Histology of gastrointestinal tract
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HISTOLOGY OF GASTROINTESTINA
L TRACT
By: Gan Quan Fu, PT, MSc Anatomy (Batch 3)
Content1. Introduction2. General Structure3. Histology of:
1. Oral Cavity2. Esophagus3. Stomach4. Small Intestine5. Large Intestine6. Appendix7. Salivary Gland8. Liver9. Gall Bladder10. Pancreas
4. Medical Application
IntroductionGastrointestinal Tract
Digestive Tracts
Oral Cavity
Esophagus
Stomach
Small & Large Intestines
Rectum
Anus
Associated Glands
Salivary Glands
Liver
Gall Bladder
Pancreas
General Structure of Digestive Tract
Common Characteristics:o Hollow tube composed of a lumen whose diameter
varies.o Surrounded by a wall made up of 4 principal layers:
• Mucosao Epithelial lining; A lamina propria of loose
connective tissues rich in blood, lymph vessels and smooth muscle cells; Muscularis mucosae.
• SubmucosaoDense connective tissues with many blood and
lymph vessels.• Muscularis
o Contains smooth muscle cells, divide into 2 layers; internal (circular); external (longitudinal)
• Serosao Thin layer of loose connective tissue rich in blood
and lymph vessels and adipose and single squamous covering epithelium (mesothelium)
Oral CavityStratified Squamous Epithelium
Keratinized
Protects Oral Mucosa from damage during masticatory function.
In Gingiva and Hard Palate
Lamina Propria has several papillae and rest directly on bony
tissue
Non Keratinized
Covers soft palate, lips, cheeks and floor of
mouth
Lamina Propria has Papillae, similar to
those in dermis of skin and continuous with
submucosa containing diffuse small salivary
gland
Oral Cavity• Tongue
o Papillae• Filiform• Fungiform• Foliate• Circumvallate
• Pharynx• Teeth and Associate Structures
o Dentino Enamelo Pulpo Periodontium
Tongue• Mass of striated muscle covered by a mucous
membrane.• Muscle fibers cross on another in 3 planes, they
are grouped in bundles, usually separated by connective tissue.
• Dorsal Surface Irregular; Thicker epithelium; Covered anteriorly by a great number of small eminences papillae; Separated from anterior two thirds by a V-shaped boundary.
• Ventral Surface Epithelium on this surface is thinner.
Tongue
Papillae of Tongue
Papillae of Tongue• Filiform Papillae
o Conical Shapeo Numerous and present over entire surface of tongueo Their epithelium does not contain taste bud and is
Keratinized.• Fungiform Papillae
o Resemble mushrooms (narrow stalk and smooth surface, dilated upper part)
o Contain scattered taste buds on upper surfaceso Irregularly interspersed among filiform papillae.
• Foliate Papillaeo Poorly developed in humanso 2 or more parallel ridges and furrows on the
dorsolateral surface of tongueo Contain many taste buds
Papillae of Tongue• Circumvallate Papillae
o 7 – 12 extremely large circular papillae whose flattened surface extend above other papillae (Papillae surrounded by deep circular furrows).
o Distribute in the V region at the junction of the anterior 2/3rd and posterior 1/3rd of tongue.
o The epithelium is smooth on the lateral surface of papillaeo Great number of taste buds present along sides of these
papillae.• Taste Buds
o Onion shaped structures containing 50 – 100 cells.o Rests in Basal Laminao Apical portion project microvilli that poke through an
opening called taste pore.o 2types of cells are distinguished in relation to taste buds
• Supporting or sustentacular cells• Neuroepithelial or gustatory cells
Taste Bud• SUSTENTACULAR OR SUPPORTING CELLS
o Arranged peripherally, curved course, narrow at each end and broader in the centre appearing spindle shaped.
o At both ends the cells surround small openings known as external and internal pores.
• NEUROEPITHELIAL OR GUSTATORY CELLSo Distributed between the sustentacular cells long narrow,
having slender red shaped form with a nucleus in the middle.
o On the free surface, these cells gives rise to short hair which project into the lumen of the pit.
o The substances to be tasted gets dissolved in the saliva, stimulate the hairs in the neuroepithelial cells and the impulses is conducted along the nerves (sweet, bitter, sour, salty)
Pharynx• Lined by Stratified non keratinized squamous
epithelium in region continuous with esophagus.• Lined by ciliated pseudostratified columnar
epithelium containing goblet cells in region close to nasal cavity.
• Contains tonsils.• Mucosa of pharynx also has many small mucous
salivary glands in its lamina propria• Compose of dense connective tissues.
Esophagus
Esophagus• Muscular Tube function to transport food stuffs from
mouth to stomach• Covered by non keratinized stratified squamous
epithelium.• In general same layers as rest of digestive tract.• In submucosa groups of small mucous secreting glands
(esophageal glands) secretion facilitated transport of food stuff and protects mucosa.
• Lamina Propria near stomach groups of gland (esophageal cardiac gland) secrete mucus
• Distal end muscular layer Only smooth muscle• Mid Portion Mixture of striated and smooth muscle• Proximal end Only striated muscle cells• Portion in peritoneal cavity covered by serosa• The other portion covered by layer of connective tissue,
adventitia that blends into surrounding tissue.
