques
P Evaporative cooling Waterbodies like
ponds, lakes or fountains help reduce air
temperature.
P Radiative cooling Heat loss from the hotter
element will occur until equilibrium is
reached.
P Ventilation It is the exchange of air between
the inside of a building and outside, which can beattained by cross-ventilation and stack effect.
Guideline
Solar passive design
P Buildings should minimize their dependence on conventional
systems of heating, cooling, ventilation, and lighting, which utilize
electricity produced from non-renewable energy sources.
P Solar passive buildings are designed to provide thermal and visual
comfort by using natural energy sources and sinks like solar
radiation, outside air, wet surfaces, vegetation, and so on.
Objectives of solar passive buildings
P Solar passive buildings aim at providing high quality thermal and
visual comfort using natural elements.
P These buildings save energy and do not pollute the environment.
They provide a healthy atmosphere to live and work.
P They have a potential to reduce energy demand by 5%20%.
P These buildings can also function independent of mechanical systems, which mean that in case of powerfailure, they are well lit by natural daylight and are thermally comfortable.
Designing a solar passive building
Courtyard planning is a recommended passive
eature or hot and dry climate
Landscaping or modiying the micro-climate
Cross-ventilation and stack eect
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Guideline
Roof treatment to reduce heat gains
Roof is the largest source of heat gain, especially in low-rise buildings. Hence, proper treatment of roof is
necessary to reduce heat gains during daytime.
Roof treatment: facts and benets
P Treatment of roofs provides comfort levels and reduces cooling loads inside a building.
P Thermally insulating the roof reduces the U-value (thermal conductivity) for the roof section.
P A dark-coloured roof absorbs more heat and sunlight, increasing the cooling demand of the building.
P A reective roof absorbs less heat and reects incident radiation. High albedo (or solar reectance,
which is a measure of a materials ability to reect sunlight) roof coatings or paints can be applied to
roofs.
P An ideal exterior surface coating would have, on a scale 0 to 1, reectance near 1 and absorptance near
0. White plaster very nearly achieves this.
P By applying roof insulation in a 24-hour fully air-conditioned residential building, an annual energy
savings of 14% is achieved. Payback period is almost six years.
Specications recommended by the Energy Conservation Building Code ofIndia, 2007
P All exposed roof shall have a maximum U-factor of 0.261 W/m2 C or a minimum R-value (the measure
of its resistance to heat ow. The higher the R-value, the more the material insulates. It is the
reciprocal of U-factor) of 3.5 m2 C/W.
P Roofs with slope less than 20 shall have an initial solar reectance, on a scale of 0 to 1, of no less than
0.70 and an initial emittance (ability of a material to release absorbed heat) no less than 0.75 or shall
have 100% shading by using solar water heating panels or solar photovoltaic panels or shall have green
roof by integrating roof garden ventilation.
Roof insulationRoof insulation protects the building
against the inow of heat during the day.
In India, construction practices mainly
involve using RCC (reinforced cement
concrete) as a roong element, which
has a high thermal conductivity. Various
insulation methods are discussed below.
P Overdeck insulation In this system,
a thermal barrier is provided over
the RCC, so that the heat of the
sun doesnt reach the RCC slab of
the roof at all. Overdeck insulation
is carried out by either preformed
insulation materials, which are
adhered to the roof with the help of
a primer and an adhesive coat, or in
situ applications, which are applied
directly over the roof by spraying.
P Conventional practices Examples are foam concrete, mud phuska, and brick bat coba. However, these
are quite heavy and add dead load to the roof slab. These also have a tendency to develop cracks.
P Using higher albedo materials/cool roof Higher albedo paints and coats can signicantly reduce the
heat island effect. These are highly efcient, energy saving, non-toxic, and environment friendly.
Roo insulation or reducing heat gains
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Guideline
Window design for daylighting, solar control, and ventilation
For air-conditioned buildingsP Window-to-wall ratio should be restricted to maximum 60% of the gross wall
area. U-factor value and SHGC (solar heat gain coefcient) value should be
less than that recommended by the ECBC.
P Skylight area should be limited to a maximum of 5% of the gross roof area.
U-factor value and SHGC value should be less than that recommended by
the ECBC.
P Windows should be designed to meet daylight requirements as per the BIS.
For naturally ventilated non-air-conditioned buildings
P Windows should be designed to achieve maximum ventilation. Normally,
window areas having 15%20% of oor area are ideal for both ventilation and daylight in hot and dryclimate zones.
