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Nano Res
1
Highly Stretchable, Electrically Conductive Textiles
Fabricated from Silver Nanowires and Cupro Fabrics
Using a Simple Dipping-Drying Method
Hui-Wang Cui1(), Katsuaki Suganuma1, and Hiroshi Uchida2
Nano Res., Just Accepted Manuscript • DOI: 10.1007/s12274-014-0649-y
http://www.thenanoresearch.com on November 24 2014
© Tsinghua University Press 2014
Just Accepted
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Address correspondence to Hui-Wang Cui, email: cuihuiwang@hotmail.com.
Nano Research
DOI 10.1007/s12274-014-0649-y
Nano Res
2
1
TABLE OF CONTENTS (TOC)
Highly Stretchable, Electrically Conductive Textiles
Fabricated from Silver Nanowires and Cupro
Fabrics Using a Simple Dipping-Drying Method
Hui-Wang Cui1,*, Katsuaki Suganuma1, and Hiroshi
Uchida2
1 Institute of Scientific and Industrial Research, Osaka
University, Mihogaoka 8-1, Ibaraki, Osaka 567-0047,
Japan.
2 Institute for Polymers and Chemicals Business
Development Center, Showa Denko K. K., 5-1 Yawata
Kaigan Dori, Ichihara, Chiba 290-0067, Japan.
Page Numbers. The font is
ArialMT 16 (automatically
inserted by the publisher)
Highly stretchable, electrically conductive textiles were fabricated
from silver nanowires and cupro fabrics using a simple
dipping-drying method, that they had displayed low electrical
resistances at 0.0047-0.0091 Ω in the range of 0%-190% strains.
Provide the authors’ website if possible.
Author 1, website 1
Author 2, website 2
2
Highly Stretchable, Electrically Conductive Textiles Fabricated from Silver Nanowires and Cupro Fabrics Using a Simple Dipping-Drying Method
Hui-Wang Cui1(), Katsuaki Suganuma1, and Hiroshi Uchida2
1 Institute of Scientific and Industrial Research, Osaka University, Mihogaoka 8-1, Ibaraki, Osaka 567-0047, Japan. 2 Institute for Polymers and Chemicals Business Development Center, Showa Denko K. K., 5-1 Yawata Kaigan Dori, Ichihara, Chiba
290-0067, Japan.
Received: day month year / Revised: day month year / Accepted: day month year (automatically inserted by the publisher)
© Tsinghua University Press and Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2011
ABSTRACT In this study, we combined silver nanowires and cupro fabrics together using a dipping-drying method to
prepare electrically conductive textiles. The silver nanowires were adhered and absorbed onto microfibers to
form electrically conductive fibers, and also filled into the gaps and spaces between/among microfibers, and
stacked, piled together to form the electrically conductive networks, which both had given highly electrical
conductivity to the electrically conductive textiles. The obtained electrically conductive textiles presented low
resistance and good stretchability, e.g., 0.0047-0.0091 Ω in the range of 0%-190% strains. The obtained
electrically conductive textiles also presented excellent flexibility, whether stretched, shrunk, or bent, they still
kept highly, stably electrical conductivity, which can be used as smart textiles, especially in those fields
associated with weave, electronics, biology, medicine, food, life, clothes, aviation, and military.
KEYWORDS A. Fabrics/textiles; A. Metals; A. Smart materials; B. Electrical properties.
Address correspondence to Hui-Wang Cui, email: cuihuiwang@hotmail.com.
Nano Res DOI (automatically inserted by the publisher)
Research Article
3
1. Introduction
Smart textiles, a class of highly intelligent
textiles integrated by the multi-disciplinary
knowledge (e.g., textile, electronics, chemistry,
physics, mechanics, biology, medicine, etc.), is based
on the concept of biomimicry, capable of simulating
life system, and has the dual function that can
effectively perceive and response to various changes
and stimuli from the environment, such as
mechanics, heat, light, temperature, electromagnetics,
chemicals, biological odors, and so on. Till now, a
variety of functional smart textiles, e.g., thermostat
textiles, physiological state telemetry textiles, solar
textiles, shape memory textiles, waterproof and
moisture permeable textiles, color-changing textiles,
and E-smart textiles, have been greatly developed.
