Transcript
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Government 90dnMapping the Census
Lecture 5: Cartography
Sumeeta Srinivasanssrinivasan@cga.harvard.edu
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OutlineMap AudiencesVector GIS representationGraphic Elements based on vectorsColorsGraphical HierarchyMap Types
Normalizing DataMap Layouts
Exporting Maps
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Map AudiencesMap Use: Exploration PresentationAudience: Trained Analyst General Public
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Map AudiencesMap Use: Exploration PresentationAudience: Trained Analyst General PublicPurpose: Visual Thinking Communication
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Map AudiencesMap Use: Exploration PresentationAudience: Trained Analyst General PublicPurpose: Visual Thinking Communication
Advantages: Graphical Believable
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Map AudiencesMap Use: Exploration PresentationAudience: Trained Analyst General PublicPurpose: Visual Thinking Communication
Advantages: Graphical Believable
Granularity: Fine Coarse
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Map AudiencesMap Use: Exploration PresentationAudience: Trained Analyst General PublicPurpose: Visual Thinking Communication
Advantages: Graphical Believable
Granularity: Fine Coarse
Symbols: Abstract Mimeticcapital
railroad
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Vector GISPoint
Line
Polygon
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PointsData Attached to Points
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PointsSame data displayed as different points
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Lines
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PolygonsPoint
LinePolygons
GreenSpaces
Buildings
Census
Blocks
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Jacques Bertin
What should
be
printed
to
facilitate
communication,
that
is, to tell others what we know without a loss of information
Jacques Bertin, Paris, February 1983
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Bertins Graphic Variables
Saturation
Value Hue
More Value
Shape
Texture Size
Orientation
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Saturation
Value Hue
More ValueTexture
Orientation
Size
ShapePoint Symbols
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Use Solid Point Markers
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Use Three to Seven Categories Max
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Saturation
Value Hue
More Value
Shape
Texture Size
OrientationOrientation
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Saturation
Value Hue
More Value
Shape Orientation
SizeTexture
Texture
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Texture
Black and White PrintsPolygonsLarge Areas
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TextureBrings object to the front (figure)
long wavelength huescoarse texture
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Saturation
Value Hue
More Value
Shape
Texture
Orientation
Size0-25
4-9>9
Size
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SizeGraduated SymbolsShow Size or Amount
Elevated Blood Level
!( 26 - 50
!( 51 - 150
!( 1 - 25
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Shape
Texture
Orientation
Size Saturation
Hue
More Value
ValueValue
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ValueIncrease/Decrease Contrast
The greater the difference in value between an
object and its background, the greater thecontrast
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Value
By creating a pattern of dark to light values, evenwhen the objects are equal in shape and size, itleads the eye in the direction of dark to light
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Value
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Value
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Shape
Texture
Orientation
Size Saturation
Value
More Value
HueHue
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Shape
Texture
Orientation
Size Saturation
Value Hue
More Value
Value
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Shape
Texture
Orientation
Size
Value Hue
More Value Saturation
Saturation
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SaturationYou can change the saturation of a hue by adding black(shadow) or white (light). The amount of saturation gives
us our shades and tints.