P Windows should be completely shaded to avoid solar external heat gains through the openings.
P While designing windows, daylight requirements of the BIS should be met.
Windows
P Windows can achieve natural daylight and natural cooling through ventilation.
P Windows can be properly designed to cut down solar heat gains.
P Windows can be designed to provide glare-free diffuse natural daylight inside the building.
P Optimized window designs reduce the annual energy consumption for lighting and air conditioning.
Window design
Window size and placementP The higher the window head, the deeper will be the penetration of daylight.
P Strip windows provide more uniform daylight.
P Big windows should not be placed close to work area, as they may cause
thermal discomfort.
P View and light windows should be separate.
P Window-to-wall ratio should not be more than 60% of the gross wall area.
GlazingGlass is the most common glazing material used, although recently,
polycarbonate sheets are being used for skylights.
P
Glass with higher light transmittance should be selected.P Reective glazing reects a large portion of solar radiation incident on it and thereby restrict heat gains
from window.
P Thermal transmittance, or U-value (affecting conduction heat gains), should be lower.
FrameThe type and quality of window frame affects a windows air inltration and heat gain/heat loss
characteristics. The most common types of framing materials used are metal, wood, and polymers.
Shading devicesP External shading It is the most effective, as it cuts off direct sunlight during summer and allows winter
sunlight to enter inside the space.
P
Internal shading device By adjusting these properly, diffuse sunlight can be allowed to enter. However,they do not keep solar heat out.
Light shel-cum-window shade
Shading projection actors
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0
Guideline
Design energy-efcient lighting in all new residential and commercialbuildings and retrot existing lighting systems with efcient ones
Norms and standards to be followedP The illuminance levels on working plane should conrm to the levels recommended by the NBC (National
Building Code), 2005.
P The uniformity ratio (minimum illuminance divided by average illuminance levels) of an area, which is
entirely being utilized as a workplace, should not be less than 0.7, as per the NBC, 2005.
P Light power density (W/m2) of each space in the building and for the whole building should conrm to
the ECBC (Energy Conservation Building Code), 2007.
P Lighting systems in the interior spaces of buildings and exterior building features
like faade, roofs, entrances, exits, ground, and so on should comply with the
provisions of the ECBC. Some of the exceptions are as follows.
v Display or accent lighting used in galleries, museums, and so on.
v
Lighting specically designed for medical or dental procedures.v Lighting integral to food warming and food preparation equipment.
P Daylight control strategies, as per the ECBC, 2007, for perimeter areas should
be integrated with access to daylighting.
P Mandatory lighting controls as per the ECBC, 2007, should be applied.
Good lighting tips
P Lamps with high colour rendering index should be used.
P For ofces, semi-direct luminaries are recommended.
P For corridors and staircases, direct type of luminaires with wide spread of light distribution are
recommended.
P For residential buildings, bare uorescent tubes are recommended.
P The NBC recommends a range of illumination levels for an activity, as conditions might be different forthe same activity in different interiors.
v Higher value of the range should be used when unusually low reectance or contrasts are present
in the task, errors are costly to rectify, accuracy or high productivity is needed, and visual work is
critical.
v Lower value of the range may be used when the reectance or contrast is unusually high, speed
and accuracy are not important, and the task is executed only occasionally.
P Lighting in external and common area for existing residential complexes/buildings should be retrot
with efcient xtures and lighting controls.
P All the spaces should use efcient lighting equipment like lamps, luminaires, and control gears.
P Lights should be dimmed or switched off when rooms are unoccupied or during daylit hours.
Benets of efcient lightingP Improved visibility Energy-efcient lighting design enhances the quality and efciency of lighting.
P Energy saving By reducing the connected load of the lighting system, energy savings are maximized.
Efcient lighting controls reduce energy consumption by avoiding wastage.
P Retrot Retrot options can be used in buildings for saving electricity.
Ecient
lamp and
luminaire
LED lamps
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Guideline
Design energy-efcient space conditioning in commercial buildings
HVAC (heating, ventilating, and air-conditioning) systems account for 60%80% of the energy used
in commercial buildings. An efcient system design has the potential to save 20%30% energy over a
conventional design.P Spaces that need air conditioning should be delineated. While designing functional layout of buildings,
air-conditioned spaces should be reduced. Spaces that are not frequently occupied, like corridors,
atrium, lobbies, toilets, stores, and so on, may not be air conditioned.
P The inside and outside designs of buildings should be in accordance with the National Building Code,
2005.
