Transcript
Camila WhiteEspañol 3 Honores
3er Periodo9 Diciembre 2010
Grammar Book
Tabla de Contenidos:Semester 2
1. Conditional Tense and Irregulars
2. Perfect Tenses
3. Present Perfect
4. Past Perfect
5. Present Perfect Irregulars
6. Subjunctive Perfect
7. Tan y Tanto
8. Impersonal “Se”
9. Saber vs. Conocer
10. Los Mandatos
11. Informal Commands
12. Formal Commands
13. Irregular Commands
14. DOP and IOP Placement
15. Nosotros Commands
16. Nosotros Commands with MONO verbs
17. Subjunctive and Irregulars
18. Subjunctive Trigger Phrases
1. Impersonal Expressions
2. Expressions of Emotions
3. Conjunctions of Time
19. Demonstrative Adjectives
20. Demonstrative Pronouns
The Conditional
Regulars• Used to express probability,
possibility, wonder or conjecture
• Translated as would, could, must have or probably
• To conjugate regular –ar, -er, -ir verbs:
• -ía• -ías• Ía• Íamos• ían
Irregulars•Caber: Cabr•Haber: Habr•Poner: Pondr•Salir: Saldr•Decir: Dir•Hacer: Har•Poder: Podr•Querer: Querr•Saber: Sabr•Tener: Tendr•Valer: Valdr•Venir: Vendr
Perfect Tenses…
Present Perfect
• The present perfect is formed by using the present tense of the verb “haber” with the present participle
Conjugating “HABER”-he-has-ha
-hemos-habéis
-han
Examples-He Comido (I have eaten).
-Has comido (You have eaten).-Ha comido (He/She has eaten).
-Hemos comido (We have eaten).- Habéis comido (You-all have eaten).
- Han comido (They have eaten).
Past Perfect
• The past perfect is formed by using the past tense of the verb “haber” (had) with the present participle
Conjugating “HABER”-Había
- Habías- Había
- Habíamos- Habíais- Habían
Examples- Había vivido (I had lived.)
- Habías vivido (You had lived.)- Había vivido (He/She/Formal you had
lived.)- Habíamos vivido (We had lived.)- Habíais vivido (You-all had lived.)- Habían vivido (They had lived)
Present Perfect Irregulars
Abrir (Open): AbiertoCubrir (Cover): CubiertoEscribir (Write): Escrito
Morir (Die): MuertoPoner (Put): Puesto
Solver (Solve): SueltoRomper (Break): Roto
Volver (Return): VueltoSatisfacer (Satisfy): Satisfecho
Decir (Say/Tell): DichoHacer (Do/Make): Hecho
Ver (See): Visto
Subjunctive Perfect
• The subjunctive perfect is formed by using the present subjunctive of the verb “haber” (had) with the present participle
Conjugating “HABER”-haya-hayas-haya
-hayamos-hayáis-hayan
Tan y Tanto
TAN:Used to form the comparisons of
equality using adjectives or adverbs
Form:TAN + adjective/adverb + como=
Comparison of Equality with adjectives or adverbs
TANTO:Used to form comparisons of
equality using nouns
Form:TANTO(-a, -os, -as) + noun +
como=Comparison of Equality with
nouns
Impersonal “Se”
• The impersonal “se” is the English equivalent of “one”/ “people”.
• The Impersonal “se” refers to an unidentified person.• It only uses “objectless” verbs.
Examples:• Se entra por aquí (One goes this way).
• Se está mejor aquí (One is better off here).
Saber vs. Conocer
SABER:• Used to express knowledge or
ignorance of a fact or information about something.
Examples:• Juan sabe donde está María. (Juan knows where Maria is.)
•Yo no sé tu número de teléfono. (I don’t know your telephone
number.)
CONOCER:•Used to say that one is or is not
acquainted with a person, a place, or an object
Examples:• Yo no conozco a María. (I don’t
know Maria.)• Alberto y Alfredo conocen Madrid. (Alberto and Alfredo
know Madrid.)
Los Mandatos…
Informal Affirmative Commands
• The affirmative informal commands are formed the same way as the present indicative usted form
Examples:-hablar— ar + a = habla-comer – er + e = come
-escribir – ir + e = escribe
Irregular Verbs= TVDISHES-decir= Di
-hacer= Ha-ir= Ve
-poner= Pon-salir= Sal-ser= Sé
-tener= Ten-venir= Ven
Informal Negative Commands
• The negative informal commands use the tu form of the present subjunctive.
Examples:-No cuentes tus beneficios (Don’t count
your blessings).-No hables más lentamente (Don’t
speak more slowly).
Informal Irregular Commands
TVDISHES-decir= Di
-hacer= Ha-ir= Ve
-poner= Pon-salir= Sal-ser= Sé
-tener= Ten-venir= Ven
Formal Affirmative Commands
• To form the formal affirmative command:– Start with the YO form of the present indicative.– Drop the –O ending.– Add the opposite ending
Examples:-Usted: Hable Ud. Más lentamente
(Speak more slowly).-Usted: Coma Ud. La cena (Eat the
dinner).-Ustedes: Escriban Uds. La carta (Write
the letter).