Among them, the E-smart textiles are a kind of novel
textiles, which is based on electronics, integrating
some hi-tech solutions such as sensing,
telecommunication and artificial intelligence into
textiles. While the E-smart textile applications have
made a limited commercial impact so far, with
relatively small volumes of commercial products
launched primarily in the high performance apparel
sector, predictions for growth of this market as a
whole are huge. As deep integration of several
cutting-edge technologies such as micro-electronics,
nanotechnology, and biotechnology, E-smart textiles
are one of the most dynamic and fast growing
sectors and offers huge potential [1-2].
How to prepare electrically conductive textiles
(also called electrically conductive fibers) is the key
to produce E-smart textiles. Coating [3], depositing
[4], spinning [5], printing [6], synthesizing [7],
dipping [8], and solution growing [9] methods have
been used widely to fabricate electrically conductive
textiles from the conductive polymers (e.g.,
polypyrrole [10], polyaniline [11], the mixture of
poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) and
poly(4-styrenesulfonate) [12]), metal particles (e.g.,
silver [13], copper [14], nickel [15], aluminum [16],
zinc [17]), and carbon fillers (e.g., graphite
nanoplatelets [18], carbon nanotube [19]). About the
silver based smart textiles, silver particles are often
used. For example, Xue et al produced silver
nanoparticles on cotton fibers by reduction of
[Ag(NH3)2]+ complex with glucose, and the silver
nanoparticles formed dense coating around the
fibers rendering the intrinsic insulating cotton
textiles conductive [20]. Paul et al printed a
polyurethane paste on to a woven textile to create a
smooth, high surface energy interface layer, and
subsequently printed a silver paste on top of this
interface layer to provide a conductive track, which
was then encapsulated with another layer of
polyurethane paste so that the silver track was
protected from abrasion and creasing, forming the
electrodes [21, 22]. Apparently, the usage of silver
nanowires (AgNWs), which are with large aspect
ratio and can present higher flexibility than silver
particles [23-25], to fabricate smart textiles have been
seldom reported. Therefore, in this study, we
combined the AgNWs and cupro fabrics together
using a dipping-drying method to prepare
electrically conductive textiles [Figure 1(a)]. The
AgNWs were adhered and absorbed onto
microfibers to form electrically conductive fibers,
and also filled into the gaps and spaces
between/among microfibers, and stacked, piled
together to form the electrically conductive networks,
which both had given highly electrical conductivity
to the electrically conductive textiles.
2. Experimental
2.1. Samples
AgNWs were synthesized in a large scale
according to the previously reported polyol
procedures [26, 27]. They were ≥60 μm, even 100
μm in length, the diameter was about 60 nm, and
dispersed in ethanol to form a 0.5% suspension
solution [Figure 1(a)]. The textile (100 mm×100 mm
× 250 μm) was a cellulosic product, named
BEMCOTTM M-3 cupro fabric (Asahi Kasei Fibers
Corporation, Tokyo, Japan) [Figure 1(a)]. The
fabrication process of the electrically conductive
textiles is illustrated in Figure 1(a). The pure textiles
were dipped into the AgNWs suspension solution
for about 2 h, and then they were dried at room
temperature to completely volatilize the ethanol.
Finally the electrically conductive textiles were
obtained.
4
Figure 1 (a) Fabrication process of electrically conductive
textiles; the inserted SEM images show the grid-like structures of
pure textiles and electrically conductive textiles. (b) Sample of
electrically conductive textiles at 50 mm×10 mm×250 μm. (c)
SEM images of the electrically conductive fibers and the
electrically conductive networks formed between fibers; the
inserted SEM images show the partial amplifications of the
electrically conductive fibers and electrically conductive
networks. (d) Stretch, break, and stress areas of the electrically
conductive textiles at 210% strain, and the force directions in
them; the SEM images show the disorderly bundle structures, the
electrically conductive fibers, and the torn electrically conductive
networks.
2.2. Characterization
Wide-angle X-ray diffraction (WAXRD) data
were collected on a Rigaku RINT RAPID curved
imaging plate area detector (Rigaku Corporation,
Tokyo, Japan) using Mo Kα (λ=1.54 Å ) at 40 kV, 30
mA for 10 min. The thermal degradations of the
samples were measured using a NETZSCH
2000SE/H/24/1 thermogravimetric analyzer (TGA,
NETZSCH, Selb, Germany) operated under a pure
N2 atmosphere. The sample (ca. 10 mg) was placed in
a Pt cell and heated at a rate of 10 °C·min-1 from 30 to
900 °C under a N2 flow rate of 60 ml·min-1. Scanning
electron microscopic (SEM) images of the samples
were recorded using a Hitachi SU8020 field emission
scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) microscope
(Hitachi, Tokyo, Japan) operated at an accelerating
voltage of 5 kV and an accelerating current of 2 μA.