P Refrigerant used in air conditioners should be free of chlorouorocarbons.
P All heating and cooling equipment should meet the minimum efciency requirements, as specied in the
ECBC (Energy Conservation Building Code), 2007.
P The minimum fresh air required in a mechanically ventilated or air-conditioned spaces should be as
recommended in the National Building Code, 2005.
P Pipework and ductwork insulation as per the ECBC, 2007, to be followed.
Towards energy-efcient HVAC systems
P Reduce cooling load by controlling unwanted heat gain External heat gains can be avoided by
architectural designs, light-coloured building surfaces, vegetation, and high performance glazing, while
internal heat gains can be reduced by using efcient HVAC equipment and direct venting of spot heat
sources. Load reduction saves energy and, thus, cost.
P Expand the comfort envelope with reduced radiant heat load, increased air ow, less insulated
furniture, and more appropriate dress These have the potential to save 20%30% of remaining loads.
P Optimizing the delivery system Huge savings are possible from reducing the velocity, pressure, and
friction losses in ducts and piping.
P Apply non-vapour compression cooling
techniques Examples include natural ventilation,
ground-coupled cooling, night sky cooling, and
evaporation cooling. They typically use 20%30%
as much energy per unit cooling as conventional
cooling equipment.
P Serve the remaining load with high efciency
refrigerate cooling More efcient chillers, pumps,
and fans, multiplexed chillers, low friction duct
layout and sizing, low pressure drops in air handling
and piping components, and overall optimization of
the entire HVAC system will further help in making
system more efcient.
P Use of economizers/energy recovery wheel
Economizers are mechanical devices that reduceenergy consumption or perform other useful
functions like preheating a uid. In simple term, an
economizer is a heat exchanger. It could be air-side or water-side.
vAir-side economizer It can save energy in buildings by using cool outside air for cooling the indoor
space. It also improves indoor air quality.
v Water-side economizer It uses water cooled by a wet cooling tower to cool buildings, without
operating a chiller.
P Improve control Through better algorithms, sensors, signal delivery, user interface, simulators, and
other measures. Use of variable frequency drives in fans and pumps can save signicant amount of
energy.
Chiller system in a central HVAC plant
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Guideline
Use BEE-labelled equipment and appliances in all new buildings andreplace or retrot the existing equipment with BEE-labelled equipment
Labelled applianceP Energy consumption by products manufactured by various manufacturers varies.
P Often, information on the energy consumption by a product is not easily available
or is difcult to understand.
P This gap in information may lead to excessive use of energy.
P In case of confusion, it is always better to use a labelled appliance.
P An appliance is generally rated based on its performance and energy consumption.
Advantages of using labelled products
P The energy rating label helps consumers compare energy efciency of domestic
appliances on a fair and equitable basis and make an informed decision.
P
Manufacturers, in turn, vie with each other to improve their products.P Labelled products perform better.
P Labelled products are generally energy efcient.
P Better performing and energy-efcient appliances with clean technology
have minimal environmental impacts.
Star performance
P The rating of appliances in India is done by the BEE.
P Labelled appliances carry the symbol of stars.
P The higher the number of stars, the more efcient the product is.
P For example, a BEE 3-star rated 1.5-tonne window AC (air conditioner) would consume 2800 units of
electricity in a year compared to an inefcient unrated AC of the same size, which would consume
3625 units in a year.
P An efcient 3-star 1.5-tonne AC would cost about Rs 2100, while an unrated AC of the same size
would cost Rs 1500. The price difference would vanish in a little over one year due to savings in the
electricity bill.
Efcient installation and usage of room ACs
Following points should be kept in mind while using an AC.
P While installing an AC, it should be ensured that the exterior, or back, is not exposed to direct sunlight
and is away from heat sources like chimney.
P Appliances such as TVs, computers or lamps should be kept away from the AC.
P The temperature (thermostat) of the AC should be set higher to reduce energy consumption.
PRegular maintenance of ACs improves their efciency.
Efcient refrigerators
P The cost of running a refrigerator is several times the initial purchase price. So, more efcient model
should be bought.
P Smaller models will obviously use less energy than larger models.
P Models with top- or bottom-mounted freezers use, on an average, 12% less energy than side-by-side
designs.
P Features like through-the-door ice, chilled water or automatic ice-makers increase the energy
consumption, purchase price, and energy use.
P A 5-star rated refrigerator does cost more initially compared to, say, a 2-star refrigerator, but its cost
of operation over the years is less due to better design and insulation.
