Government of the Punjab Irrigation DepartmentPakistan - Over 90% drinking water and 100% industrial water comes from groundwater cropping intensity increased from 63% (1947) to 160%
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WATER INFORMATICS FOR IRRIGATION EFFICIENCY AND MONITORING QUALITY
Ghulam Zakir Hassan Sial
Director
IRRIGATION RESEARCH INSTITUTE LAHORE 1
Government of the Punjab
Irrigation Department
4TH WORKSHOP ON PRCISION AGRICULTURE AND FORESTRY
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FLOW OF PRESENTATION
1. OVER VIEW OF WATER RESOURCES
2. CHALLENGES FOR GW MANAGMENT
3. HYDROINFORMATICS
4. INITIATIVES BY PID
5. WAY FORWARD
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1-OVERVIEW OF WATER RESOURCES
Small fraction (0.014%) is readily accessible fresh water
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Water Resources of Pakistan
RainfallAnnual rainfall (125mm in South-East to 750mm North-West)
Total water generated by rainfall is around 32 BCM
Contribution to crops is 10-20%
GroundwaterExploitation of Groundwater is 59 BCM
Over 9,00,000 private tubewells
40% of total supply at farm-gate
Surface Water ResourcesTotal Inflow is 171 BCM
Tarbela (10.38 BCM - 485 ft),
Mangla (5.90 BCM - 380 ft)
48 Canals (61000 km), 19 Barrages
1,70,000 Watercourses (1.6 Million km)
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PAKISTAN A MOST WATER-STRESSED COUNTRY
Pakistan
(0-1000)
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CLIMATIC DRIVERS
Global Warming
Storms
Floods
Rising Sea Level
Droughts
Rainfall
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WATER SECURITY CONCERNS
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CHALLENGES -WATER
RESOURCES• Too many institutions managing water
• Low water productivity
• Short and narrowly focused private sector engagement
• Imperfect marketing
• No firm financing plans
• Water ownership issues
• No regulator for water use
• Lack of Coordination
• Deterioration water quality
• Uncertainty in Water Availability (Spatial/ temporal)
• Sea water Intrusion in Coastal areas
• Loss of Biodiversity/wetlands
• Over depletion of GW-Increased cost of pumping
• Increased Health Risks
• Hazards of water logging and salinity
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LOW WATER PRODUCTIVITY
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10
LOW GDP CONTRIBUTIONPER M3 OF WATER
● World (Average) 8.60 US$
● Developed Countries 30-40 US$
● Malaysia 10 US$
● Pakistan 0.34 US$
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PER CAPITA STORAGE CAPACITY
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SEDIMENTATION IN RESERVOIRS (MAF)
12
RESERVOIR
LIVE STORAGE CAPACITYSTORAGE
LOSS
ORIGINAL YEAR 2015 YEAR 2015
TARBELA9.69
(1974)6.4 3.29
(34%)
MANGLA 5.86(1967)
4.6+2.88 = 7.48(2012)
7.4 1.26 (21%)
CHASHMA0.72
(1971)0.26 0.46
(64%)
TOTAL 16.2717.89(2012)
14.065.01
(31%)
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ENVIRONMENTAL THREATS
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Waste water-Neglected Resource
More than 80 percent of wastewater flows back into the environment without treatment
Almost 2 billion people use contaminated water
Contaminated water is causing more than 0.5 M deaths per year
Over 80% of all waste water is not used again
663 million people still lack improved drinking watersources
Twenty million hectares in 50 countries are irrigated with raw or partially treated wastewater
By 2050, 70% of the world’s population will live in cities, compared to 50% now-more waste water
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VEHOVASANGHAR
VIDORE
MITHAWAN
KAHA
SORI LUNDCHACHARPITOKZANGI SAKHI
SARWAR
SORI
SHUMALI
SORI
JANUBI KAURA
GENERAL VIEW OF SULEMAN RANGE TORRENTS
District Muzaffargarh
BALOCHISTAN
SIN
DH P U N J A B
No. of Hill Torrents in D.G Khan District = 7
No. of Hill Torrents in Rajanpur District = 6
District Boundary
Provincial Boundary
KP
K
HILL TORRENTS IN SULEMAN RANGE
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Drains-Sargodha Zone
• Clogging and blockage
• Hindrance in flow
• Sedimentation
• Retention time for waste water/Deep percolation
• Degradation of lands
• Deterioration of GW quality
• Increased O&M Cost
• Bad smell and environmental degradation
• Overtopping during rainy season and breaches
WORLD ENVIRONEMNT DAY 2018
(Beat the Plastic Pollution)
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Drains of Sargodha Irrigation Zone
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Drains of Sargodha Zone
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Drains of Sargodha Zone
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Hydropower- Sir Ganga Ram Hydropower Station
Choking, and chances of damages
of machinery
Extra labour/machinery
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Sir Ganga Ram Hydropower Station
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LOWER BARI DOAB CANAL
Reduction in channel capacity
More roughness
Reduced flow velocity
Growth of aquatic plants/weed
Causes Breaches
More O&M Cost
Silting up
Degradation of Water Quality
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LOWER BARI DOAB CANAL
Blockage of
flow in
canals/drains
due to plastic
accumulation
may form
shelters for the
breeding of
mosquitoes and
other harmful
vectors insects,
which might
cause
numerous
diseases in
humans.