Figure S1 shows the test method of electrical
resistance during tensile stretching. The samples (50
mm×10 mm×250 μm) [Figures 1(b) and S1] were
uniaxially stretched up to 210% strain at a rate of 1
mm·min-1 using an EZ test compact table-top
universal tester (Shimadzu, Kyoto, Japan). The
distance between two chucks was 30 mm at the
beginning. The electrical resistance of the samples
during tensile stretching was measured using an
Agilent Technologies 34410A multimeter and an
Agilent Technologies 11059A Kelvin probe set
(Agilent Technologies, Santa Clara, California, USA)
through a four-point probe method.
3. Results and discussion
As Figure 1(a) shows, the white pure textile,
before dipped into the AgNWs suspension solution,
had loose grid-like structures, the grid frameworks
were consisted of hundreds of microfibers, which
were physically knitted together [the inserted SEM
image in Figure 1(a)]. After dipped into the AgNWs
suspension solution, the textiles were electrically
conductive textiles and the color became into silver
gray. Compared to the pure textiles, the electrically
conductive textiles featured diffraction angles (2θ) at
37.98, 43.94, 64.07, 77.61, and 81.58 o on the WAXRD
patterns, corresponding to the characteristic
diffraction peaks of (111), (200), (220), (311), and (222)
for AgNWs, respectively [Figure 2(a)]. The char yield
of pure textiles was 7% up to 900 oC, while that of
electrically conductive textiles was 40%, and
therefore, the electrically conductive textiles
contained about 30% AgNWs in them [Figure 2(b)].
The electrically conductive textiles had more
apparent grid-like structures than the pure textiles. It
seemed that the AgNWs played a role of bonding
those hundreds of microfibers densely to form the
solid grid frameworks [Figure 1(a) and the inserted
SEM image]. AgNWs were absorbed and adhered
onto the microfibers by physical effects, that they
two formed the electrically conductive fibers [Figure
1(c) and the inserted SEM image].
5
20 40 60 80 100 200 400 600 800
0
20
40
60
80
100
(222)
(311)(220)
(200)
Inte
nsi
fy (
au)
2 (o)
(111)
Pure Textiles
(b)
Wei
ght
Per
centa
ge
(%)
Temperature (oC)
(a)
Electrically Conductive
Textiles
Figure 2 (a) WAXRD patterns and (b) TGA traces of pure
textiles and electrically conductive textiles.
Additionally, the AgNWs also filled into the gaps
and spaces between/among these microfibers, and
stacked, piled together, formed the electrically
conductive networks [Figure 1(c) and the inserted
SEM image]. Precisely due to these electrically
conductive fibers and networks, they guaranteed the
highly electrical conductivity for the electrically
conductive textiles.
The electrical resistance closely relates to the
electrically conductive channels, the more the latter
the lower the former [28, 29]. In the electrically
conductive textiles, the electrically conductive fibers
and networks constituted the electrically conductive
channels. As Figure 1(c) shows, the AgNWs adhered
onto the microfibers forming the electrically
conductive fibers, and filled into the gaps and spaces
between/among these microfibers, stacked and piled
together, forming the electrically conductive
networks. These two structures increased the
electrically conductive channels that had provided
low electrical resistances to the electrically
conductive textiles.
Figure 3 shows the electrical resistances of
electrically conductive textiles changing with the
stretching strains. The electrical resistance increased
very slow, even nearly kept at a constant value in the
range of 0%-190% strains, sharply increased from
200% strain to 210% strain. At 0% strain, meaning
unstretched, the electrical resistance was 0.0047 Ω,
Figure 3 Electrical resistances of the electrically conductive
textiles vs strains; the inserts are the digital images of LED
integrated circuit with electrically conductive textiles at (a) 0%
strain, (b) 150% strain, and (c, d) as electronic skins
then it increased slowly like snail crawling with the
increasing strains, reached to 0.0067 Ω at 180% strain
and 0.0091 Ω at 190% strain. The electrical resistance
changed so small that it could be considered almost a
constant value in the range of 0%-190% strains. The
electrical resistance increased to a larger value of
0.0274 Ω at 200% strain and to the largest value of
112.1649 Ω at 210% strain in all the tests of this study.