BEE star label or appliances
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Guideline
Solar water heating systems for domestic and commercial buildings
P Solar water heating systems should be provided for residential, commercial, and institutional buildings.
P These water heating systems will be required to meet a minimum of 20% of water heating needs on an
annual basis.P Insulation on pipelines should be provided as per norms.
P To reduce water wastage, water recirculating pumps should be provided in
high-rise buildings.
Solar water heating: some facts and gures
P A solar water heater uses the energy of the sun to heat water, which is used for
various applications like bathing, washing, cooking, and other chores.
P A domestic water heater with a capacity of 100 lpd (litres per day) caters to
a family of four or ve members.
P It can easily replace a 2-kW electric geyser and can save up to 1500 units of
electricity in a year.
P It recovers its cost in three to ve years, depending on the electricity tariff and hot water used in a year.P After this, water is available almost free of cost for the remaining lifespan of the system, which is 1520 years.
P The cost of the water heater with a capacity of 100 lpd ranges between Rs 18 000 and Rs 25 000.
P The overall potential of solar water heating in India is estimated to be 140 million m2. Of this, about
1 million m2 of solar collector area has been realized.
Components of a solar water heating system
A solar water heating system comprises of solar collectors, insulated hot water tank, back-up system,
plumbing (galvanized iron pipes and ttings), and controls and instruments (valves, temperature gauge,
thermostatic controller).
Types of solar water heating systemP Thermo siphon-type solar hot water system for capacities
of up to 2000 lpd.
P Forced ow solar hot water system for capacities higher
than 2000 lpd.
Guidelines for design, installation, and useof solar water heating systems
P Solar collector should face true south for collecting
maximum solar radiation.
P The tilt of the solar collector should be equal to the latitude of the place, which will ensure the
collection of maximum annual energy. Tilt equal to +15 gives maximum energy collection in winter,while that equal to 15 gives maximum energy collection in summer.
P The load-carrying capacity of the roof should be checked before installing the system.
Guidelines for system selection and use
P The hardness of the water to be used in solar heating systems should be checked to avoid blockage of
small diameter pipes of the solar collector due to the deposition of salts.
P The location and layout of the heating system should be nalized at the building design stage, which will
reduce cost and heat loss due to long pipes.
P Good quality pipes and insulation and a continuous supply of water should be ensured for efcient and
trouble-free operations.
P When not in use, solar collectors should be covered with opaque covers to avoid the overheating of the
heating system.
Solar water heater
Schematic diagram explaining the unctioning o a SWH
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Guideline
Perform mandatory energy audit for existing commercial buildingswith connected load in cases of 500 kW or 600 kVA, and reduce energyexpenditure over previous year
Benets of energy audit
P It indicates the ways in which different forms of energy are being used and quantify energy use
according to discrete functions.
P It seeks to prioritize energy uses according to the greatest to least cost-effective opportunities for
energy savings.
P It helps in achieving reduction in the energy costs by proper utilization of the existing equipment and
systems.
P It gives a positive orientation to the energy cost reduction, preventive maintenance, and quality control
programmes, which are vital for production and utility activities.
P
It leads to reduced adverse environmental impacts, as there will be reduction in the emission ofgreenhouse gases.
Auditing energy consumption in a building
Energy demand and consumption in a building can be identied using following steps.
P Data collection On annual energy bills, fuel bills, total built up area (m2), and air conditioned
area (m2).
P Analysis Of establishing energy performance index (kWh/m2-year), which is a measuring tool to
evaluate the performance of the building in terms of the total energy consumption (kWh) and the total
built-up area (m2) and SEGR (specic energy generation ratio), which is a measuring tool to evaluate the
performance of diesel generators.
P Observations and recommendations On comments on the energy performance of the building, ondiesel generator performance, and tariff rate.
P Energy conservation measures Improving SEGR of diesel generators, analysing the scope of reducing
the existing operating consumption (kWh) of the building by installing energy-efcient systems.
Auditing electrical system
P Data collection On the main source of electricity for the building and its single line diagram.
P Measurement Of building load for two days and operating load of LT motors.
P Analysis Of motor loading (%), voltage, and power factor at transformer.
P Observation and recommendation On the power factor, motor loading percentage, transformer losses,
and voltage imbalance among the three phases.P Energy conservation measures Maintaining power factor by installing capacitor banks, identifying
motors on the basis of their loading rates and balancing loads.
