Halderman ch022 lecture

Automotive Technology, Fourth EditionJames Halderman

ENGINE OIL

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ObjectivesObjectives

• The student should be able to:– Prepare for ASE Engine Repair (A1)

certification test content area “D” (Lubrication and Cooling Systems Diagnosis and Repair).

– Describe the importance and the role of engine oil.

– Describe the various oil specifications.

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ObjectivesObjectives

• The student should be able to:– Discuss the importance of the vehicle

manufacturer’s requirements. – Discuss how to change oil.

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INTRODUCTIONINTRODUCTION

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IntroductionIntroduction

• Engine oil serves these functions– Lubricates moving parts– Helps cool engine parts– Helps seal piston rings

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• Engine oil serves these functions– Helps neutralize acids created as by-

products of combustion– Reduces friction in the engine– Helps prevent rust and corrosion

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• Specified engine oil must be used• Oil should be replaced a specified

mileage or time intervals

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PROPERTIES OF PROPERTIES OF ENGINE OILENGINE OIL

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Properties of Engine OilProperties of Engine Oil

• Most important engine oil property is thickness or viscosity– As oil is cooled, it gets thicker– As oil is heated, it gets thinner

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• Lowest temperature at which oil will pour is called its pour point

• Index of change in viscosity between cold and hot extremes is viscosity index (VI)

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• Oils with high VI thin less with heat than oils with low VI

• Oils must be miscible, capable to mixing with other oils

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SAE RATINGSAE RATING

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SAE RatingSAE Rating

• Terminology– Oils have Society of Automotive Engineers

(SAE) grade number– SAE number indicates viscosity range

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• Terminology– Oils tested at 212°F (100°C) have a

number with no letter following– Oils tested at 0°F (−18°C) rated with

number and the letter W, which means winter

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• Multigrade Engine Oil– An SAE 5W-30 multigrade oil meets SAE 5W

specification at 0°F (-18°C) and SAE 30 viscosity specification at 212°F (100°C)

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• Multigrade Engine Oil– Most manufacturers recommend these

multiviscosity engine oils• SAE 5W-30• SAE 10W-30

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Figure 22-1 The SAE viscosity rating required is often printed on the engine oil filler cap.

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• Multigrade Engine Oil– Characteristics to consider in choosing

engine oil within recommended viscosity range

• Thinner oil– Improved cold engine starting

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• Thinner oil– Improved fuel economy

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• Thicker oil– Improved protection at higher temperatures

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• Thicker oil– Reduced fuel economy

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• Multigrade Engine Oil– NOTE: Always used specified viscosity

engine oil.

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API RATINGAPI RATING

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API RatingAPI Rating

• Definition– American Petroleum Institute (API)

established engine oil performance classification

– Oils are tested and rated in production automotive engines

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Figure 22-2 API doughnut for a SAE 5W-30, SN engine oil. When compared to a reference oil, the “energy conserving” designation indicates a 1.1% better fuel economy for SAE 10W-30 oils and 0.5% better fuel economy for SAE 5W-30 oils.

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• Gasoline Engine Ratings– In gasoline engine ratings, S means service– S can also indicate spark ignition engines

• SA Straight mineral oil (no additives), not suitable for use in any engine

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• Gasoline Engine Ratings– S can also indicate spark ignition engines

• SB Nondetergent oil with additives to control wear and oil oxidation

• SC Obsolete (1964)

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• SD Obsolete (1968)• SE Obsolete (1972)

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• SF Obsolete (1980)• SG Obsolete (1988)

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• SH Obsolete (1993–1997)• SJ Obsolete (1997–2001)

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• SL 2001–2003• SM 2004–2010• SN 2011 +

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• Gasoline Engine Ratings– NOTE: Vehicles built since about 1996 that

use roller valve lifters can use the new, higher rated engine oil classifications. Newly overhauled antique cars or engines can also use newer, improved oils. Engines older than about 1996 or those using flat-bottom lifters should use a zinc additive if using newer rated oil.