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2-CHALLENGES FOR GROUNDWATER
Groundwater budget
negative
Pakistan - Over 90% drinking water and
100% industrial water comes from groundwater
cropping intensity increased from 63% (1947) to 160% (2015)
1.2 m tubewells
pumping 40-50 MAF
In Irrigation more than
40%contribution
Pakistan is 4th
largest user of groundwater after India,
USA & China
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Salinity Between 1000
- 3000 mg/l (TDS)
15% Salinity Less Than
1000 mg/l (TDS)
49%
Salinity More Than
3000 mg/l (TDS)
36%
Groundwater Quality
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GROWTH OF TUBEWELLS
0
200,000
400,000
600,000
800,000
1,000,000
1,200,0001981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
Nu
mb
er
of
Tu
be
we
lls
Year
Growth of Tubewells (1981-2013)
Total Elect Diesel
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FERTILIZERS
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PESTICIDES
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GW ISSUES IN URBAN AREAS
Avg Annual Drop 2.5ft/year
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EFFLUENTS INTO Ravi River
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GW-ENERGY NEXUS
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
Pu
mp
ing
co
st p
er A
F (R
s)
Average water table depth (ft)
Total cost Construction cost Energy costIf GW level drops 30 ft, the
cost/energy of pumping per
acre-feet has increased 125%-
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GW in Rural Punjab
Deep Watertable (about 60-80 ft) in the Vehari
area cost of pumping/energy increased 140%
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Challenges-summary
Abnormal lowering of water table in sweet GW areas.
Deterioration of groundwater quality
Saline groundwater intrusion in the fresh areas
Increasing cost of groundwater pumping with declinein water table.
Concerns regarding sustainability of agriculture due tosoil salinization.
Consumption of upper freshwater layer is causinggradual deterioration of GW quality
Balance of SW supplies, recharge, and GW pumping isin danger zone
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3-HYDRO-INFORMATICS
The concept of “hydro-informatics” was pioneered by MichaelB. Abbott in 1989, as the application ofadvanced computation and communicationtechnologies to problems of the aquaticenvironment.
Hydro-informatics integrates knowledge fromsocial and technical domains to helpunderstand how technical interventions havesocial consequences and how these in turngenerate new technical developments.
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Hydro-informatics ???
Hydro-informatics is a branch of informatics whichconcentrates on the application of information andcommunications technologies (ICTs) in addressing theincreasingly serious problems of the equitable andefficient use of water for many different purposes.Growing out of the earlier discipline of computationalhydraulics, the numerical simulation of water flowsand related processes remains a mainstay ofhydroinformatics, which encourages a focus not onlyon the technology but on its application in a socialcontext., in the so-called artificialintelligence community, such as artificial neuralnetworks or recently support vectormachines and genetic programming etc
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HYDROINFORMATICS –SURFACE WATER
IRRIGATED FIELDS ( how much, when and how to irrigate, cropping patterns
agronomic practices, soil fertility, crop water requirements, agro ecological zones, HEIS, levelling, )
WATER COURSES (Nakkas, field outlets, maintenance, warabandi etc)
DISTY/MINORS (authorized/actual flows, gates operation, tail
gauges, breaches, theft, maintenance, desilting, pollution, losses etc)
MAIN CANAL/LINK CANALS (authorized/actual flows, gates operation, tail gauges, breaches, theft, maintenance, desilting, losses etc)
DAMS/HEADWORKS/BARRAGES (operation, capacities, hydropower etc.)
STREAM/RIVER (discharges, lag times, flood warnings, etc)
WATERSHED (Sediment, glacier melting, rainfall, flood forecasting etc.)
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GEOHYDRO-INFORMATICS
X-Y-Z Coordinates of piezometers/Tubewells
Discharge of tubewells/working hours
Aquifer parameters/safe yield
Ground water balance
Proper design for sustainable use
Required power/pump capacity
Seepage looses from fields/canals
Low frequency in data observation
Groundwater Quality
Social issues
GW DATA GAPS
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4- INITIATIVES BY PID
Establishment of Groundwater Management Cell (GWMC)
The Punjab Groundwater (Protection, Regulation and development) Act. draft 2018
Punjab Water policy draft 2018
Integrated Water Resource Management (IWRM) Policy Framework
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Location of Piezometers
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Groundwater Monitoring Setup
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Water Level Sounder
Conductivity & EC Meter (CON 11)
pH Meter (330 I)
GW Monitoring -tools
GPS MAGELLAN TRITON 400
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GW MONITORING
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DATA LOGGER/REAL TIME MONITORING
Water Level
Indicator/Sounder
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GW LOGGERS
GW levels and quality
trends
Salt water intrusion and
soil salination
Leachate monitoring at
landfills, mine tailings,
waste disposal storage
sites, and more
Agricultural and storm
water runoff monitoring
Tracer tests
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Groundwater Level through Data logger
MemoryAddress: 776
Unit Of Measure: MTR
Calibration Factor #1: 5437
Calibration Factor #2: 20029
Logger ID: #C08558
Job Number: 10000
Well Number: 04201
Depth Below Datum : 0030.50
Sampling Interval: 1 hrs.