Auditing lighting system
P Data collection On lighting source.
P Measurement Of illumination level and lighting load (kW).
P Analysis Of lighting consumption (kWh) and lighting power density (W/m2).
P Observation and recommendation On maintained visual comfort and measured lighting power density
(W/m2).
P Energy conservation measures Selecting proper xture and integrating daylighting with articial
lighting and using automatic lighting control devices.
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COMFORT
The primary function of the building envelope is to protect the occupants
of the building from the heat of the sun and rains, and provide a congenial
environment for work and leisure. To achieve this, it is almost always
essential to provide energy-consuming space-conditioning and lighting
devices. To reduce energy demand, it is necessary that the design
measures adopted should result in the reduction in space conditioning, lighting, and
service water heating loads. The rst step towards reducing energy demand is to
integrate suitable bio-climatic design principles while designing the macroclimate
and microclimate of the site. The climatic design varies from one climate zone to theother. India has six climatic zones representing varying climatic conditions, ranging
from extreme cold conditions in the cold desert of Leh, Ladakh, to extreme hot and
dry conditions in Rajasthan. A building designed for hot climate should have features
to reduce solar gain, like smaller window size, shaded walls, minimum exposure to
west and east directions, use of external wall and roof insulation, or design elements
like solar chimneys, wind towers, and so on to maximize ventilation. Hyderabad is in
a predominantly hot and dry climate, and hence, water-based features also aid in the
cooling of spaces.
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Guideline
Thermal comfort
Provide thermal comfort (for air-conditioned and naturally ventilated spaces) as per
the National Building Code, 2005
Dening the term
ASHRAE denes thermal comfort in laymans term as the state of mind that expresses satisfaction with the
surrounding environment. More technically, it is that condition of the environment under which a person
can maintain the body heat balance at normal body temperature, without sweating. It depends on various
environmental and physiological factors, as listed below.
E n v i r o n m e n t a l f a c t o r s
P Dry bulb temperature
P Mean radiant temperature
P Relative humidity
P Air movement
Ph y si o l o g i c a l f a c t o r s
P Metabolic rate
P Clothing level
Thermal comfort in buildings
In India, according to the National Building Code, 2005, thermal comfort of a person lies between 25 C
and 30 C. Providing thermal comfort in this range to occupants is a challenge for building designers. Most
buildings use air-conditioning systems to achieve thermal comfort, which consume a lot of energy. The
green and energy-efcient buildings with tangible benets use passive cooling and natural ventilation to
achieve thermal comfort. Ventilation requirement could be met through natural ventilation, mechanical
ventilation, and mixed mode ventilation.
Some building design guidelines
Na t u r a l v e n t i l a t i o n
P Maximize wind-induced ventilation by orienting the longer faade of the building towards predominant
wind direction.
P Buildings should be sited where obstructions for summer winds are minimum.
P Naturally ventilated buildings should have a narrow oor width.
P Inlet openings should be located on the windward side at a low level, while outlet openings should be
located on the leeward side at a higher level, to maximize stack effect.
P Window openings should be operable by occupants.
P To enhance airow between the rooms, open interior doors should be designed.
P To get rid of the stale air, clerestories, or vented skylights, can be used.
M e c h a n i c a l v e n t i l a t i o n
P Ceiling fans are used for inducing air motion for comfort. To optimize the power consumption and
comfort, correct number and location of fans with respect to room size should be determined.
P Exhaust fans are used in kitchens, bathrooms, stores to replace stale air with fresh air.
M i x e d m o d e v e n t i l a t i o n
P Mixed mode involves strategies combining natural ventilation with mechanical ventilation. In this
approach, buildings can smoothly function as air-conditioned buildings as well as naturally ventilated
buildings with passive concepts.
Passive cooling techniques
P Passive cooling techniques involve strategies or design features to achieve comfort with minimum or no
usage of power. Wind-induced ventilation, passive downdraught cooling, evaporative cooling, and earthair tunnels can be used to cool buildings.
Exhaust o hot and stale air or better thermal comort
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Guideline
Visual comfort through daylight
Glare-free daylight integration in buildings through proper planning of windows, with
respect to position, area, and shape, to achieve daylight factor as recommended by BIS.
Advantages of daylight
P In a typical air-conditioned building, articial lights account for approximately
30% of the total electricity demand. This demand can be reduced considerably by
integrating natural daylight during the daytime.
P Working in daylight will be easy on eyes and will increase productivity.
Following factors help in accomplishing daylighting in a building.
