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Greening shipping through MARPOL Annex VI
Mr Camille Bourgeon| IMO Secretariat
1st MTCC-Africa Regional Workshop | 13-15 December 2017 | Mombasa, Kenya
The Global MTCC Network (GMN) project
is funded by the European Union and implemented by IMO
The views expressed in this presentation
can in no way be taken to reflect the views of the European Union
Contents
GHG emissions and need for control
Shipping CO2 emissions
International and IMO responses
1
2
3
4 IMO capacity building activities
3
• Carbon dioxide: Most of the atmospheric GHG emissions. From many sources.
• Methane: Agriculture, livestock, mining, transportation, sewage and natural gas.
• Nitrous oxide: Mainly from industrial agriculture fertilizers.
• Halocarbon (Fluoro gases): Non-natural. Extensively used as refrigerants.
• Other gases like ozone or water vapour have GHG properties.
GHG emissions
Global anthropogenic GHG emissions
Source: IPCC Fourth Assessment Report: Climate Change 2007
GHG warming effect
An idealised model of the natural greenhouse effect. [IPCC 2007 AR4 WG I]
• GHGs in the earth
atmosphere prevents
the escape of heat
from earth in the form
of infrared radiation.
• This leads to warming
of the earth.
Carbon cycle: CO2 sources and sinks
Source: https://www.e-education.psu.edu/earth103/node/1019
• The link between air emissions and
industrial activities are unequivocal.
• All types of GHG emissions show a
sharp rise since industrialisation
Evolution of GHG emissions in the atmosphere over time
IPCC: Large CO2 reductions are needed… to stabilise CO2
9
Shipping CO2 emissions (2nd IMO GHG Study 2009)
The IMO has carried out 3 IMO GHG
Studies so far and is expected to carry
on other studies in future years.
Second IMO GHG Study, 2007 data:
• 870 MT of CO2
• 2.7% of global emissions
Shipping CO2 emissions (3rd IMO GHG Study 2014)
International shipping share of total global GHG emissions has been 2.2% in 2012
Projection shows an increase of 50% up to 250% of shipping emissions by 2050
Shipping CO2 emissions
• 300MT of fuel oil used by international shipping in 2012
• Negligible energy demand for shipping currently is met by renewables
• Alternative energy sources and/or alternative fuels are key to reducing GHG emissions
UN EnvironmentThe Emissions Gap Report 2017
Emission reduction potential from shipping efficiency in 2030 = 0.7 GtCO2e
13
Existing potential for reduction of shipping CO2 emissions
DESIGN (New ships)Saving of
CO2/tonne-mileCombined Combined
Concept, speed & capability 2% to 50%
10% to 50%
25% to 75%
Hull and superstructure 2% to 20%
Power and propulsion systems 5% to 15%
Low-carbon fuels 5% to 15%
Renewable energy 1% to 10%
Exhaust gas CO2 reduction 0%
OPERATION (All ships)
Fleet management, logistics & incentives
5% to 50%
10% to 50%Voyage optimization 1% to 10%
Energy management 1% to 10%
14
Existing potential for reduction of shipping CO2 emissions
15
• United Nations Environment (former UNEP)
• Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)
• United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) (1992)
• Kyoto Protocol (1997) => Paris Agreement (2015)
• Vienna Convention & Montreal Protocol on Ozone-Depleting Substances (1989)
• IMO for international shipping (Chapter 4 of MARPOL Annex VI, 2013)
• Etc.
Organizations and instruments
• The UNCLOS includes extensive references to the protection of the environment.
• The UNCLOS recalls the importance to:
– “promote the peaceful uses of the seas and oceans, the equitable and efficient utilization of their resources, the conservation of their living resources, and the study, protection and preservation of the marine environment.”
– “prevent, reduce and control pollution of the marine environment from or through the atmosphere […] applicable to vessels” (article 212 on Pollution from or through the atmosphere)
United Nations Convention on the Law Of the Seas (UNCLOS)
• Within Kyoto Protocol:
“The Parties included in Annex I shall pursue limitation emissions of GHG from marine bunker fuels, working through the International Maritime Organization”
• [Extracts from Article 2.2 of the Kyoto Protocol]
UNFCC and IMO: Why IMO energy efficiency regulation?