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• Diesel Engine Ratings– Diesel classifications begin with the letter

C, which stands for commercial.– C can also mean compression ignition or

diesel engines• CA: Obsolete• CB: Obsolete

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• Diesel Engine Ratings– C can also mean compression ignition or

diesel engines• CC: Obsolete• CD: Minimum rating for use in diesel engine

service

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diesel engines• CE: Designed for certain turbocharged or

supercharged heavy-duty diesel engine service

• CF: For off-road indirect injected diesel engine service

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diesel engines• CF-2: Two-stroke diesel engine service• CF-4: High-speed four-stroke cycle diesel

engine service

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diesel engines• CG-4: Severe-duty high-speed four-stroke

diesel engine service• CI-4: Severe-duty high-speed four-stroke

diesel engine service

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diesel engines• CJ-4: Required for use in all 2007 and new

diesels using ultra-low-sulfur diesel (ULSD) fuel

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ILSAC OIL RATINGILSAC OIL RATING

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ILSAC Oil RatingILSAC Oil Rating

• Definition– International Lubricant Standardization and

Approval Committee (ILSAC) rating consolidates SAE viscosity rating and API quality rating

– Engine oils meeting standards display “starburst” symbol

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• Definition– Oil suitable for use in almost any gasoline

engine

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• ILSAC Ratings– The original GF-1 (gasoline fuel) rating in

1993– Updated to GF-2 in 1997– Updated to GF-3 in 2000

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• ILSAC Ratings– Updated to GF-4 in 2004– Updated to GF-5 in 2010– For more information, visit www.gf-5.com

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Figure 22-3 The International Lubricant Standardization and Approval Committee (ILSAC) starburst symbol. If this symbol is on the front of the container of oil, then it is acceptable for use in almost any gasoline engine.

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EUROPEAN OILEUROPEAN OILRATING SYSTEMRATING SYSTEM

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European Oil Rating System European Oil Rating System

• Definition– Association des Constructeurs Europeens

d’Automobiles (ACEA) rating system• Gasoline engine oils

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d’Automobiles (ACEA) rating system• ACEA A1 Low-friction low-viscosity oil (not

suitable for some engines)

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d’Automobiles (ACEA) rating system• ACEA A2 General-purpose oil intended for

normal oil change intervals; not suitable for some engines or extended oil drain intervals in any engine

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d’Automobiles (ACEA) rating system• ACEA A3 Designed for high-performance

engines and/or extended oil drain intervals and under all temperature ranges

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d’Automobiles (ACEA) rating system• ACEA A4 Designed to meet requirements for

gasoline direct injection (GDI) engines

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d’Automobiles (ACEA) rating system• ACEA A5 Low-viscosity low-friction oil not

suitable for some engines

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d’Automobiles (ACEA) rating system• Diesel engine oils• ACEA B1 Low-viscosity oil designed for use in

a passenger vehicle diesel engine that is equipped with an indirect injection system; not suitable for some diesel engines

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d’Automobiles (ACEA) rating system• ACEA B2 Designed for use in passenger

vehicle diesel engines using indirect injection and using normal oil drain intervals

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d’Automobiles (ACEA) rating system• ACEA B3 Intended for use in a high-

performance indirect injected passenger vehicle diesel engine and under extended oil drain interval conditions

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d’Automobiles (ACEA) rating system• ACEA B4 Intended for year-round use in

direct injected passenger vehicle diesel engines; can be used in an indirect injected diesel engine

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d’Automobiles (ACEA) rating system• ACEA B5 Designed for extended oil drain

intervals; not suitable for some engines

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d’Automobiles (ACEA) rating system• ACEA C1Specifications for catalyst

compatible oils, C2, C3, which have limits on the amount of sulfur, zinc, and other additives that could harm the catalytic converter

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• Definition– Starting in 2004, the ACEA began using

combined ratings such as A1/B1, A3/B3, A3/B4, and A5/B5

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• Definition– ACEA oil requires low levels of sulfated ash,

phosphorous, and sulfur (SAPS) and has high temperature/high shear rate viscosity (HTHS)

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• Definition– C ratings are catalytic converter compatible

oils and include• C1: basically A5/B5 oil with low SAPS, Low

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oils and include• C2: A5/B5 with low HTHS and mid-level SAPS

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• Definition– ACEA oil requires low levels of sulfated ash,

phosphorous, and sulfur (SAPS) and has high temperature/high shear rate viscosity (HTHS)

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oils and include• C3: A5/B5 with high HTHS and mid-level

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oils and include• C4: low SAPS; high HTHS

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Figure 22-4 ACEA ratings are included on the back of the oil container if it meets any of the standards. ACEA ratings apply to European vehicles only such as BMW, Mercedes, Audi, and VW.

