Transcript
ASSESSMENT OF INDIVIDUAL SEPTIC TANK EFFLUENT QUALITY IN
KOTA BHARU
HASRUL BIN MOHD ARIFIN
A project report submitted in partial fulfilment of the
requirements for the award of the degree of
Master of Engineering (Civil)
School of Civil Engineering
Faculty of Engineering
Universiti Teknologi Malaysia
SEPTEMBER 2020
iv
DEDICATION
I would like to dedicate this to my beloved mother and late father, Mek Nab Bt Deris
and Mohd Arifin Bin Awang, my lovely wife, Latifah bt Md Zain, my childrens,
Irfan Danish, Iman Danial, Izzul Darwish and Izzara Nuraisyah, my family, friends
and lecturers
Thanks for everything
v
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Praise to Allah, I am grateful to dear Allah for His Graciousness and blessings that I
finally managed to complete this research and project report after going through the
challenges and anticipations.
I wish to express my sincere appreciation to my supervisor Dr. Mohd Hafiz bin Puteh
for his encouragement, time, guidance and support from the beginning of my master
project until its completion.
Furthermore, I would like to extend my sincere appreciation to my beloved wife
Latifah Bt Md Zain, childrens Irfan Danish, Iman Danial, Izzul Darwish and Izzara
Nuraisyah, my parents, siblings and close friends whom always give support and
believe that I can finish my master degree.
Last but not least, thank you so much to anyone whom had helped me whether
directly or indirectly throughout the journey of completing this thesis and my master
degree
vi
ABSTRACT
Wastewater is water whose physical, chemical or biological properties have
been changed as a result of the introduction of certain substances which render it
unsafe for some purposes such as drinking. . Disposal of domestic sewage and
industrial effluents into the environment without proper treatment process is a major
contributor to deterioration in water quality. Currently, less than 10 percent of the 1.3
million individual septic tanks in Malaysia were emptied. All tanks should be
emptied every two years according to the size of the tank and the size of the
household to avoid polluting the environment and water sources.This study is
intended to identify the premises that carried out the desludging individual septic
tank, to check the quality of water effluent from desludged and non-desludged
individual septic tank according to the following parameters Biochemical Oxygen
Demand (BOD5), Total Suspended Solids (TSS) and Ammoniacal Nitrogen (NH3), to
compare the effluent quality from desludging and non-desludging septic tank and
also to discuss sustainability management and sewage treatment systems at Kota
Bharu, in addition to discussing problems and related issues. The total number of
desludged individual septic tank in Kota Bharu still low compared to total number of
septic tank. The percentage in 2017 is 2.1%, 2018 is 2.1% and 2019 is 2.2%. The
increment only 0.1% shows that the awareness of Kota Bharu residents is still low.
Based on the results of laboratory tests performed, the content of three parameters
tested from individual septic tanks that have emptied the tank, which is Biological
Oxygen Demand (BOD), Total Suspended Solid (TSS) and Ammoniacal Nitrogen
(NH3), it is found that the content of the content is below the standard level A and B
stated in environmental quality (sewage) regulation 2009 except Total Suspended
Solid (TSS) content. The content of Total Suspended Solid (TSS) for D-2 and D-3
premises is still below standard B, only the content for D-1 premises is quite high at
139 mg / L above standards A (50 mg / L) and B (100 mg / L). The Total Suspended
Solid (TSS) content in the D-1 premises is quite high as the owner of the permit
combines a sink and shower system with a toilet sewage system. Premises D-2 and
D-3 use separate systems. Overall, the effluent quality of desludged individual septic
tanks is better and safer for the environment.
