guide to parallel operating systems with win7 and linux chapter 1 presentation

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Guide to Parallel Operating Systems with

Windows 7 and Linux

Chapter 1Hardware Components

Guide to Parallel Operating Systems with Windows 7 and Linux

Objectives

• Explain the use of virtual machine technology to run multiple operating systems concurrently

• Describe the hardware components of a personal computer system

• Describe the peripheral components that may be attached to a personal computer system

• Describe the preventive maintenance for a computer system

• Connect and test a personal computer system

Virtual Machine Technology

• Virtualized systems:– Systems that appear to be real but are actually

simulations

• Virtualization:– Use of virtualization software that allows the physical

hardware of a single PC to run multiple operating systems simultaneously in virtual machines (VMs)

• Guest operating system:– Runs inside a VM

Virtual Machine Technology (continued)

• Host operating system:– Runs on the physical computer system

• Virtual machine technology:– Allows multiple operating systems to run

concurrently on a single PC

• Virtualization:– Allows you to concurrently operate incompatible

operating systems in one hardware environment

Guide to Parallel Operating Systems with Windows 7 and Linux 6

Figure 1-1 Linux and Windows virtual machines on desktopCourtesy Course Technology/Cengage Learning Windows 7

Virtual Machine Technology (continued)

Figure 1-2 Virtual machine technologyCourtesy Course Technology/Cengage Learning

Hardware Components of a PC System

• Desktop computer: PC used in an office work station– Desktop computer case comprises several devices:

• Power supply: provides the necessary voltages

• Cooling system: removes heat generated by the PC

• Motherboard: main circuit board for the PC

• Microprocessor: central processing unit (CPU) for PC

• Memory: electronic storage for programs and data

• Firmware: instructions in ROM used to start the PC

• Ports: used to connect external devices to the PC

• Adapters: cards that provide capabilities to the PC

• House and protect main electronic components

• Form factor: size and configuration of case or part

• IBM XT PC: early standard for case configuration

• Evolution of desktop computer:– AT (advanced technology) model– The miniAT– The small footprint PC

• Tower chassis configuration: placed under a desk

Cases (continued)

Figure 1-3 Form factorsCourtesy Course Technology/Cengage Learning

Cases (continued)

• Portable computer:– PC designed to be easily transported and relocated

• Laptop computers:– Typically weigh less than five pounds– Use LCD-screen technology– May not possess the same ports as a desktop– Many have built-in network adapters

• Netbooks:– Have smaller displays, less memory, and less

powerful processors

Power Supplies

• The power supply is located in a sealed metal box

• Functions performed by power supply hardware:– Converts 110-volt AC current to DC current for PC– Provides clean power feed to PC components

• Power supplies have standardized plugs

• 80 PLUS:– Promotes more electrical energy-efficient computer

power supplies– Certifies products that have more than 80% energy

efficiency at rated loads

Power Supplies (continued)

Figure 1-4 Power supplyCourtesy Course Technology/Cengage Learning

Cooling Systems

• A PC generates 75-200 watts of heat

• Consequences of poor heat dissipation– Mysterious system crashes– Premature failure of computer components

• Fans circulating air dissipate heat within the case

• Special considerations for microprocessor– Uses a heat sink attached to dissipate heat– May be liquid cooled – Temperature should not exceed 120-130 degrees

Fahrenheit

Motherboards

• Main circuit board inside a PC case

• Main components of the motherboard:– Processor socket– Memory slots– Hard drive connectors– Expansion slots

• Daughter boards can be plugged into motherboard

Motherboards (continued)

Figure 1-5 MotherboardCourtesy Course Technology/Cengage Learning

Microprocessor

• A CPU (central processing unit) on a chip

• Electronic engine that contains logic circuits

• Tasks performed by the microprocessor:– Arithmetic: e.g., adding and subtracting– Logic operations; e. g, comparing two numbers – Transferring numbers between registers

• Register: small amount of high-speed memory

Microprocessor (continued)

