Transcript
the hegemony of the local in taiwan's indigenous language policy
台灣原住民語言政策的在地霸權
第七屆臺灣語言及其教學國際學術研討會9月 6-7日 2008年台北,台灣
p. kerim friedman 傅可恩kerim.oxus.net
ci.ndhu.edu.tw
savageminds.org
fournineandahalf.com
3 ways to see language rights
(according to joseph errington)
place
ecology
human rights
place
• traditional knowledge
• lexicon
• villagers (not migrants)
ecology
• diversity
• grammar
• sum of human knowledge (vs. local needs)
human rights
• individual
• choice
• collectivities (indigenous communities vs. migrant groups)
台灣
multiculturalism
place-based multiculturalism
imported from japan in the 1990s
why?
chinese nationalism
taiwan ≠ china
taiwan ≠ china !?
new social movements
李登輝
passive revolution
本土化
“start learning from the immediate environment, then extend the scope step
by step to local culture and the main ethnic groups of society, extending it then
to the knowledge of the culture of all ethnic groups that compose the territory
and the nation. only then can one understand the world’s culture.”
Kuo Wei-fan 郭為藩, 1996
compromise
consequences
state ➔ local
linguistic hierarchy
division vs. unity
state ➔ local
• 1994 認識台灣 textbooks (too hard!)
• 2001 九年一貫 decentralization (more work for teachers!)
• emphasis on “special characteristics” 特性 of local communities (requires $$$)
linguistic markets
linguistic hierarchy
• english
• (japanese & european languages)
• chinese
• taiwanese
• hakka
• indigenous languages
division vs. unity
• aboriginal language certification 原住民語言能力認證 in 42 languages
• difficulty producing teaching materials and training teachers
• political division
conclusion
aotearoa/new zealand
waitangi tribunal 1984
taha maori
• move away from “ethnic additive” approach
• 767 pre-schools with 14,000 students in 1996
• now includes higher education as well
autonomy
• linguistic homogenous
• same population but larger percentage of the whole (15% vs. 2%)
• “negotiated power sharing” vs. decentralization
謝謝!slideshare.com/kerim
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