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ABSTRAK
Air buangan adalah air yang sifat fizikal, kimia atau biologinya telah berubah
akibat pengenalan kepada bahan-bahan tertentu yang menjadikannya tidak selamat
untuk beberapa tujuan seperti minum. . Pada masa ini, kurang daripada 10 peratus
daripada 1.3 juta tangki septik individu di Malaysia dikosongkan. Semua tangki harus
dikosongkan setiap dua tahun mengikut ukuran tangki dan saiz isi rumah untuk
mengelakkan pencemaran alam sekitar dan sumber air. Kajian ini bertujuan untuk
mengenal pasti premis yang mengosongkan dan tidak mengosongan tangki septik
individu, untuk memeriksa kualiti efluen air dari kedua-dua tangki septik individu
bagi parameter berikut seperti Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD5), Jumlah Pepejal
Terampai (TSS) dan Ammoniacal Nitrogen (NH3), untuk membandingkan kualiti
efluen dari tangki septik yang dikongkan dan tidak dikosongkan dan juga untuk
membincangkan pengurusan kelestarian dan sistem rawatan kumbahan di Kota
Bharu, selain membincangkan masalah dan masalah yang berkaitan. Jumlah tangki
septik yang dikosongkan di Kota Bharu masih rendah berbanding dengan jumlah
tangki septik. Peratusan pada tahun 2017 adalah 2.1%, 2018 adalah 2.1% dan 2019
adalah 2.2%. Kenaikan hanya 0.1% menunjukkan bahawa kesedaran penduduk Kota
Bharu masih rendah. Berdasarkan hasil ujian makmal yang dilakukan, kandungan
tiga parameter yang diuji dari tangki septik individu yang telah dikosongkan, iaitu
Biological Oksigen Demand (BOD), Pepejal Terampai (TSS) dan Nitrogen Amonia
(NH3), didapati bahawa kandungan berada di bawah paras standard A dan B yang
dinyatakan dalam peraturan kualiti alam sekitar (kumbahan) 2009 kecuali kandungan
pepejal terampai (TSS). Kandungan Pepejal Terampai (TSS) untuk premis D-2 dan
D-3 masih di bawah standard B, hanya kandungan untuk premis D-1 agak tinggi iaitu
139 mg / L di atas standard A (50 mg / L) dan B (100 mg / L). Kandungan Pepejal
Terampai (TSS) di premis D-1 tinggi kerana pemilik premis menggabungkan sistem
sink dan pancuran dengan sistem kumbahan tandas. Premis D-2 dan D-3
menggunakan sistem yang berasingan. Kualiti efluen tangki septik individu yang
dikosongkan lebih baik dan lebih selamat untuk alam sekitar.
viii
TABLE OF CONTENTS
TITLE PAGE
DECLARATION iii
DEDICATION iv
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT v
ABSTRACT vi
ABSTRAK vii
TABLE OF CONTENTS viii
LIST OF TABLES xi
LIST OF FIGURES xiii
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS xv
LIST OF SYMBOLS xvi
LIST OF APPENDICES xvii
CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1
1.1 Background of study 1
1.2 Problem Statement 2
1.3 Objective 3
1.4 Scope of Study 3
CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW 5
2.1 Septic tank 5
2.1.1 Individual Septic Tank (IST) 5
2.2 Sewerage Treatment Plan (STP) 8
2.2.1 Imhoff Tank (IT) 9
2.3 Scenario in Malaysia 11
2.4 Effluent Discharge Standards and Requirements in
Malaysia 12
2.4.1 Acceptable Condition of Sewage Discharge
of Standard A and B 14
ix
2.5 Residential Septic Tank Waste Strength 16
2.5.1 pH 17
2.5.2 Carbonaceous Biochemical Oxygen
Demand (CBOD5) 18
2.5.3 Total Suspended Solid (TSS) 19
2.5.4 Fats, Oil and Grease (FOG) 20
2.5.5 Ammoniacal Nitrogen (NH3) 20
2.6 Wastewater 23
2.6.1 Types of Wastewater 24
2.6.2 Domestic wastewater 24
2.6.3 Characteristic of wastewater 25
CHAPTER 3 METHODOLOGY 29
3.1 Introduction 29
3.2 Data Collection, Selecting Location and Collecting
Sample 31
3.3 Data Analysis 35
CHAPTER 4 RESULT AND DISSCUSSION 37
4.1 Introduction 37
4.2 Desludged individual septic tank 39
4.3 Effluent quality from desludged and non-desludged
individual septic tank 43
4.4 Comparison of Effluent Quality 45
4.4.1 Comparison quality of effluent between
desludged individual septic tank with 3
Sewerage Treatment Plant (STP) in Kota
Bharu 45
