History of chemistry

HistoryHistory of chemistryof chemistry

Jana NevrláJana Nevrlá

Chemistry has been important Chemistry has been important since ancient timessince ancient times

The processing of natural The processing of natural ores to produce metalsores to produce metals

The Egyptians used The Egyptians used some chemicals to some chemicals to mummify the deadmummify the dead

For preparation of some For preparation of some medicine or poisonous medicine or poisonous compounds from flowers.compounds from flowers.

ancient – starý ore - ruda

processing – zpracování

About 400 years b. c.About 400 years b. c. Aristoteles Aristoteles – – distinguished Greek philosopher and distinguished Greek philosopher and

scientist. He affirmed that all matter is composed of scientist. He affirmed that all matter is composed of four fundamental substances: fire, water, earth and four fundamental substances: fire, water, earth and

air.air.

Demokritos and LeucipposDemokritos and Leucippos – they supposed – they supposed discrete structure of substances. discrete structure of substances.

They used term They used term atomosatomos (which later became (which later becameatoms) to decribe ultimate particles.atoms) to decribe ultimate particles.

distinguished – významný ultimate – konečný (ohraničený)particles – částice affirm - tvrdit

Demokritos

Aristoteles

AlchemyAlchemy Alchemists were obsessed with the idea of Alchemists were obsessed with the idea of

transformation of cheap metals into gold.transformation of cheap metals into gold. In this several elements were prepared and the mineral In this several elements were prepared and the mineral

acids, hydroxides and salts learned to prepare .acids, hydroxides and salts learned to prepare .

Alchemists assisted to developmentAlchemists assisted to development laborator operations and laboratorylaborator operations and laboratory equipmentequipment

Obsess – posedlý

Severa – některé

Assist – přispět

Bath - lázeň

Sixteenth centurySixteenth century Paracelsus Paracelsus (1493 – (1493 –

1541)1541) – – Swiss alchemist, Swiss alchemist, physician and astrologer. physician and astrologer. His full name is Philippus His full name is Philippus Theophrastus Bombatus Theophrastus Bombatus von Hohenheim. He was von Hohenheim. He was studied attributes of studied attributes of substances and substances and preparation of medicines.preparation of medicines.

Deal – zabývat se něčím

Attributes – vlastnosti

Physician - lékař

Seventeenth centurySeventeenth century►Robert BoyleRobert Boyle (1627 – 1691) – (1627 – 1691) –

Irish chemist, physicist, inventor Irish chemist, physicist, inventor and scientist. He was dealing and scientist. He was dealing behaviour of gases. Boyle´s behaviour of gases. Boyle´s major contribution to chemistry major contribution to chemistry consised of his ideas about the consised of his ideas about the chemical elements.chemical elements.

► The Greek system of four The Greek system of four elements finally died.elements finally died.

►George StahlGeorge Stahl (1660-1734) –(1660-1734) – he he suggested substancesuggested substance called called phlogistonphlogiston

Inventor – vynálezce

Behaviour – chování

Contribution - příspěvek

Another distinguished chemists Another distinguished chemists and scientists: and scientists:

Antoine LavoisierAntoine Lavoisier (1743-1794) – (1743-1794) – he recognized the importance of he recognized the importance of accurate measurements.accurate measurements.

John DaltonJohn Dalton (1766-1844) – (1766-1844) – atomic theory. He was the first atomic theory. He was the first to prepare a table of relative to prepare a table of relative atomic weights.atomic weights.

Recognize – poznat, připustitImportance – důležitost, významMeasurements - měření

18. and 19. century18. and 19. centuryAmadeo AvogadroAmadeo Avogadro (1776-1856) – (1776-1856) –

Italian chemist. He is an author of the Italian chemist. He is an author of the theory of molarity and molecular weights.theory of molarity and molecular weights.

Dimitri MendeleevDimitri Mendeleev (1834-1907) – (1834-1907) – creator of the first version of the periodic creator of the first version of the periodic table of elements.table of elements.

Ernest RuthefordErnest Rutheford (1871-1937) – he (1871-1937) – he described the theorical concepts of the described the theorical concepts of the atom and the phenomenon of radioactivity. atom and the phenomenon of radioactivity.

Thank you for your attention

Brno university of technology2007