Formal Negative Commands• To form the formal negative command:– Start with the YO form of the present indicative.– Drop the –O ending.– Add the opposite ending– This is the same as the affirmative, except add “no”
at the beginning.
Examples:• No hable usted. (Don’t speak.)• No coma usted. (Don’t eat.)• No hablen ustedes. ([They]
Don’t Speak.)
Formal Irregular Commands-Dar:
Usted: DéUstedes: Den
-Estar:Usted: Esté
Ustedes: Estén-Ir:
Usted: VayaUstedes: Vayan
-Ser:Usted: Sea
Ustedes: Sean-Saber:
Usted: SepaUstedes: Sepan
DOP and IOP Placement• Place the DOP or IOP directly in front of the conjugated
verb when you only have one verb• Ex: Yo lo robo.
• When there are compound verbs, you put the DOP or IOP in front of the conjugated verb
• Ex: Yo lo voy a robar.• You can also attach the DOP or IOP to the end of an
infinitive or present participle• Ex: Yo voy a robarlo. (infinitive)
• Ex: Yo estoy robándolo. (present partciple)
• DOPs and IOPs can also be attached to affirmative commands• Ex: Róbalo
“Nosotros” Commands
Regular Verbs Irregular Verbs/ “MONO” Verbs
To form: use nosotros form of the present tense
Examples:-Comamos allí (Let’s eat here).
-Contemos el dinero (Let’s count the money).
*Negative command is formed by placing the word no before the same verb form-No comamos allí (Let’s not eat here).
Ir(se) and Nosotros Commands:-Vamos ahora (Let’s go now).
-No vayamos a la tienda (Let’s not go to the store).
A written accent is often needed when pronouns are added. With affirmative
commands, the final “s” of the verb form is dropped before adding the pronouns
“nos” or “se”-Sentemos + nos = Sentémonos.
-Escribamos + se + la = Escribámosela
Subjunctive
The Subjunctive Expresses….
How
to Define the Subjunctive
Will and Influence
Emotion
Doubt, Disbelief, and Denial
Indefiniteness and Nonexistence
main clause
connector(que)
subordinate clause
Subjunctive
Subjunctive IrregularsSubjunctive Stem-
Changers
-AR and -ER verbs do NOT stem change in the nosotros
-IR verbs DO change in the nosotros
Example:CERRAR
yo: cierretu: cierres
el/ella/usted: cierrenosotros: cerremos
ellos/ellas/ustedes: cierran
Example:DORMIR
yo: duermatu: duermas
el/ella/usted: duermanosotros: durrmamos
ellos/ellas/ustedes: duerman
Subjunctive Irregulars
TVDISHES
Example:SALIR
yo: salgatu: salgas
el/ella/usted: salganosotros: salgamos
ellos/ellas/ustedes: salgan
Impersonal Expressions for the Subjunctive
Es importante que…
Es odio que…
Es logico que…
Es mejor que…
Es malo que…
Expressions of Emotion for the Subjunctive
•Indicate fear, happiness, anger, regret, surprise, or other sentiments or biases.
Examples of Expressions of Emotion:• Alegrarse de que: to be happy that
• Es bueno que: it’s good that• Es conveniente que: it’s convenient that
• Es difícil que: It’s hard• Es extraño que: It’s strange that• Es triste que: It’s sad that
• Estar triste que: to be sad that• Sentir que: to regret, be sorry that
• Sorprenderse que: to be surprised that
Conjunctions of Time for the Subjunctive
• To form the conjunctions of time, take the indicative when the action in the subordinate clause is either
habitual or in the past. The subjunctive is used when the main clause is a command or in the future.
Examples of Conjunctions of Time:• Así que: as soon as• Cuando: when
• Despues de que: after• En cuanto: as soon as• Hasta que: until
• Luego que: as soon as• Tan pronto como: as soon as
Demonstrative Adjectives• Adjectives that are meant to point something out• Examples in english: this, that, these, those• Singular demonstrative adjectives (masculine):
– Este (this)– Ese (that)– Aquel (that)
• Plural demonstrative adjectives (masculine):– Estos (these)– Esos (those)– Aquellos (those)
• Singular demonstrative adjectives (feminine):– Esta (this)– Esa (that)– Aquella (that)
• Plural demonstrative adjectives (feminine):– Estas (these)– Esas (those)– Aquellas (those)
Demonstrative Pronouns• Words that replace nouns in a sentence.• Examples of demonstrative pronouns in english: this, that, those, these• Singular demonstrative pronouns (masculine):
– Éste (this)– Ése (that)– Aquél (that)
• Plural demonstrative pronouns (masculine):– Éstos (these)– Ésos (those)– Aquéllos (those)
• Singular demonstrative pronouns (feminine):– Ésta (this)– Ésa (that)– Aquélla (that)
• Plural demonstrative pronouns (feminine):– Éstas (these)– Ésas (those)– Aquéllas (those)
• Gender Neutral demonstrative pronouns:– Esto– Eso– Aquello
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