4.4.2 Comparison quality of effluent between
desludged individual septic tank with
Standard A and Standard B 50
4.4.3 Comparison quality of effluent between
desludged individual septic tank with
previous study 53
x
CHAPTER 5 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION 57
5.1 Conclusion 57
5.2 Recommendation 58
REFERENCES 59
APPENDICES 63
xi
LIST OF TABLES
TABLE NO. TITLE PAGE
Table 2.1 The total number of public sewage treatment plant
in Malaysia as at Oct 2014 (IWK, 2019) 9
Table 2.2 The typical figures for imhoff tank (Raw sewage,
effluent and standard B) 10
Table 2.3 8th
Schedule. Effluent Discharge Standards to
Malaysian Inland Waters 13
Table 2.4 Acceptable Condition of Sewage Discharge for
New Sewage Treatment System 14
Table 2.5 The acceptable conditions for sewage discharge
according to standard A and B 15
Table 2.6 The acceptable conditions for sewage discharge
according to standard A and B beginning January
1999 and up to the date 15
Table 2.7 Septic tank effluent concentration with and without
filter. (Crites and Tchobanoglous, 1998; Stuth,
2004). 16
Table 2.8 Ranges concentration for domestic and restaurant
effluent. (Siegrist et al. 1984) 17
Table 2.9 An approximate composition of medium strength
domestic wastewater in terms of Nitrogen and its
constituents. 21
Table 2.10 Average Ammoniacal Nitrogen content for
standard A and B 22
Table 2.11 Components present in domestic wastewater
(Henze and Ledin; 2001) 25
Table 2.12 Different parameters in domestic wastewater
(Henze and Ledin, 2001) 27
Table 3.1 Coordinate location of desludged and non-
desludged individual septic tank 32
Table 3.2 Contents of BOD, TSS and NH3 for Standard A
and B 35
Table 4.1 Parameters obtained and numbers of sampling of
individual septic tank 37
xii
Table 4.2 History of premises that sample was carried out to
do laboratory testing 38
Table 4.3 Estimated premises/ housing in Kelantan and Kota
Bharu area from 2017 to 2019 39
Table 4.4 Total number of individual septic tank in Kota
Bharu 40
Table 4.5 Total number and percentage of desludging
Individual Septic Tank in Kota Bharu compared to
desludging individual septic tank in Kelantan. 40
Table 4.6 The total number and percentage of desludged
Individual Septic Tank in Kota Bharu compared to
total individual septic tank. 42
Table 4.7 Result of laboratory test for Biological Oxygen
Demand (BOD5), Total Suspended Solid (TSS) and
Ammoniacal Nitrogen (NH3) in every individual
septic tank 43
Table 4.8 Comparison of BOD5, TSS and NH3 between
desludged individual septic tank and STP 1-
Taman Desa Darul Naim. 46
Table 4.9 Comparison of BOD5, TSS and NH3 between
desludged individual septic tank and STP 2-
Taman Desa Kemumin 47
Table 4.10 Comparison of BOD5, TSS and NH3 between
desludged individual septic tank and STP 3- PPR
Kota Bharu 48
Table 4.11 Comparisons in BOD5, TSS and NH3 content
between desludged individual septic tanks with
standards A and B (Environmental Quality
(sewage) Regulation 2009) 50
Table 4.12 Comparisons in BOD5, TSS and NH3 content
between non-desludgedindividual septic tanks with
standards A and B (Environmental Quality
(sewage) Regulation 2009) 52
Table 4.13 Comparison between desludged individual septic
tank effluent in Kota Bharu with effluent value at
Burnett, Washington 53
Table 4.14 Comparison between desludged individual septic
tank effluent in Kota Bharu with effluent value at
La Pine, Oregon 54
xiii
LIST OF FIGURES
FIGURE NO. TITLE PAGE
Figure 2.1 A typical individual septic tank built according to
Malaysian Standards (MS 1228) (IWK) 5
Figure 2.2 Non-desludged, desludged and after desludging
septic tank (IWK,2019) 7
Figure 2.3 Plan (top view) and side view of imhoff tank (IWK,
2019) 10
Figure 2.4 The naked eye cannot see the bacteria contained in
raw sewage that is released into the waterways. 12
Figure 2.5 Individual septic tanks should be cleared once