Room characteristics
PRooms facing north receive fairly constant, indirect daylight and rooms facing south receive bright,direct sunlight all the year. So, a room should be constructed in such a way that it is illuminated by both
direct and indirect sunlight.
P Rooms with windows on two sides get maximum daylight.
P For good light penetration, the depth of rooms adjacent to the daylight source should be kept relatively
small.
P The internal and external nish of a building should be light in colour, as light-coloured surfaces reect
more light.
Window design
P The higher the window head, the deeper will be the penetration of daylight.
P Strip windows provide more uniform daylight.
P Big windows close to task areas should be avoided, as they may heat up theplace.
P Separate apertures for view and daylight should be used.
Glazing type
P Single glazing gives the best daylight, while double glazing gives 20% less sunlight.
P Tinted glazing has low visibility, thus it cuts out daylight.
P An ideal spectrally selective glazing admits only that part of the suns energy
that is useful for daylighting.
P A good glazing for daylighting with a relatively high visible
transmittance will appear transparent from outside.
Shading devices
P External moving shading device is the most effective, as it cuts off
direct sunlight during summer.
P With proper adjustment, an internal shading device allows indirect
sunlight to enter inside. However, it is not preferred, as it does not
keep solar heat out.
Innovative daylighting system
P Light shelves protect occupants from direct sunlight in summers and allow sufcient light in winter.
P Fixed and movable louvers are preferred options for integration of diffuse daylight.
P Skylight adds natural lighting to dull, dark, and deep rooms.P Light pipes transport daylight through thick roof structures and attics.
Day lighted zone
External shades help cut
direct sunlight, reduce glare
and heat gain
Light pipes should be used
or better interior daylighting
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Guideline
Use of low VOC paints/adhesives/sealants
Use internal nishes with zero or low VOC (volatile organic compound) content, less
than the dened limits
Adverse impacts of VOCs
Building materials such as paints, sealants, and adhesives are used as nishing agents for the exterior and
interior surfaces. However, they lead to poor air quality and can have adverse impacts on the health of
the occupants and can also be odorous. A wide variety of volatiles are released by both solvent-based and
water-based paints through oxidation. Sealants and adhesives contain toxic chemicals that are released
during construction and occupancy.
Effects on the envir onment
P VOCs are divided into methane and non-methane compounds.
Methane is a potent greenhouse gas and contributes to global
warming. This does not mean that non-methane compounds are
safe. Even they are harmful pollutants, as they prolong the life of
methane in the atmosphere.
P Some VOCs react with nitrogen oxides in the air in the presence of
sunlight to form ozone. Higher ozone concentration at ground level
causes damage to crops and buildings, and other health hazards.
P VOCs are responsible for deteriorating air quality inside a building,
causing sick building syndrome.
P VOCs also result in foul odour.
Effects on health
VOCs, especially formaldehydes and urethanes, contained within the building materials can be injurious tohealth. They can cause conjunctival irritation, nose and throat discomfort, headache, allergic skin reaction,
and so on.
Guidelines on using paints/adhesives/sealants
P Water-based acrylics, rather than solvent-based oil paints, should be used.
P All sealants and adhesives used should be water based rather than solvent based or should have low
solvent content.
P Most construction adhesives should be characterized by adequate bond strengths in water.
P Acrylics, silicones, and siliconized acrylics are the safest sealants to use in the interiors and have the
lowest solvent content.P Solvent-based products such as urethanes and butyls should preferably not be used indoors.
P Adhesives usually have high VOC emission potential. Hence, adhesives such as acrylics or phenolic resins
should be used, which have low or no VOC emission. Phenol formaldehyde can also be used indoors.
P It should be ensured that composite wood products/agri-bre products do not contain any added urea
formaldehyde resin.
Low-VOC paints
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Guideline
Outdoor and indoor noise levels
P Outdoor and indoor noise levels should be maintained as recommended by the
National Building Code, 2005.
P Appropriate noise control measures should be taken for ensuring acceptable
outdoor and indoor noise levels so as to enhance comfort.
P Ambient standards of noise for different types of establishments should be adhered
to. For example, daytime limit for noise in a residential area, an industrial area,
and a silence zone (like hospitals, educational institutions, and so on) is 55 dB, 75
dB, and 50 dB, respectively.
Guidelines to attenuate noise
Various measures can be adopted indoors and outdoors to control noise levels.