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JAPANESE OIL RATINGSJAPANESE OIL RATINGS

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Japanese Oil RatingsJapanese Oil Ratings

• Japanese Automobile Standards Organization (JASO) tests use small Japanese engines

• Ratings require more stringent valve train wear standards than other oil ratings

• Most Japanese brand vehicles specify SAE, API, and ILSAC rating standards

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ENGINE OIL ADDITIVESENGINE OIL ADDITIVES

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Engine Oil AdditivesEngine Oil Additives

• Balance additives are called additive package

• Additives to Improve the Base Oil– Viscosity index (VI) improver allows

lubricant to operate over wider temperature range

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Figure 22-5 Viscosity index (VI) improver is a polymer and feels like finely ground foam rubber. When dissolved in the oil, it expands when hot to keep the oil from thinning.

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• Additives to Improve the Base Oil– Pour point depressant keeps lubricant

flowing at low temperatures– Antifoam agents reduce/stop foaming

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• Additives to Protect the Base Oil– Antioxidants slow breakdown of base fluid

caused by oxygen and heat– Oxidants prevent acid formation (corrosion)

in form of sludges, varnishes

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• Additives to Protect the Engine– Total base number (TBN) neutralizes acids

created during combustion– Rust inhibitor inhibits action of water on

ferrous metal, such as steel

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• Additives to Protect the Engine– Corrosion inhibitor protects nonferrous

metals, such as copper

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• Additives to Protect the Engine– Antiwear additive forms protective layer on

metal surfaces to reduce friction and prevent wear

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• Additives to Protect the Engine– Extreme pressure additive functions when

heavy loads and temperatures occur

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OIL BRAND OIL BRAND COMPATIBILITYCOMPATIBILITY

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Oil Brand Compatibility Oil Brand Compatibility

• If brand of engine oil is not performing up to expectations, change brands

• Oil changes are the most important regularly scheduled maintenance

• Check oil level regularly and add oil as needed

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Oil Brand Compatibility Oil Brand Compatibility

• According to SAE standard J-357, all engine oils must be miscible with other brands of oil

• Any brand of engine oil can be used if it meets viscosity and API standards recommended by vehicle manufacturer

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Figure 22-6 Using a zinc additive is important when using SM or SN-rated oil in an engine equipped with a flat-bottom lifter, especially during the break-in period.

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SYNTHETIC OILSYNTHETIC OIL

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Synthetic OilSynthetic Oil

• Definition– Manufactured product not refined from

naturally occurring substance

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• API Groups– American Petroleum Institute classifies

engine oil into following groups• Group 1

– Mineral, nonsynthetic base oil with few if any additives

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– Suitable for light lubricating needs and rust protection

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– Not for use in an engine

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engine oil into following groups• Group II

– Mineral oil with quality additive packages

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engine oil into following groups• Group II

– Includes most conventional engine oils

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engine oil into following groups• Group III

– Hydrogenated synthetic compounds

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– Lowest costing synthetic engine oil

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– Includes Castrol Syntec

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engine oil into following groups• Group IV

– Synthetic oils made from mineral oil and monomolecular oil

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engine oil into following groups• Group IV

– Includes Mobil 1

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Figure 22-7 Mobil 1 synthetic engine oil is used by several vehicle manufacturers in new engines.

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• API Groups• Group V

– Nonmineral sources such as alcohol– Includes Red Line synthetic oil

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• API Groups– Groups II, IV, and V are considered

synthetic– All synthetic oils perform better than Group

II oils

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• Advantages of Synthetics– Remain fluid at very low temperatures

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Figure 22-8 Both oils have been cooled to -20°F (-29°C). Notice that the synthetic oil on the left flows more freely than the mineral oil on the right even though both are SAE 5W-30.