Shipping under the spotlight
19
MARPOL Annex VI – Prevention of Air Pollution from Ships
Ozone Depleting
Substances
Nitrogen Oxides
(NOx)
Shipboard
Incineration
Volatile Organic
Compounds
Energy
Efficiency
Sulphur Oxides
(SOx)
IMO energy efficiency regulatory activities
MEPC68
IMO Energy Efficiency Regulatory Developments
Resolution MEPC.212(63)EEDI CalculationResolution MEPC.214(63)EEDI VerificationResolution MEPC.213(63)SEEMP
Resolution A.963 (23)
“IMO policies and practices
related to reduction of GHG
emissions from ships”
Dec2003
June
2005
Mar
2008
June
2008
GHG WorkingGroup 2
Feb
2009
MEPC Circ. 681 EEDI CalculationMEPCCirc. 682 EEDI VerificationMEPC Circ. 683 SEEMPMEPC Circ. 684 EEOI
Jul
2009
EnergyEfficiency
WG
Jun
2010
Sep1997
Feb
2012
July
2011
EEDI &SEEMP
Regs.Adopted
GHG WorkingGroup 1
MEPC40 MEPC53 MEPC57 MEPC58 MEPC59 MEPC60
MEPC61 MEPC62 MECP63 MEPC64 MEPC65 MEPC66 MEPC67
Resolution 8“CO2 emissions
From ships”
MARPOLVIAmendments Resolution
MEPC 203(62)
May
2013
March
2014
Oct
2012
MEPCCirc.471, EEOI
Oct May
20152014
3rd
GHGStudy 2014
MARPOL VI Amendments Resolution
MEPC.251(66)
Resolution MEPC.245(66): EEDI CalculationGuidelines
Resolution MEPC.231(65) Reference LinesResolutionMEPC.232(65) Minimum powerResolution MEPC.233(65), Reference lines for cruise shipsMEPC.1/Circ.815 Innovative EE TechnologiesMEPC.1/Circ.816 Consolidatedon EEDI verification
Debate on
Data
collection
5. DCS 5. DCS Reporting
IMO Energy Efficiency Regulatory Framework
Energy Efficiency Design Index (EEDI)
• Attained EEDI – Actual EEDI of a ship
• Required EEDI – Regulatory limit for EEDI
– Reference line– X: Reduction factor
Required EEDI as a function
of ship size and year of
construction
Reference line
Reduction rate
Ship Energy Efficiency Management Plan (SEEMP)
PART I
• An energy management plan for ship-board implementation.
• Comprises a number of measures, how, who and when should be implemented.
PART II
• Will include a Data Collection Plan (DCP).
• To be reviewed and agreed by the Administration.
SEEMP framework
IMO Data Collection System for Fuel Oil Consumption of Ships in MARPOL Annex VI - Resolution MEPC.278(70)
25
• Information to be submitted to the IMO Ship Fuel Oil ConsumptionDatabase
– IMO number of the ship
– Start date - End date
– Ship type
– GT - NT
– DWT (if applicable)
– Power output of main and auxiliary engines over 130 kW
– EEDI (if applicable)
– Ice class (if applicable)
– Fuel oil consumption, by fuel oil type, in metric tonnes
– Methods used for collecting fuel oil consumption data
– Distance travelled
– Hours underway
IMO Data Collection System for Fuel Oil Consumption of Ships in MARPOL Annex VI
26
2018 2019 2020 2021
01/03/18
Entry into
force
31/12/18
SEEMP shall include
a Data Collection Plan
Confirmation of
Compliance issued by
the Administration
01/04/20
Ship to
Administration
reporting
01/06/20
Issuance of
Statement of
Compliance
01/08/20
Administration
to IMO
reporting
31/05/21
End of validity
Statement of
Compliance
Data Collection System (DCS)
• The system has three main elements:
– Data collection and reporting to flag Administration by shipping companies
– Data verification and reporting to IMO by flag Administration
– Data storage in a centralised database at and by the IMO.