The electrically conductive textiles had
presented low electrical resistance. And the electrical
resistance changed slightly in the range of 0%-190%
strains and dramatically in the range of 200%-210%
strains, which had a close relationship to the changes
of the grid-like structures during the stretching.
Loading the uniaxial force, the electrically
conductive textiles were stretched gradually at a rate
of 1 mm·min-1. They displayed two different
stretching states, called stretch areas and stress areas
in the range of 0%-190% strains, and three different
stretching states, called stretch areas, break areas,
and stress areas in the range of 200%-210% strains
[Figures 1(d) and 4]. Under stretching, the loaded
uniaxial force acted on the microfibers; the force was
parallel in the stretch areas, as shown in Figure 1(d),
and only the loaded force caused the rupture of
grid-like structures in these areas.
6
Figure 4 Microstructures of (a) stretched samples, (b) stretch
areas, and (c) stress areas of electrically conductive textiles at
0%, 50%, 100%, 150%, 200%, and 210% strains. (d)
Microstructures of break areas of electrically conductive textiles
at 200% and 210% strains.
As Figure 4(b) shows, the electrically conductive
textiles did not have any ruptures at 0%, 50%, 100%,
and 150% strains, still kept clear grid-like structures,
and the grids became large accordingly with the
increasing strain. While the grid-like structures
seemed vague, and showed slight ruptures at 200%
and 210% strains, only a few grids were found. SEM
further confirmed this. Apparently, the grids of
electrically conductive textiles were the largest at
100% strain [Figure 5(c)], then those at 50% strain
[Figure 5(b)] and 0% strain [Figure 5(a)] followed,
caused by the stretching; the grid frameworks were
still dense and solid at 0% and 50% strains [Figures
5(a) and 5(b)], but loose at 100% strain [Figure 5(c)].
Only several grids were observed at 150% strain
[Figure 5(d)], no grids were found out at 200% and
210% strains [Figures 5(e) and 5(f)], and their
frameworks all were destroyed, became into
irregular bundles.
Figure 5 SEM images of stretch areas of electrically conductive
textiles at (a) 0%, (b) 50%, (c) 100%, (d) 150%, (e) 200%, and (f)
210% strains; SEM images of stress areas of electrically
conductive textiles at (g) 0%, (h) 50%, (i) 100%, (j) 150%, (k)
200%, and (l) 210% strains.
In the stress areas, because two chucks
sandwiched the sample (Figure S1), they influenced
the stretching state significantly and produced
stresses to accelerate the rupture of samples. As
Figure 4(c) shows, the electrically conductive textiles
did not display any ruptures at 0% and 50% strains,
the grids also got large. The electrically conductive
textiles displayed slight ruptures at 100% strain, and
significant ruptures at 150%, 200%, and 210% strains;
their grid-like structures were destroyed completely,
and became into bundles of microfibers. Under SEM
observation, the electrically conductive textiles had
small grids at 0% strain while large grids at 50%
strain, and the grid frameworks at 50% strain were
looser than those at 0% strain; they all still had the
clear grid-like structures [Figures 5(g) and 5(h)].
Only several grids were observed in the electrically
conductive textiles at 100% strain, and no one was
found at 150%, 200%, and 210% strains; their grid
frameworks were completely destroyed, they
changed from grid-like structures into bundles of
disorder microfibers [Figures 5(i), 5(j), 5(k), and 5(l)].
7
Obviously, the changes of grid-like structures in
stretch areas of electrically conductive textiles were
somewhat different from those in stress areas, but all
grids became large from small with the increasing
strain until they were destroyed completely, all grid
frameworks changed from solid, dense to loose, and
became fully ruptured eventually, and all the regular
grid-like structures changed into disorder bundles of
microfibers [Figures 4 and 5].
As mentioned above and stated in Figures 4 and
5, the stretch and stress areas of electrically
conductive textiles changed corresponding with the
increasing strain, even were totally ruptured, but
AgNWs still adhered onto those microfibers, the
electrically conductive fibers still existed, not broken.