Outdoor
P Zoning Town planning authorities can undertake zoning of
different areas in a city, taking into account, besides other
aspects, noise levels in different zones and establishments.
Some buildings and establishments are particularly
vulnerable to noise, like recording and radio studios,
hospitals, and research laboratories.
P Green belts and landscaping Thick belts of planting are of
particular importance in combating noise pollution. Strong
leafy trees should be planted. Shrubs or creepers may
also be planted along with trees. Hard paving should be
avoided, and plantation should be grown to effectively cut-off noise.
P Highway noise barriers Barriers are often the most effective
means of reducing trafc noise around residential areas. These barriers can be in the form of free-
standing walls, articial mounds, and so on. Even multi-storeyed dwellings and garages block noise.
Indoor
P Internal planning A building should be designed and
oriented in such a way so as to reduce noise. The
non-critical areas, such as corridors, elevators, and
bathrooms, should be located on the noisy side, and
the critical areas should be located on the quiet side.
P Windows and doors Windows and doors should be built
in such a way that they face away from the noisy side.
Windows of noisy and quiet rooms should not openon the same side. For critical quiet spaces, insulated
glazing units should be used. Reduction of insulation
due to door opening between rooms and corridors
should be borne in mind.
P Walls and partitions Walls of appropriate thickness
reduce the transmission of noise through them.
P Sound absorbents Sound-absorbing materials can also be utilized to reduce the built-up or air-borne noise
at the source.
Dense vegetation helps reduce noise levels
Use o noise barriers
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Guideline
Indoor air quality
P In air-conditioned spaces, fresh air requirement as per the NBC (National Building Code), 2005, shall be
achieved.
v Fresh air supply maintains non-odorous atmosphere and dilutes the CO2
exhaled.
v This quantity is usually quoted per person and is related to the occupant density and activity within
the space.
v The quantity and distribution of introduced fresh air should take into account the natural
inltration of the building.
v The proportion of fresh air introduced into a building may be varied for economical operations.
P In non-air-conditioned spaces, minimum air changes per hour, as recommended by the NBC, should be
achieved.
v Fresh air is required for thermal comfort, to provide oxygen, and to maintain CO2
concentration.
Advantages of maintaining good air quality
P Maintaining air quality in a building ensures that the building does not suffer from sick building
syndrome, which is related to poor indoor air quality.
P Enough fresh air in the building leads to good health of occupants, which increases their productivity.
Towards ensuring good air quality
P The ventilation and air conditioning system installed in a building should clean and condition the air.
P Enough fresh air should be introduced to remove totally or dilute the odour, fumes, and so on.
P Local extract system should be used to remove contaminants or smell when air is recirculated.
P Air inlets and extracts to the system should be positioned carefully. Inlets should not be placed near any
ue outlet, kitchen, extraction outlet, and so on. Inlet openings should be placed at high levels to get
as much clean air as possible.
P Particulate matter should be removed from air by using an efcient air ltration system. Air intake
locations should be placed properly.
P Fumes and smell may be removed from the air by physical or chemical processes.
P Tobacco and smoke can be controlled by putting health strategies in place, such as prohibiting smoking
in indoor areas or providing designated smoking zones with separate ventilation systems.
Indoor plants used to
improve indoor air quality
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WATER
Water is one of the basic requirements of any habitat. Hyderabad is
endowed with a number of natural and articial lakes and tanks.
So, ideally, the state should be able to meet the increasing water
demand to a great extent. However, the situation is just the opposite.
The state is facing severe water crisis due to increasing demand as a
result of rapidly increasing population and changing lifestyles. The existing lakes and
tanks are not able to provide sufcient water, as encroachments into lake beds and
catchment areas have reduced their storage capacity.
To add to this problem of water scarcity, the water supply system has manydrawbacks: the hours of water supply are limited; network coverage is partial and
there are very few piped connections; per capita water supply is as low as 90 lpcd
(litres per capita per day); meters are not functional; and water loss is very high.
Adopting water conservation practices, increasing awareness on water conservation
amongst city dwellers, using rainwater harvesting system, recycling water, and ensuring
proper maintenance for removing leakages would eventually lead to a reduction in
water demand. By using low-ow xtures and adopting xeriscaping, water demand in
buildings can be reduced by up to 40%. Rainwater harvesting can reduce the demand
for potable drinking water by almost 80%.
In order to implement such potential water conservation measures, water-related
EBRGs have been developed as per the framework described below.
P Reducing water demand in new buildings by reducing wastage and increasing
efciency internally and externally by adopting suitable design and ensuring
optimal operation.