Data Collection
and Reporting
(company)
Data
Verification and
Reporting (flag
State)
Data Storage
and Future Use
(IMO)
IMO DCS Overview and Timeline
Data Collection Plan (DCP)
Fuel Tank Inventory
Fuel Flow Meters
Bunker Delivery
Note
CO2 Measurement
Part II of SEEMP
Review by Administration
Annual Fuel Consumption
Report to Administration
Verification by Administration
Annual Fuel Consumption
Report to IMO Database
Management of Database by
IMO
Before 1 January 2019 By end of March 2020
and every year By end of May of 2020
and every year
Paris Agreement and recent IMO Activities
• Paris Agreement 2015 requires:
– Parties to the Paris Agreement will prepare the “Nationally Determined Contributions” (NDCs) by late 2018
– There is no DC for global shipping, and the sector isn’t included in the Paris Agreement
– International shipping is expected to make its contribution towards global GHG reduction
• IMO Roadmap for developing a comprehensive IMO Strategy on reduction of GHG emissions from ships:
– Agreed Roadmap in MEPC 70 (2016)
– Initial strategy to be adopted in April 2018
– The final strategy to be firmed up by 2023 (when data through DCS are available).
2
9
The 2016 Roadmap for developing a comprehensive IMO GHG Strategy
30
IMO activities on matters related to GHG emissions
• The initial IMO GHG Strategy is set to include:
1. Preamble/introduction/context including emission scenarios
2. Vision
3. Levels of ambition
Guiding principles
4. List of candidate short-, mid- and long-term further measures with possible timelines and their impacts on States
5. Barriers and supportive measures; capacity building and technical cooperation; R&D
6. Follow-up actions towards the development of the revised Strategy
7. Periodic review of the Strategy
Work towards adoption of the initial IMO GHG Strategy
33
MARPOL Annex VI regulation on technical cooperation
Regulation 23 of MARPOL Annex VI, Chapter 4, covers the “Promotion of technical co-operation and transfer of technology relating to the improvement of energy efficiency of ships” and states that:
1 Administrations shall ……… promote and provide, as appropriate, supportdirectly or through the Organization to States, especially developing States, that request technical assistance.
2 The Administration of a Party shall ……. promote the development and transfer of technology and exchange of information to States which request technical assistance, particularly developing States, in respect of the implementation of measures to fulfil the requirements of chapter 4 of this annex, in particular regulations 19.4 to 19.6.
To support the above, Resolution MEPC.229(65) on technology transfer was adopted
Integrated Technical Cooperation Programme (ITCP)
• Designed to assist developing countries to comply with international rules and standards.
• Priority: Focus on human resources development and institutional capacity building
• Resolution A.986(24) on “The Importance and Funding of Technical Cooperation as a Means to Support the United Nations Millennium Declaration and Development Goals (MDGs)”
• Priority to activities supports the early ratification and effective implementation of IMO instruments.
IMO TC activities – examples of energy efficiency capacity
building support
• IMO-KOICA project on "Building Capacities in East Asia Countries to Address GHG Emissions from Ships"
• Sub-regional/regional and national workshops to raise awareness of measures to address GHG emissions from international shipping.
• IMO Model Course on energy efficiency operation of ships, WMU
• Comprehensive update of the Train the Trainer package on energy efficiency ship operation.
• A large number of capacity workshops under IMO major projects.
IMO major projects
• GEF-UNDP-IMO GloMEEP Project:
• Transforming the Global Maritime Transport Industry towards a Low Carbon Future through Improved Energy Efficiency
• IMO-EU Global MTCC Network (GMN) project:
• Funded by the EU and implemented by IMO
• 5 MTCCs
• 1 Network
Page 38
IMO’s response path to promote tech. transfer and capacity building
Page 38
Reg. 23 -MARPOL Annex VI,
MEPC Resolution on TT and CB,
Ad-hoc EWG-TT
ITCP: Awareness raising and
capacity building tools
Major Projects: Capacity building & private sector
partnerships
Global network to promote technology
cooperation and transfer
Institutionalize capacity building and tech. transfer
support at regional level for
sustainable Impact
GMN Project
39
Thank you for your attention!http://gmn.imo.org/
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