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Stomach
Stomach• Mixed exocrine endocrine gland.• Divides into 4 regions:
o Cardiao Funduso Bodyo Pylorus
• Fundus and body are identical in microscopic structure.
• Mucosa and submucosa of undistended stomach lie in longitudinally directed folds known as rugae.
Gastric Mucosa• Consists surface epithelium invaginates to
various extend into lamina propria forming gastric pits.
• Lamina propria of stomach composed of loose connective tissue interspersed with smooth muscle and lymphoid cells.
• Muscularis mucosae to separate mucosa from underlying submucosa
• Epithelium lining the pits and covering the surfaces are simple columnar epithelium & all cells secrete alkaline mucus.
Gastro-esophageal Junction
Stomach (Cardia)• Mucosa contains simple or branched tubular
cardiac glands• Terminal portion of these glands are frequently
coiled, often with large lumens.• Similar in structure to cardiac glands of the
terminal portion of esophagus.
Stomach (Fundus & Body)
• Simple columnar surface epithelium extends into gastric pits into which opens into gastric glands.
• Lamina propria consist of fine reticular and collagen fibres fills the spaces between the packed gastric glands.
• Each gastric gland has 3 distinct region:o Isthmuso Necko Base
• Isthmus contains differentiating mucous cells and undifferentiated stem cells and parietal cells.
• Neck consist of stem, mucous neck and parietal cells.• Base contains parietal and chief (zymogenia) cells. • The muscularis mucosa composed of inner circular and
outer longitudinal smooth muscle.
Stomach (Pylorus)• Deep gastric pits into which the branched tubular
pyloric glands open.• The epithelium of the mucous membrane consist of tall
columnar cells which lines the deep pits and short glands.
• Longer pits and shorter coiled secretory portion compare to glands in cardiac region.
• The acini of pyloric glands and their ducts are in lamina prorpia.
• G (Gastrin) cells are enteroendocrine cells intercalated among mucous cells of pyloric glands.
• D cells secrete Somatostatin• The muscularis externa is made up of thick circular
muscle to form pyloric sphincter which helps to control emptying of the stomach.
Small Intestine
Duodenum
Jejunum
Ileum
Small Intestine• 4 layers:
1. Mucosa2. Submucosa3. Muscularis externa 4. Serosa
• Surface area of small intestine increased by1. Length of small intestine2. Valves of Kerkring/ Plica Circularis3. Villi4. Microvilli 5. Cypts Of Lieberkuhn
Mucosa of Small Intestine
Valves of Kerkring • Also known as Plica
Circulares• Permanent submucosal
circular folds • Large, seen with naked
eye• Prominent in duodenum &
jejunum• Less marked in ileum• Significance:
o Increases surface area o Slow down the passage
of contents
Villi• Central lacteal (lymphatic
vessel)• Core capillaries • Core of connective tissue• Epithelial cells – Tall
columnar with striated border
Crypt of Lieberkuhn (Intestinal gland)
• Invaginations of lining epithelium into lamina propria
• Wall of crypt is lined by the following cells:1. Columnar cells 2. Goblet cells3. Undifferentiated
stem cells4. Paneth / Zymogen
cells5. Argentaffin cells
Crypt of Lieberkuhn • Absorptive columnar
cells / Enterocyteso Microvilli which give
it a striated border appearance
• Goblet cells o Secretes mucus
• Undifferenciated cellso Actively multiply,
move upwards give rise to other cells
Crypt of Lieberkuhn • Paneth cells / Zymogen cells
o Seen in deeper parts of crypts o rich in Zinc, secrete lysozyme that destroys
bacteria • Endocrine cells
o Seen near lower ends of cryptso Argentaffin cellso Entero-chromaffin cells o APUD cells – secrete serotonin
Submucosa of Small Intestine
Brunner’s Gland
• In duodenum (Also known as duodenal glands)• Clusters of ramified, coiled tubular glands that
opens into the intestinal crypts.• Cells are mucous type.• Secretions are distinctly alkaline (PH8.1 – 9.3), to
protect duodenal mucous membrane from effects of acid gastric juice and to brings intestinal contents to optimum PH for pancreatic enzyme action.
Peyer’s Patches• Lymphoid Nodules.• Present in ileum, more
prominent in terminal ileum.• In lamina propria and
submucosa• Dome shaped area devoid of
villi• Instead of absorptive cells,
its covering epithelium consist M cells.
Differences between duodenum, jejunum & ileum
Duodenum Jejunum Ileum
Epithelium ColumnarStriated border Few goblet cells
ColumnarStriated border goblet cells+
Columnargoblet cells++
Villi Broad Spatula ShapedClosely packed
Tongue-shapedDifferent heights
Few thin finger-shaped
Lamina Propria
Crypts+No Peyer’s patches
Crypts+Diffuse infiltration of lymphocytesNo Peyer’s patches
Crypts+Peyer’s patches extend into submucosa
Submucosa Mucus secreting Brunner’s glands
Only connective tissues and blood vessels
Peyer’s patches
Large Intestine
• Consists mucosal membrane with no folds except in its distal (rectal) portion.