P Reducing water demand in existing buildings by encouraging retrotting.
P Ensuring high standards of drinking water quality by recommending appropriate
water treatment systems.
P Suggesting alternative supply through rainwater harvesting and waste water
recycling (these guidelines are under sewage and storm water sections).
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Guideline
Water conserving ttings
The consumption of potable water in all new buildings has to be
reduced by adopting following measures.
P At least 25% reduction in water consumption should beachieved from all sources, including borewell, by using water-
efcient ttings, as calculated using the water consumption
calculator.
P Uniform pressure, restricted to 2530 m head, or 200 kPA,
should be maintained by using the following.
v Separate distribution downtakes for each set of oors.
vOrice anges or pressure reducing valves.
Benets
P
Water saving ttings can save up to 40% of potable water in a typical four-memberhousehold.
P Savings with individual ttings can be as indicated below.
v An old style single-ush toilet could use up to 12 litres of water per ush, while a
standard dual-ush toilet uses just a quarter of this on a half-ush.
vUse of electronic ushing system or magic eye sensor can further reduce the ow
of water to 0.4 litre per ush, and waterless urinals use no water.
v A standard showerhead may use up to 25 litres of water per minute, whereas
water-efcient showerhead might use as little as 7 litres of water per minute,
which is less than a third of that consumed by standard showerhead.
v Showers with ow regulators or aerators can save up to 55% of water used
for showers.
v
Aerators can result in ow rates as low as 2 litres per minute, which is adequatefor hand wetting purpose.
v Taps with ow regulators, IR sensors or aerators can save up to 63% of water used for washing.
v A water-efcient washing machine may use only one-third of the water used by an inefcient
model.
Water consumption calculator
The calculator can be used to calculate the following.
P Water saving potential of efcient ttings
P Water saving potential of native species and micro irrigation systems
P Water saving potential of grey water or waste water treatment and reuse
P Choosing grey water and waste watersystems based on treated water
usage
P Water saving potential of rainwater
collection and reuse
P Tank sizing for rainwater collection
tank
Water fow rom
conventional showerheads
could be 3 times higher
than that o a water
ecient showerhead
Various types o water
conserving ttings
An illustration o the various areas o
water conservation in a house
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Water quality testing
P Water can be tested in laboratories to check for pH, conductivity, hardness, and so on by using
sophisticated instruments like spectrophotometers, chromatographs, and so on.
P Apart from these laboratory tests, test kits are also available in the market, which can be used
anywhere in the eld.
P Only when the TDS (total dissolved solid) levels in water cross the mark of 500 mg/l, making the watertaste brackish or khaara should you use an RO water purier.
Guideline
Choose water ltration system based on thequality of the water from a source
P
Water purication and ltration systems to achieve required drinkingwater quality have to be chosen based on the quality of supply water.
P If groundwater is used for drinking, water quality testing has to be
conducted. The water purication system will have to be designed
based on the requirements of the specic site.
Importance of choosing the right waterpurication system
Maintaining the quality of drinking water helps to ensure safe drinking water to
the consumer, and for this, both municipal and groundwater have to be treated.
Municipal water
P Requires treatment only for biological contamination to ensure safety.
P As simpler and cheaper treatment systems are sufcient to treat biological contamination, advance
treatment systems such as RO (reverse osmosis) and ion exchange systems are not only unnecessary for
treating municipal water but also expensive to install and maintain.
Groundwater
P If groundwater in Hyderabad is used for drinking without proper treatment, it could lead to health risks,
as shown in the detailed guideline (available on the website).
P Hence, advance systems such as RO and ion exchange systems have to be installed to ensure safe
drinking water.
P However, these treatment systems should be used to treat the quantity of water required for drinking
and cooking purposes only, in order to reduce wastage.
Principles of water purication
P Sedimentation A process whereby suspended matter in water settles
down, which can be separated by straining.
P Filtration The water is passed through the beds of ne granular materials
such as sand. Filtration helps in removing colour, odour, turbidity, and
pathogenic bacteria.
P Disinfection The treatment destroys harmful bacteria and protozoa by
either killing them or making them inactive. Common methods used are
boiling, chlorination, ozonation, solar disinfection, and so on.
P Demineralization Ion exchange, deionization, activated carbon ltration,
RO, and other treatment processes are employed for demineralization.
Ensure water meets
drinking water standards
beore use
Water supplied by the utility is also
prone to biological contamination
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