Figure 1-6 AMD microprocessorCourtesy Course Technology/Cengage Learning

• Sets of circuits on the motherboard

• Responsible for transferring data in the computer

• Expansion bus: links adapter boards to CPU and memory

• All buses consist of two parts:– Data bus: transfers actual data– Address bus: transfers location information for data

• Size of a bus (width) determines data throughput:– Example: 32-bit bus transmits 32 bits of data

Memory• Electronic holding area for programs and data• Types of memory used in your PC:

– RAM (random access memory)• Refers to read-and-write memory (typically volatile)

– ROM (read-only memory)• Instructions for starting the PC (nonvolatile)

– PROM (programmable read-only memory)• Type of ROM that stores a program (nonvolatile)

– EPROM (erasable PROM)• PROM that may be erased with ultraviolet light

– EEPROM (electrically erasable PROM)• EPROM that may be erased with an electrical charge

Memory (continued)

Figure 1-7 Memory moduleCourtesy Course Technology/Cengage Learning

Firmware

• Combination of software and hardware:– Examples: ROM, PROM, EPROM, EEPROM

• BIOS (basic input/output system): – Type of firmware– Supports PC during start-up– Controls keyboard, output text, reads from disk

drives

• BIOS is typically placed in a firmware chip

• PCs have a flash BIOS

• Setup program shows hardware controlled by BIOS22

Firmware (continued)

Figure 1-8 BIOS setup screen in Virtual PC 2007Courtesy Course Technology/Cengage Learning

Input/Output Ports

• Also abbreviated as I/O ports

• Two types of legacy ports:– Serial: used for modems, digitizer tablets, others – Parallel: used for printers

• USB ports are replacing serial and parallel ports

• Front of the case: extra USB and FireWire ports

• Connectors are identified by gender:– Male connector: copper pins exposed; e.g., serial– Female connector: holes are present; e.g., parallel

Figure 1-9 Back of computer showing I/O portsCourtesy Course Technology/Cengage Learning

Serial Ports

• Transfer data one bit at a time

• Legacy hardware

• RS-232 (recommended standard-232):– Standard interface for transferring data over cables– Cable connects device, such as mouse, to serial port

• Check for male connectors to identify serial ports

• Check BIOS settings for allocated ports:– First four ports: COM1, COM2, COM3, and COM4

Parallel Ports

• Transfer multiple bits in parallel

• Used to connect printers

• Check for female connector to identify a parallel port

• PC can support up to three parallel ports:– LPT1, LPT2, and LPT3

Universal Serial Bus (USB)

• Simplified connection of peripheral devices to PC

• Specifications for USB 1.1:– Maximum bandwidth of 1.5 Mbit for low-speed

devices – Maximum bandwidth of 12 Mbit for high-speed

devices

• Specifications for USB 2.0:– Maximum speed of 480 Mbps (60 MB/sec)– Forward and backward compatibility with USB 1.1– USB 3.0 devices are beginning to appear on the

market28

FireWire

• Sometimes called IEEE 1394

• Very fast digital input/output system

• Provides transfer rates of up to 400 Mbps

• Processes managed while you are shooting video:– Digitization– Compression– Audio synchronization

• FireWire in consumer products:– Expected to reach 3200 MBps or 3.2 GBps

Expansion Cards

• Printed circuit boards inserted into motherboard

• Interconnect system components to add functionality

• Could add more USB ports to a desktop computer

• The term “adapter” usually refers to controllers:– Example:

• Display adapters (video cards)

• SCSI (small computer system interface) adapters

Video Adapters

• Plugged into video adapter boards • Provide display capabilities:

– Dependent on logic circuitry and display monitor• Important features in new modern video adapters:

– Local memory for better resolution and color display– Graphics coprocessors for graphics calculations

Sound Adapters

• Record and play back sound

• Support digital audio and MIDI formats– MIDI: Musical Instrument Digital Interface

• Sound cards:– Provide input ports for microphones– Provide output ports for speakers and amplifiers

• Integrated sound circuit provided on motherboard:– An alternative to a sound adapter– Example: Intel AC’ 97