Figure 6 shows the microstructures of these
electrically conductive fibers. AgNWs were absorbed
and adhered onto the microfibers that they two
formed the electrically conductive fibers, even like
electrically conductive rods. The stretching did not
influence them, that the electrically conductive fibers
at 0% [Figure 6(a1) and 6(a2)], 50% [Figures 6(b1)
and 6(b2)], 100% [Figures 6(c1) and 6(c2)], 150%
[Figures 6(d1) and 6(d2)], 200% [Figures 6(e1) and
6(e2)], and 210% [Figures 6(f1) and 6(f2)] strains all
were the same. AgNWs covered and packed the
microfibers densely, forming the electrically
conductive channels and having conducted the
electricity effectively. At high amplification, the
adhering states or arrangements of AgNWs on the
microfibers were available. As shown in Figures 6(a3)
-6(f3), AgNWs stacked, piled densely, like noodles
gathered together. It also can be seen that the
stretching did not affect anything of them that the
AgNWs still gathered, stacked together disorderly as
their original states in electrically conductive textiles.
And from 0% to 210% strain, the adhering states or
arrangements of AgNWs on the microfibers were the
same, all displayed irregularity and disorder.
The electrically conductive channels resulted
from two sources: the electrically conductive fibers
formed by the microfibers and the adhered AgNWs
on them and the electrically conductive networks
formed by AgNWs in the gaps and spaces
between/among microfibers [Figure 1(c)].
Figure 6 SEM images of electrically conductive fibers at (a1, a2,
a3) 0%, (b1, b2, b3) 50%, (c1, c2, c3) 100%, (d1, d2, d3) 150%,
(e1, e2, e3) 200%, and (f1, f2, f3) 210% strains at ×400 k, ×
2.00 k, and ×10.0 k (from left to right).
During or after the stretching, the microstructures of
electrically conductive fibers were not changed, and
the electrically conductive channels from them were
not destroyed, as shown in Figure 6. However, the
electrically conductive networks were destroyed at
an extent by the stretching. As Figure 7(a) shows, at
0% strain that not stretched, the AgNWs developed
large, dense, and solid electrically conductive
networks between/among microfibers. These
AgNWs stacked, piled, and arranged disorderly, as
shown in the inserted SEM image in Figure 7(a).
Loaded by the uniaxial force, the electrically
conductive textiles were stretched and the
electrically conductive networks were gradually
cracked. With the increasing strain from 0% to 210%,
the electrically conductive networks were destroyed,
8
changing from large, continues size to small flake
size [Figures 7(b), 7(c), 7(d), 7(e), and 7(f)]. The
electrically conductive networks were parted from
their adhered microfibers, so they did not combine
with the electrically conductive fibers so closely as
that at 0% strain. Despite this, the electrically
conductive networks still had enough electrically
conductive channels that resulted from the contacts
between/among these flakes, as well as the
electrically conductive channels that resulted from
the contacts between/among electrically conductive
networks and electrically conductive fibers, which
both had given low electrical resistance to the
electrically conductive textiles. Therefore, as shown
in Figure 3, the electrical resistance of electrically
conductive textiles increased from 0.0047 Ω to 0.0091
Ω with the increasing strain from 0% to 190% strain;
the increase was rather small.
Besides the stretch and stress areas, the
electrically conductive textiles also had the break
areas at 200% and 210% strain caused by the broken
of microfibers. Similar to the stretch areas, only the
loaded uniaxial force acted on the microfibers, the
force was parallel in the break areas [Figure 1(d)]. As
Figure 4(d) shows, only limited electrically
conductive fibers existed in the break areas, and they
were all torn, almost disconnected. Under the SEM
observation, the electrically conductive fibers were
only a few and scattered [Figures 8(a1) and 8(b1)],
greatly different from those in the stretch and stress
areas shown in Figure 5.
Figure 7 SEM images of electrically conductive networks at (a)
0%, (b) 50%, (c) 100%, (d) 150%, (e) 200%, and (f) 210%
strains; the insert in (a) is the partial amplification of the
electrically conductive networks.
Figure 8 SEM images of (a1) break areas of electrically
conductive textiles at 200% strain, and (a2) the torn electrically
conductive networks, the electrically conductive fibers at (a3)
×400 k, (a4) ×2.00 k, and (a5) ×10.0 k; SEM images of (b1)
break areas of electrically conductive textiles at 210% strain,
and (b2) the torn electrically conductive networks, the
electrically conductive fibers at (b3) ×400 k, (b4) ×2.00 k,
and (b5) ×10.0 k.