• No vili are present• Long intestinal glands • Great abundance of goblet and absorptive cells• Small number of enteroendocrine cells.• Fibers of outer longitudinal layer congregates in 3
thick longitudinal band (Teniae coli).• Serous layer characterized by small, pendulous
protuberances composed adipose tissues (appendices epiploicae)
• Mucous membrane forms a series of longitudinal folds (rectal columns of morgagni)
Appendix
• Evagination of cecum• Small, narrow and irregular lumen caused by
presence of abundant lymphoid follicles in its wall.
• Although general structure similar to large intestine, it contains fewer and shorter intestinal glands and has no teniae coli.
Small Vs Large Intestine
Small intestine Large intestine
Villi 1. Crypts shallow2. Goblet cells less
1. Absence of villi
2. Crypts deeper, More Goblet cells
Longitudinal muscle coat of muscularis externa
1. Uniformly thick 1. Three bands of Taenia coli
Histology of Accessory Organs of GIT
Salivary Gland3 pairs of salivary glands:
1. PAROTID GLAND• Purely serous (few mucous acini maybe
present)
2. SUBMANDIBULAR GLAND• Mixed, Predominantly serous
3. SUBLINGUAL GLAND• Mixed, Predominantly mucous
General Features• Serous cells
o Pyramidal in shapeo Broad base resting on basal laminao Narrow apical surface with short irregular microvilli
facing lumeno Secretory cells are joined together by junctional
complex and usually form spherical mass of cells called acinus
• Mucous Cellso Usually cuboidal to columnaro Oval nuclei pressed towards bases of the cellso Most often organized as tubules, consisting of
cylindrical arrays of secretory cells surrounding a lumen.
General Features• Duct System
o Intralobular ducts• Intercalated Ducts
o Lined by Cuboidal Epithelial Cellso Ability to differentiate into secretory or ductal cells
• Striate Ductso Radial striations seen to consist infoldings of basal
plasma membrane with numerous elongated mitochondria
o Drains into Interlobular Ductso Interlobular Ducts (Excretory Ducts)
• Initially lined with pseudo stratified or stratified cuboidal epithelium.
• Distal parts lined with stratified columnar epithelium consisting few mucus secreting cells
• Ultimately empties into oral cavity and lined by nonkeratinized-stratified squamous epithelium.
Characteristics• Parotid Gland
o Branched acinar glandso Surrounded by a capsule from which arise numerous
interlobular connective tissue septa that subdivides the gland into many lobes and lobules.
o Located in the connective tissue septa between the lobules are arteriole, venule and interlobular excretory ducts.
• Submandibular Glando Presence of both serous and mucous acini.o Mucous acinus are larger than the serous.o Between the mucous cells and basement membrane are
half moon shaped granules known as demilunes of Gianuzzi.
• Sublingual Glando Similar as Sub mandibularo Intralobular ducts are not as well developed as in other
major salivary gland
Liver• Repeating hepatic lobules (Hexagonal Unit).• Central Vein in the centre of each hepatic lobule.• Portal canals (Portal Traids) in periphery the
surrounding connective tissue [Branches of the hepatic artery, hepatic portal vein, bile duct, and lymph vessels seen.]
• Hepatic sinusoids (dilated blood channels) contains epithelial cells and macrophages called “Kupffer cells”
• The hepatic sinusoids separated from the underlying hepatocytes by subendothelial perisinusoidal space of Disse.
• The major exocrine functions of hepatocytes is synthesis and release about 500-1200ml of bile per day which is delivered to the gallbladder via the bile canaliculli.
Gall Bladder• It consist of mucosa composed of Simple
columnar epithelium and lamina propria; a layer of smooth muscle; a perimuscular connective tissue layer and a serous membrane.
• Mucosa has abundant folds that are particularly evident when gall bladder is empty.
• Epithelial cells are rich in mitochondria• Surrounding the bundle of smooth muscle fibres
is a thick dense connective tissue containing large blood vessels artery & vein, lymphatic and nerves.
• Serosa covers entire unattached gallbladder surface
Pancreas• Mixed endocrine and exocrine gland• Exocrine compound acinar gland, similar in
structure to parotid gland.• Distinction between 2 glands can be made based
on absence of striated ducts and presence of islets of Langerhans.
• Initial portions of intercalated ducts penetrate lumens of acini.
• Centroacinar cells constitude interacinar portion of intercalated duct.
Medical Application• Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease associated with
incompetent barriers at gastroesophageal junction caused by decrease in lower esophageal sphincter tone or hiatus hernia. Reflux esophagitis develops when mucosal defenses are not sufficient to protect esophageal mucosa from acid, pepsin and bile.
• Stress, ingested aspirin, NSAID or ethanol can disrupt epithelial layer in stomach lead to ulceration. Ulcer is disruption of mucosal integrity leading to an excavation due to active inflammation. Apirin and ethanol irritates mucosa partly by reducing blood flow.
References• Junquiera, L. C. (2005) Basic Histology text &
Atlas, 11th edn. McGraw Hill, New York.
Thank You
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