Percentage Female-HeadedHouseholds with Children
0% to 4%
4% to 8%
8% to 12%
Greater than 12%
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SaturationCustomize the Propertiesof a layer
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Color Hues and ValuesEach of individual color is a hueColors have meaning (i.e. cool colors, warm colors, etc)
-Cool colors calming
-Warm colors exciting-Cool colors appear smaller than warm colors and theyvisually recede on the page so red can visually overpower
and stand out over blue even if used in equal amountswww.colormatters.comwww.colorbrewer.org
http://www.colormatters.com/http://www.colorbrewer.org/http://www.colorbrewer.org/http://www.colormatters.com/8/14/2019 Harvard Government 90dn Lecture 5
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Color Wheel redviolet
blue
orange
yellow
green
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Color WheelHarmonytwo adjacent hues
red
violet
blue
orange
yellow
green
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Color WheelHarmonytwo adjacent hues
red
violet
blue
orange
yellow
green
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Color WheelHarmonytwo adjacent hues
red
violet
blue
orange
yellow
green
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Color WheelHarmonytwo adjacent hues
Contrasttwo hues with
one hue skippedin between
red
violet
blue
orange
yellow
green
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Color WheelHarmonytwo adjacent hues
Contrasttwo hues with
one hue skippedin between
red
violet
blue
orange
yellow
green
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Color WheelHarmonytwo adjacent hues
Contrasttwo hues with
one hue skippedin between
red
violet
blue
orange
yellow
green
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Color WheelHarmonytwo adjacent hues
Contrasttwo hues with
one hue skippedin between
red
violet
blue
orange
yellow
green
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Non-Contrasting vs. Contrasting
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Color WheelHarmony
two adjacent huesContrast
two hues withone hue skippedin between
ClashOpposites
red
violet
blue
orange
yellow
green
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Double-Ended ScalesExtremes Emphasized
critical value of zeroregression residuals, time changeblue and red contrastwhite center is ground
-4 to -2-2 to 2
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Change Map Example
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Color Spot
0802
0604
0605
0507 0810
0804
0809
0903
White background allows yellow color spot to be visualized
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Color Spot Ramps
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Graphical HierarchyGoaldirect attention toward or away from available Information
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Graphical HierarchyGoaldirect attention toward or away from available Information
Figure-Groundvisual separation of a scene into recognizable figuresandinconspicuous background (ground)
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Graphical HierarchyGroundlarger of two contrasting areas
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Graphical HierarchyGroundgrays, light browns, heavily saturated hues
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Graphical Hierarchy
Figurelong wavelength hues
coarse texture
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Graphical HierarchyGround
Figurelong wavelength hues
coarse texturestrong edge
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Maps (Types)1. Choropleth maps
2. Isopleth maps3. Proportional symbol maps4. Dot maps
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Maps (Isopleth)
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Proportionalsymbol mapshttp://www.colorado.edu/geography/courses/geog_3053_s05/Lectures/Proportional%20Symbol%20Maps.htm
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Maps (Dot density)
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Cartograms(2004 Elections by County)
http://www-personal.umich.edu/~mejn/election/
http://www-personal.umich.edu/~mejn/election/countycartlinearlarge.pnghttp://www-personal.umich.edu/~mejn/election/countymaplinearlarge.png8/14/2019 Harvard Government 90dn Lecture 5
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Choropleth Maps
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ClassificationsProcess of placing data into groups that have asimilar characteristic or value
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ClassificationsNatural BreaksClasses are based on natural groupings inherent in the data
Looks for where there are big jumps in data
QuantilesEach class contains an equal number of featuresGood for linearly distributed data
Equal IntervalDivides the range of attribute values into equal-sizedSubranges (e.g. 0100, 101200, and 201300)
Standard DeviationCalculates mean and then maps 1-2standard deviations above / below mean
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Custom ScalesKnow your data!
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Custom ScalesEdit the classifications and layer properties
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Original Map
LegendStates
Total PopulationPOP2003
-99 - 124,013
124,014 - 447,485
447,486 - 1,129,788
1,129,789 - 2,498,3382,498,339 - 5,393,431
5,393,432 - 9,873,548
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Custom Map
Total U.S. Population, 2003
0 - 9,99 9
10,000 - 24,999
25,000 - 49,999
50,000 - 99,999
100,000 - 499,999
500,000 - 9,873,548
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Normalizing DataDivides one numeric attribute by another in order to
minimize differences in values based on the size of areas or number of features in each area
Examples:Dividing the 5 to 17 year-old population by the total population yields thepercentage of people aged 5-17Dividing a value by the area of the feature yields a value per unit area, or density
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Normalizing Data
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Normalizing Data
Percent Population 5-176.9% - 1 2.4 %
12.5% - 17.9%
18.0% - 23.4%
23.5% - 28.9%
29.0% - 34.4%
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Map Layouts
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Printed Map Layouts
Concise TitleTopic, place, time
LegendWord Legend or Key not needed
Data SourceSource and date data was obtained
l b
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U.S. Population by County
Data obtained from U.S. Census
Total U.S. Population, 2003
0 - 9,999
10,000 - 24,999
25,000 - 49,999
50,000 - 99,999100,000 - 499,999
500,000 - 9,873,548
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Map ElementsScale
Direction Indicator Photos / Images
Neat-lines
E l f b d
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Example of a bad map...
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