• Provides audio with six channels

Disk Drive Controllers

• Manage data transfer between the motherboard and disk drive

• Designed to communicate with expansion bus

• Standard controller architectures: ATA, SATA, SCSI

• If you add disk drives:– You may need to insert new controllers that come on

expansion boards

ATA Controllers (Parallel)

• Advanced Technology Attachment (ATA):– Integrates controller on disk drive itself

• ATA/100: enhanced ATA interface– Transfers data up to 100 MB/sec

• Parallel ATA (PATA):– Also known as Integrated Drive Electronics (IDE)– Motherboard controller supports one or two devices

• Example: controller supports hard drive or CD-ROM

• Two IDE controllers on PC (primary and secondary)– Each supports two drives: master and slave

SATA Controllers (Serial)

• Evolution of the Parallel ATA physical storage interface

• Serial link: – Single cable with a minimum of four wires that

creates a single connection between the controller and the drive

• Transfer rates range from 1.5 to 3.0 Gbps

• Advantages:– SATA drives each have their own independent bus– Cables are more flexible, thinner, and less massive

SCSI Controller

• Small computer system interface controller

• Parallel interface used to attach peripherals to PCs

• Can interface with up to 15 peripheral devices

• Speeds may exceed speeds of SATA controllers

• Be aware of multiple variations of SCSI standard:– Two SCSI devices may be incompatible– Example: several types of connectors are supported

Storage Devices

• Mass storage devices:– Retain data even when the computer is turned off

• Main types of mass storage:– Hard drives: fast, high capacity, some are portable– Optical drives: encode data with lasers, high capacity– Tape drives: cheap, high capacity, sequential access– USB drives: portable, use flash or external hard drives

Hard Drives

• Use rigid rotating platters to read and write on magnetic media

• Cabled to various controllers: PATA, SATA, SCSI

• May be connected to USB ports

• Typical configuration of a hard drive:– Spindle on which platters run at constant speed– Read/write heads: one head for each platter face– Armature moves the heads radially across the

platters as they spin

Hard Drives (continued)

Figure 1-12 Hard driveCourtesy Course Technology/Cengage Learning

Optical Drives

• Use light produced by lasers to store data on disks

• Spin at high speeds, but slower than hard drives

• Types: CD-ROM, CD-RW, DVD-ROM, DVD-RW

• CD/DVD laser writers more powerful than readers

• Optical media are removable and inexpensive:– Most common format for distributing software

Figure 1-13 Optical driveCourtesy Course Technology/Cengage Learning

Tape Drives

• Store computer data on magnetic tape

• Record data on a loop of flexible celluloid-like material that can be read and erased

• Have large capacity for storing data

• Less expensive than hard drive storage

• Disadvantage: data is read sequentially

USB Drives

• Small, portable flash memory devices

• Plug into any computer with a USB port

• Have up to 256 GB of storage capacity

• Aliases: jump drives, pen drives, key drives

• Portable hard drive:– Disk drive that is plugged into an external port on a

computer– Example: USB or FireWire port

USB Drives (continued)

Figure 1-15 USB driveCourtesy Course Technology/Cengage Learning

Communications Devices

• Support data transmission between PCs or devices

• Modem (modulator-demodulator) types– Phone: converts between analog and digital signals– Cable: supports high-speed broadband transmission

• Network interface card (NIC)– Expansion board interfacing computer with LAN– May be an expansion card that plugs into bus – May be an interface on the motherboard

• Wireless adapters– Provides wireless (radio) connection to LAN

Communications Devices (continued)

Figure 1-16 Phone and cable modemsCourtesy Course Technology/Cengage Learning

Communications Devices (continued)

Figure 1-17 Network interface cardCourtesy Course Technology/Cengage Learning

Peripheral Devices

• External to the PC

• Input devices– Feed data into the PC

• Keyboards– Similar to electric-typewriter keyboards – Designed for input of text and control of computer– Standard U.S. keyboard has 105 keys

Peripheral Devices (continued)