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Synthetic Oil Synthetic Oil

• Disadvantages of Synthetics– Cost of synthetics can be four to five times

cost of petroleum-based oils

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Synthetic Oil Synthetic Oil

• Synthetic Blends– Some synthetic blended with petroleum

base engine oil– Percentage of synthetic used is unknown

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VEHICLE-SPECIFICVEHICLE-SPECIFICSPECIFICATIONSSPECIFICATIONS

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Vehicle-Specific SpecificationsVehicle-Specific Specifications

• Background– Oils may meet industry standards but not

tests specified by vehicle manufacturer

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• Vehicle Manufacturer-Specific Oil Specifications– BMW

• Longlife-98 and longlife-01 (abbreviated LL-01), LL-04

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• Vehicle Manufacturer-Specific Oil Specifications– General Motors

• GM 6094M• GM 4718M (synthetic oil specification)

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• Vehicle Manufacturer-Specific Oil Specifications– General Motors

• Dexos 1 (all GM gasoline engines, 2011 +)• Dexos 2 (all GM diesel engines, 2011 +)

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• Vehicle Manufacturer-Specific Oil Specifications– Ford

• WSS M2C153-H• WSS-M2C929• WSS-M2C929-A (low viscosity rating, SAE

5W-20)

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• Vehicle Manufacturer-Specific Oil Specifications– Ford

• WSS-M2C930-A• WSS-M2C931-A• WSS-M2C934-A

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• Vehicle Manufacturer-Specific Oil Specifications– Chrysler

• MS-6395 (2005 + vehicles)• MS-10725 (2004 and older)

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• Vehicle Manufacturer-Specific Oil Specifications– Honda/Acura

• HTO-06 (turbocharged engine only)

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• Vehicle Manufacturer-Specific Oil Specifications– Mercedes

• 229.3, 229.5, 229.1, 229.3, 229.31, 229.5, and 229.51

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Figure 22-9 European vehicle manufacturers usually specify engine oil with a broad viscosity range, such as SAE 5W-40, and their own unique standards, such as the Mercedes specification 229.51. Always use the oil specified by the vehicle manufacturer.

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• Vehicle Manufacturer-Specific Oil Specifications– Volkswagen (VS and Audi)

• 502.00, 505.00, 505.01, 503, 503.01, 505, 506 diesel, 506.1 diesel, and 507 diesel

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• Vehicle Manufacturer-Specific Oil Specifications– NOTE: Most Asian brand vehicle

manufacturers do not specify specifications other than SAE, API, ILSAC. These brands include:

• Acura/Honda• Toyota/Lexus/Scion

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• Kia• Hyundai

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• Nissan/Infinity• Mitsubishi

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• Mazda• Suzuki

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HIGH MILEAGE OILSHIGH MILEAGE OILS

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High Mileage OilsHigh Mileage Oils

• Definition– For use in vehicles that have over 75,000

miles– Most high mileage oils do not meet ILSAC

GF-4 rating and are not recommended for most engines

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High Mileage OilsHigh Mileage Oils

• Differences– Esters are added to swell main and valve-

stem oil seals– Only used in engines with more than

75,000 miles– Does not have energy rating of

conventional oils

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OIL FILTERSOIL FILTERS

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Oil FiltersOil Filters

• Construction– Filter is made from closely packed cloth

fibers or porous paper

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• Oil Filter Valves– Many oil filters have an antidrainback valve

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Figure 22-10 A rubber diaphragm acts as an antidrainback valve to keep the oil in the filter when the engine is stopped and the oil pressure drops to zero.

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• Oil Filter Valves– Valve keeps oil in filter, allows engine to

receive immediate lubrication on startup

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• Oil Filter Valves– Engine or filter has bypass valve to allow oil

to go around filter– Bypass allows engine to be lubricated with

dirty oil rather than none

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Figure 22-11 A cutaway of a typical spin-on oil filter. Engine oil enters the filter through the small holes around the center of the filter and flows through the pleated paper filtering media and out the large hole in the center of the filter. The center metal cylinder with holes is designed to keep the paper filter from collapsing under the pressure. The bypass valve can be built into the center on the oil filter or is part of the oil filter housing and located in the engine.

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• Oil Filter Disposal– Crush or drain before discarding as metal

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Figure 22-12 A typical filter crusher. The hydraulic ram forces out most of the oil from the filter. The oil is trapped underneath the crusher and is recycled.

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OIL CHANGEOIL CHANGE

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Oil ChangeOil Change

• Intervals– Intervals expressed in mileage or elapsed

time– Most manufacturers recommend interval of

7,500 to 12,000 miles (12,000 to 19,000 km) or every six months.