Additionally, the electrically conductive networks
were almost completely destroyed, only a few small
flakes left, the electrically conductive channels
resulted from them were nearly broken [Figures
8(a2) and 8(b2)]. Although most electrically
conductive fibers broke, disconnected in the break
areas, the left still showed highly electrical
conductivity. The microstructures were not
destroyed totally, AgNWs still adhered onto the
microfibers, and stacked, piled on them, and
arranged disorderly at 200% and 210% strains
[Figures 8(a3)-8(a5) and 8(b3)-8(b5)], same to
those in Figure 6. Because the electrically
conductive networks were almost completely
broken and the most electrically conductive fibers
were disconnected, the electrically conductive
channels resulted from them were reduced
correspondingly, and the electrical resistance
increased significantly, such as 0.0274 Ω at 200%
strain and 112.1649 Ω at 210%, much higher than
those values in the range of 0%-190% strains
[Figure 3].
9
As aforementioned, AgNWs were absorbed and
adhered onto the microfibers by physical effects, that
they two formed the electrically conductive fibers
[Figure 1(c) and the inserted SEM image]; and the
additional AgNWs filled into the gaps and spaces
between/among these microfibers, and stacked, piled
together, formed the electrically conductive networks
[Figure 1(c) and the inserted SEM image]. The
absorbance and adherence were reflected by the
electrically resistant durability of the obtained
electrically conductive textiles against water washing.
As shown in Figure 9, the electrically conductive
textiles (100 mm×10 mm×250 μm) were dipped into
25 oC water stirred by a SANYO SAS-700 Magnetic
Stirrer (SANYO, Tokyo, Japan) at 500 rpm, the
electrical resistance kept stably in the range of 0.0035
-0.0048 Ω, which was almost the same to that 0.0047
Ω for the unstretched electrically conductive textiles
in Figure 3. From this, it can be seen that the
electrically conductive textiles displayed high
durability, and the AgNWs were well absorbed and
adhered onto the microfibers that could not be
removed or scratched easily. The highly, stably
electrical conductivity of these electrically
conductive textiles were also indicated by the digital
images of LED integrated circuit with them, as the
un-stretched and stretched electrically conductive
textiles had presented at 0% strain [Figure 3(a)] and
150% strain [Figure 3(b)], respectively. Moreover, the
electrically conductive textiles were further adhered
onto fingers, like electronic skins, whether stretching,
shrinking, or bending the joints, they also showed
highly, stably electrical conductivity, as shown in
Figures 3(c) and 3(d).
Comparing to those already reported methods
of fabricating electrically conductive textiles, the
methods reported in this study had displayed
several advantages. Firstly, the dipping-drying
method used in this study was much simpler than
the coating [3], depositing [4], spinning [5], printing
[6], synthesizing [7], solution growing [9], and the
reported methods of silver based smart textiles
[20-22], albeit it was similar to that of the “dyeing”
textiles from single-walled carbon nanotubes and
cotton fibers [30].
Figure 9 Electrically resistant durability of electrically
conductive textiles in 25 oC@500 rpm stirring water; the insert
is the stirred state of electrically conductive textiles in water.
Secondly, the AgNWs used in this study were
industrially fabricated in a large scale using the
polyol procedures, which had more output than that
of graphite nanoplatelets [18] and carbon nanotube
[19, 30]; the diameter was about 60 nm and the
length was more than 60 μm for the AgNWs used in
this study, the aspect ratio was more than 1000, much
larger than those of graphite nanoplatelets, carbon
nanotube, and silver particles used by Nilsson et al.
[18], Khumpuang et al. [19], Xue et al. [20], Paul et al.