every two years to prevent sludge accumulating
inside them 12
Figure 2.6 Types of Wastewater 24
Figure 2.7 Physical Characteristics of wastewater 26
Figure 3.1 Research Methodology chart 30
Figure 3.2 Map of desludged individual septic tank 33
Figure 3.3 Map of non desludged individual septic tank 34
Figure 4.1 Percentage of desludged individual septic tank in
Kota Bharu compared to others district in 2017 41
Figure 4.2 Percentage of desludged individual septic tank in
Kota Bharu compared to others district in 2018 41
Figure 4.3 Percentage of desludged individual septic tank in
Kota Bharu compared to others district in 2019 42
Figure 4.4 The content of Biological Oxygen Demand
(BOD5), Total Suspended Solid (TSS) and
Ammoniacal Nitrogen (NH3) in desludged
individual septic tank 44
Figure 4.5 The content of Biological Oxygen Demand
(BOD5), Total Suspended Solid (TSS) and
Ammoniacal Nitrogen (NH3) in desludged
individual septic tank 44
Figure 4.6 Comparison of BOD5, TSS and NH3 between
desludged individual septic tank and STP 1- Taman
Desa Darul Naim 47
xiv
Figure 4.7 Comparison of BOD5, TSS and NH3 between
desludged individual septic tank and STP 2- Taman
Desa Kemumin 48
Figure 4.8 Comparison of BOD5, TSS and NH3 between
desludged individual septic tank and STP 3- PPR
Kota Bharu 49
Figure 4.9 Comparisons in BOD5, TSS and NH3 content
between desludged individual septic tanks with
standards A and B (Environmental Quality
(sewage) Regulation 2009) 51
Figure 4.10 Comparisons in BOD5, TSS and NH3 content
between non-desludged individual septic tanks
with standards A and B (Environmental Quality
(sewage) Regulation 2009) 52
Figure 4.11 Comparison between desludged individual septic
tank effluent in Kota Bharu with effluent value at
Burnett, Washington 54
Figure 4.12 Comparison between desludged individual septic
tank effluent in Kota Bharu with effluent value at
La Pine, Oregon 55
xv
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
UTM
IWK
WICAM
BOD
COD
TSS
NH3
MS
D
ND
IST
IT
STP
WSIA
EA ODC
RBCSBR
PE
DOE
EQA
FOG
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
Universiti Teknologi Malaysia
Indah Water Konsortium
Water and Energy Consumer Association of Malaysia
Biological Oxygen Demand
Chemical Oxygen Demand
Total Suspended Solid
Ammoniacal Nitrogen
Malaysia Standard
Desludged
Non-desludged
Individual Septic Tank
Imhoff Tank
Sewerage Treatment Plant
Water Services Industry Act Peroxide Carbon dioxide
Extended Aeration itro
Oxidation Ditch
Rotating Biological Contactors
Sequenced Batch Reactors s oxide
Population Equivalent unicipal
Department of Environment s Environmental Quality Act
Fat, Oil & Greasewaste Teragram
Intergovernmental panel on climate change Degradable organic
carbon
Reciprocating internal combustion engines
1
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background of study
Wastewater is water whose physical, chemical or biological properties have
been changed as a result of the introduction of certain substances which render it
unsafe for some purposes such as drinking. The day to day activities of man is
mainly water dependent and therefore discharge „waste‟ into water. Some of the
substances include body wastes (faeces and urine), hair shampoo, hair, food scraps,
fat, laundry powder, fabric conditioners, toilet paper, chemicals, detergent, household
cleaners, dirt, micro-organisms (germs) which can make people ill and damage the
environment. It is known that much of water supplied ends up as wastewater which
makes its treatment very important. Wastewater treatment is the process and
technology that is used to remove most of the contaminants that are found in
wastewater to ensure a sound environment and good public health. Wastewater
Management therefore means handling wastewater to protect the environment to
ensure public health, economic, social and political soundness (Metcalf and Eddy,
1991).