• Pointing devices– Multiple functions; e.g., move pointer, select text– Mouse: device that rolls on a flat surface– Trackball: like a mouse that lies on its back– Touch pad: small, touch-sensitive pad

• Biometric devices– Biometrics: the science and technology of measuring

and statistically analyzing biological data– Fingerprint scanner

• Records image of your finger and compares with previously scanned image

• Digital/video cameras– Stores images on a flash card– Stores frames on digital tape or a digital card

• Output devices– Provide output from a PC– Examples: CRT monitors, LCD panels, printers

• CRT monitors– CRT (cathode-ray tube) technology

• Used in televisions and computer display screens

• LCD panels– Type of display used on laptop computers– Most popular choice for flat-panel desktop monitors

• Printers– Dot matrix:

• Creates characters by striking pins against ink ribbon

– Ink-jet:• Produces high-quality text and graphics

– Laser:• Produces high-quality text and graphics

Preventive Maintenance

• Regularly clean the unit to extend useful life

• Be aware of hazards that can harm PC:– Example: static electricity

• Dispose of PC using proper procedures

Preventive Maintenance (continued)

• Cleaning– Problem: dust and dirt cause excess heat – Cleaning the outside

• Wipe case and screen with mild cleaning solution

• Use compressed air to clear ventilation openings

• Clean the rollers in a mouse with a cotton swab

– Cleaning the inside• Unplug power cord before cleaning inside case

• Use antistatic wipe to remove dust from inside case

• Clean expansion cards with isopropyl alcohol

• Electrostatic discharge– Rapid discharge of static electricity – Can occur whenever case is open– Internal components are extremely susceptible– Ground PC before touching internal components

• Hazards– Can injure you, including high voltage shocks

• High voltages in capacitors – May retain a charge long after power is removed

• Charge could damage equipment and cause shocks

• Power supplies– Motherboards have a small voltage running when

the PC is plugged in

• CRT monitors– Voltages inside can kill you– Flyback transformer generates up to 20,000 volts

• Fires– Electrical fire can strike your office or home– Use a type C or type ABC fire extinguisher

• Disposal– Many PC components contain harmful ingredients:

• Examples: lead, mercury, arsenic, cadmium, selenium

– Guidelines for disposing of PCs and peripherals:• Take batteries to a recycling depot

• You may be able to return batteries to manufacturer

• Recycle CRT or submit it to hazardous waste program

– Resources extracted from computers:• Gold, silver, copper, steel, aluminum, wire, cable

• Many extracted resources can be recycled

• USB cables– Connect many devices to your computer– Standard USB connector is called a USB-A

• Video cables– The 15-pin VGA cable is common for monitors

• Sound cables– Most common is the standard headphone jack

• Data cables– Most common are FireWire and eSATA

• Networking cables– The phone cable (RJ-11) is still used to connect

modems to phone jacks for Internet connectivity– Ethernet is the standard for wired networking– Ethernet connector is attached to an 8-wire twisted

pair cable

Cabling Up and Testing the PC

• Arrange components as they will be used

• Connect various cords in sequence:– Example: connect tower case from bottom to top

• Delay connection of USB devices:– Devices can be configured as they are plugged in– Exceptions: mouse and keyboard

• Test each component:– Examples: CRT shows image; mouse moves pointer– Verify that each device has power– Before correcting a problem, turn off the PC

Summary

• Virtual machine technology:– Allows multiple operating systems to run

concurrently on a single PC

• Many hardware components make up a PC

• Peripherals:– Include input devices such as keyboards, mice,

trackballs, and touch pads

• Output devices:– Include CRT monitors, LCD panels, and printers

Summary (continued)

• Preventive maintenance: responsibility of owner

• Many hazards can injure a PC user or damage a PC

• Some PC components:– Are not internal but are connected to the PC

• Common connectors, such as USB:– Simplify the connection of components

• When connecting components:– Start with the connector that is farthest from the

power supply connector

guide to parallel operating systems with win7 and linux chapter 1 presentation

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