[21, 22], and Hu et al. [30], which had ensured the
high conductivity of electrically conductive textiles
fabricated in this study. Thirdly, the electrically
conductive textiles fabricated in this study had
presented super low electrical resistance of 0.0047 Ω
before stretched, while those electrically conductive
textiles fabricated from graphite nanoplatelets,
carbon nanotube, and silver particles presented the
electrical conductivity at 0.22 S·cm-1 [18], the
electrical resistance at 200-400 Ω [19] and 10-20 Ω
[19], and the sheet resistance at 3 Ω·sq-1 [30]. Fourthly,
the electrically conductive textiles fabricated in this
study had presented highly electrical-stretchable
stability, the electrical resistance was 0.0047 Ω at 0%
strain, 0.0067 Ω at 180% strain, 0.0091 Ω at 190%
strain, and 0.0274 Ω at 200% strain, indicating that
the electrical resistance could be considered constant
in the range of 0%-190% strains, which was similar,
even superior to the stable specific capacity at 62 F·g-1
10
for the stretchable conductor with porous textile
conductors as electrodes and current collectors
before and after stretching to 120% strain [30]. Fifthly,
the electrically conductive textiles fabricated in this
study had presented highly electrically resistant
durability, the electrical resistance kept stably in the
range of 0.0035-0.0048 Ω under dipped into the 25 oC@500 rpm stirring water, which was almost the
same to that 0.0047 Ω for the unstretched electrically
conductive textiles, showing their excellent
resistance to water washing; this was similar, even
superior to the unchanged sheet resistance at 3 Ω·sq-1
for the single-walled carbon nanotubes and cotton
fibers before and after water washing [30]. Sixthly,
the cupro fabric used in this study came from natural
cellulose, rather than chemical fibers from
conductive polymers [10-12], which could give good
biological properties and biocompatibility to the
electrically conductive textiles. Finally, the AgNWs
were industrially fabricated in a large scale and the
cupro fabric came from natural cellulose, from which
the electrically conductive textiles fabricated in this
study definitely would have a lower cost than those
from conductive polymers [10-12], graphite
nanoplatelets [18], and carbon nanotube [19, 30].
Moreover, to further reduce the cost, the methods
resulting in a high coverage ratio on microfiber with
as less as possible usage of AgNWs, e.g., adjusting
the concentration of AgNWs suspension solution,
changing the dipping time of textiles into AgNWs
suspension solution, and letting Ag ions grow into
nanowires along the seeds of microfibers, will be
conducted in the future to make better results for the
electrically conductive textiles. In a word, the
electrically conductive textiles have shown low
electrical resistance and excellent flexibility, can be
used as smart textiles, especially in those fields
associated with weave, electronics, biology, medicine,
food, life, clothes, aviation, and military.
4. Conclusions
In this study, we combined AgNWs and cupro
fabrics together using a dipping-drying method to
prepare electrically conductive textiles. The AgNWs
were adhered and absorbed onto microfibers to form
electrically conductive fibers, and also filled into the
gaps and spaces between/among microfibers, and
stacked, piled together to form the electrically
conductive networks, which both had given highly
electrical conductivity to the electrically conductive
textiles. The obtained electrically conductive textiles
presented low resistance and good stretchability, e.g.,
0.0047 Ω at 0% strain, 0.0067 Ω at 180% strain, and
0.0091 Ω at 190% strain. Moreover, the obtained
electrically conductive textiles also presented
excellent flexibility, whether stretched, shrunk, or
bent, they still kept highly, stably electrical
conductivity, which can be used as smart textiles,
especially in those fields associated with weave,
electronics, biology, medicine, food, life, clothes,
aviation, and military.
Electronic Supplementary Material: Supplementary
material (Test method of electrical resistance during
tensile stretching) is available in the online version of
this article at
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12274-***-****-*
(automatically inserted by the publisher).
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13
Electronic Supplementary Material
Highly Stretchable, Electrically Conductive Textiles Fabricated from Silver Nanowires and Cupro Fabrics Using a Simple Dipping-Drying Method
Hui-Wang Cui1(), Katsuaki Suganuma1, and Hiroshi Uchida2
1 Institute of Scientific and Industrial Research, Osaka University, Mihogaoka 8-1, Ibaraki, Osaka 567-0047, Japan. 2 Institute for Polymers and Chemicals Business Development Center, Showa Denko K. K., 5-1 Yawata Kaigan Dori, Ichihara, Chiba
290-0067, Japan.
Received: day month year / Revised: day month year / Accepted: day month year (automatically inserted by the publisher)
© Tsinghua University Press and Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2011
INFORMATION ABOUT ELECTRONIC SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIAL.
Figure S1 Test method of electrical resistance during tensile stretching
Address correspondence to Hui-Wang Cui, email: cuihuiwang@hotmail.com.
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