As a general rule, septic tank should ideally empty once every three to five
years. However, the actual frequency will vary depending on usage and how many
people live in household. The septic tank may need to pump out more frequently in
larger households, for instance, while a single person living alone in a house may be
able to go ten years without having the tank pumped out but a family of seven might
have to pump every two years. Occasionally pumping out the septic tank is essential
for its reliable operation. A septic tank that isn't working can pose problems for any
household, such as sewage backing up into household drains or sewage bubbling up
from the ground around the septic tank and lateral field. The quality of the effluent
from the septic tank may be harm to the human being and environment.
2
Without scheduled desludging, untreated sewage and sludge solids will be
released into rivers. This will cause depletion of dissolved oxygen in these rivers,
resulting in the death of aquatic life. The large quantities of sludge that settle to the
bottom of rivers will also kill off any aquatic plants that contribute oxygen to the
rivers. This will cause our rivers to eventually 'die'. In addition, untreated sewage
also poses a threat to public health since it may contain pathogenic bacteria and
viruses that cause deadly diseases such as cholera, typhoid and hepatitis A. All septic
tanks need to be desludged on a regular basis that is once in two years.
1.2 Problem Statement
Septic tanks are an important part of some residential sewage systems. These
tanks are usually constructed from concrete or plastic and collect sewage and
wastewater from the house. Septic tanks are usually installed where municipal sewer
lines are not available, which means they most often serve rural homeowners or
homes that were built before city sewer lines were laid in the area. The level of
awareness among the public in the country to clear septic tanks is still low. Currently,
less than 10 percent of the 1.3 million individual septic tanks in Malaysia were
emptied (IWK, 2019). All tanks should be emptied every two years according to the
size of the tank and the size of the household to avoid polluting the environment and
water sources. Pursuant to the Water Services Industry Act 2006 (Act 655) under
Section 65 (1) (c), it states that the owner of an individual septic tank is required to
clear and maintain the septic tank. The quality of effluent from septic tank may be
harm to human being and environment.
59
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63
APPENDICES
Appendix A Suplimentary figures
Figure A1: Selecting Location and Collecting Sample
64
Appendix B Desludged and Blokage of Individual Septic Tank Report 2017
Table B1: Desludged and Blokage of Individual Septic Tank Report 2017
TRIP BY
LOCATION/DISTRICT
MONTH
Jan Feb Mac April May June July Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec TOTAL
MPKB-BANDARAYA
ISLAM 124 184 238 165 232 165 256 200 205 279 188 119 2355
MP-TUMPAT 32 29 24 23 36 36 44 38 32 40 27 23 384
MP-PASIR MAS 15 18 21 13 24 17 32 22 22 16 15 14 229
MP-GUA MUSANG 6 4 0 21 5 1 5 8 32 8 7 12 109
MP-PASIR PUTEH 10 8 14 9 35 13 17 12 10 14 7 15 164
MP-BACHOK 14 13 15 11 15 10 21 23 10 12 17 13 174
MP-JELI 1 1 3 0 1 1 3 4 3 5 0 0 22
MP-TANAH MERAH 11 4 7 0 8 9 5 6 3 15 1 2 71
MP-KETEREH 2 13 16 9 11 9 13 13 7 8 7 7 115
MP-KUALA KRAI 7 2 7 0 5 4 6 11 5 7 1 4 59
MP-MACHANG 14 12 8 13 16 10 16 14 3 15 8 7 136
MP-DABONG 3 2 0 5
SUB TOTAL TRIP
3,823
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