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• Intervals– Under any one of these conditions,

recommended interval is 2,000 to 3,000 miles (3,000 to 5,000 km) or every three months

• Dusty areas• Towing

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• Short trip driving, especially in cold weather• Operating below freezing (32°F, 0°C)

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• Idling for extended periods

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• Oil Life Monitors– Warning light tells when to change oil– Two types monitoring systems

• Mileage only

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• Oil Life Monitors– Warning light tells when to change oil– Two types monitoring systems

• Algorithm recommends oil change based on specific performance tasks, including number of cold starts, engine run-time

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Figure 22-13 Many vehicle manufacturers can display the percentage of oil life remaining, whereas others simply turn on a warning lamp when it has been determined that an oil change is required.

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• Oil Change Procedure– Step 1: Check oil level.– Step 2: Safely hoist vehicle.

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• Oil Change Procedure– Step 3: Position drain pan under drain plug;

remove plug.• CAUTION: Used engine oil is harmful. Wear

rubber gloves. If used oil gets on skin, wash thoroughly with soap and water.

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Figure 22-14 (a) A pick is pushed through the top of an oil filter that is positioned vertically.

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Figure 22-14 (b) When the pick is removed, a small hole allows air to get into the top of the filter which then allows the oil to drain out of the filter and back into the engine.

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• Oil Change Procedure– Step 4: Allow oil to drain freely.– Step 5: Examine oil plug gasket; replace if

damaged.– Step 6: Reinstall and tighten drain plug;

replace oil filter.

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• Oil Change Procedure– NOTE: Honda/Acura recommends replacing

oil drain plug gasket at every oil change.

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• Oil Change Procedure– Step 7: Refill engine with proper type,

grade, and quantity of oil.• Restart engine and allow to idle• Check for oil leaks

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OIL CHANGE 1 Before entering the customer’s car for the first time, be sure to install a seat cover as well as a steering wheel cover to protect the vehicle’s interior.

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OIL CHANGE 2 Run the engine until it is close to operating temperature. This will help the used oil drain more quickly and thoroughly.

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OIL CHANGE 3 Raise the vehicle on a hoist, and place the oil drain container in position under the oil drain plug. Be sure to wear protective gloves.

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OIL CHANGE 4 Remove the plug and allow the hot oil to drain from the engine. Use caution during this step as hot oil can cause painful burns!

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OIL CHANGE 5 While the engine oil continues to drain, remove the engine oil filter using a filter wrench. Some oil will drain from the filter, so be sure to have the oil drain container underneath when removing it.

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OIL CHANGE 6 Compare the new oil filter with the old one to be sure that it is the correct replacement.

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OIL CHANGE 7 The wise service technician adds oil to the oil filter whenever possible. This provides faster filling of the filter during start-up and a reduced amount of time that the engine does not have oil pressure.

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OIL CHANGE 8 Apply a thin layer of clean engine oil to the gasket of the new filter. This oil film will allow the rubber gasket to slide and compress as the oil filter is being tightened.

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OIL CHANGE 9 Clean the area where the oil filter gasket seats to be sure that no part of the gasket remains that could cause an oil leak if not fully removed.

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OIL CHANGE 10 Install the new oil filter and tighten it by hand. Do not use an oil filter wrench to tighten the filter! Most filters should be tightened 3/4 of a turn after the gasket contacts the engine.

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OIL CHANGE 11 Carefully inspect the oil drain plug and gasket. Replace the gasket as needed. Install the drain plug and tighten firmly but do not overtighten!

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OIL CHANGE 12 Lower the vehicle and clean around the oil fill cap before removing it.

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OIL CHANGE 13 Use a funnel to add the specified amount of oil to the engine at the oil fill opening. When finished, replace the oil fill cap.

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OIL CHANGE 14 Start the engine and allow it to idle while watching the oil pressure gauge and/or oil pressure warning lamp. Oil pressure should be indicated within 15 seconds of starting the engine.

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OIL CHANGE 15 Stop the engine and let it sit for a few minutes to allow the oil to drain back into the oil pan. Look underneath the vehicle to check for any oil leaks at the oil drain plug(s) or oil filter.

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OIL CHANGE 16 Remove the oil-level dipstick and wipe it clean with a shop cloth.

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OIL CHANGE 17 Reinstall the oil-level dipstick. Remove the dipstick a second time and read the oil level.

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OIL CHANGE 18 The oil level should be between the MIN and the MAX lines. In this case, the oil level should be somewhere in the cross-hatched area of the dipstick.

Halderman ch022 lecture

introduction engine

sn engine oil

role of engine oil

engine oil filler

properties of engine

specified viscosity

multigrade oil

important engine oil

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