Start Date: 15/12/22 11:47:16
No. Date/Time Date Time Uncomp.HT.WTR.
Comp.HT.WTR.
Comp.Depth.WTR Temp.°C Comp. Flag
112/22/2015 11:47:16 15/12/22 11:47:16 11.42 1.516 28.984 26.69 0 95.09
212/22/2015 12:00:00 15/12/22 12:00:00 11.406 1.502 28.998 26.5 0 95.14
312/22/2015 13:00:00 15/12/22 13:00:00 11.37 1.467 29.033 26.5 0 95.25
412/22/2015 14:00:00 15/12/22 14:00:00 11.348 1.445 29.055 26.5 0 95.32
512/22/2015 15:00:00 15/12/22 15:00:00 11.312 1.409 29.091 26.5 0 95.44
612/22/2015 16:00:00 15/12/22 16:00:00 11.292 1.389 29.111 26.5 0 95.51
712/22/2015 17:00:00 15/12/22 17:00:00 11.255 1.351 29.149 26.56 0 95.63
812/22/2015 18:00:00 15/12/22 18:00:00 11.229 1.326 29.174 26.5 0 95.71
912/22/2015 19:00:00 15/12/22 19:00:00 11.225 1.322 29.178 26.5 0 95.73
1012/22/2015 20:00:00 15/12/22 20:00:00 11.213 1.31 29.19 26.56 0 95.77
1112/22/2015 21:00:00 15/12/22 21:00:00 11.209 1.306 29.194 26.56 0 95.78
1212/22/2015 22:00:00 15/12/22 22:00:00 11.183 1.28 29.22 26.5 0 95.86
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Ground water Loggers
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LOGGERS
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USE OF ICTs BY PID
2017: GPRS System (Location based information, Android Smart Phones to Field Staff)
2012: email system 2011 to field formation, 4000 canal daily data –updation at H/Q
2011 SMS Service (Gauge data of Canal flow theft case. GSM, Mobiles to Field Staff.)
2008: Toll Free No.(0800 11333, Any Complaints: response with in 24 hours
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USE OF ICTs BY PID
2017 WRIMS For Groundwater:
(Pilot Testing using real time groundwater Loggers with Sensor)
www.irrigation.Punjab.gov.pk. Being updated on daily basis
2017 WRMIS -Ongoing: (Sensor Technology, Pilot Testing, Without Human Intervention)
2017 Irrigation Watch- Web Based Application: (Monitoring Staff
and Field Staff real time data being sent to Head Quarter)
2017 Web Based Application : (Daily Data to be updated by Field Staff on website directly)
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SCADA
Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA) system in Punjab Irrigation department
Control Room
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LOCATION OF BARRAGES IN PUNJAB
River Barrages
Year of
Constructio
n
Discharge
Capacity
(Cusecs)
Indus
Jinnah 1946 950,000
Chashma 1971 950,000
Taunsa 2008 / 1958 1,000,000
Jhelum Rasul 1967 / 1901 850,000
Chenab
Marala 1971 / 1910 1,100,000
Khanki 1892 800,000
Qadirabad 1967 900,000
Trimmu 1938 645,000
Panjnad 1932 700,000
Ravi
Balloki 1965 / 1913 225,000
Sidhnai 1965 / 1913 150,000
Sutlej
Suleimanki 1930 / 1926 325,000
Islam 1954 / 1927 300,000
MailsiSyphon
1965 429,000
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BACKGROUND
Rehabilitation and modernization of barrages with the financial assistance of World Bank, JICA and (ADB).
Rehabilitation of Taunsa Barrage and Jinnah Barrages and Construction of New Khanki Barrage stands completed.
The rehabilitated barrages are being provided with the latest Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA) System.
SCADA caters for automated regulation of barrage gates, discharge monitoring, automated data collection and transmission, central instrumental observation system for piezometers to measure sub-surface flows and CCTV based surveillance system, which are all software based.
SCADA system is located in the control center and is operated in the scanning mode, communicating between the CONTROL CENTER and the REMOTE STATION(S).
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Functional at Jinah and Khanki Barrages
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Functions – scada system
DATA ACQUSITION- Furnishes status information & measured data to operator.
CONTROL`` - Allows the operator to control the devices e.g. motor operation, circuit breakers, tap changer etc from a remote centralized location.
DATA PROCESSING - Includes data quality & integrity check, limit check, analog value processing etc.
TAGGING - Operator identifies any specific device & subjects to specific operating restrictions to prevent from unauthorized operation.
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Functions – SCADA system
ALARMS - Alerts the operator of unplanned events & undesirable operating conditions in the order their severity & criticality
`LOGGING- Logs all operator entries, alarms & selected entries
TRENDING- Plots measurements on selected scale to give information on the trends e.g. one minute, one hour etc.
HISTORICAL REPORTING - To save & analyze the historical data for reporting, typically for a period of 2 or more years & to archive.
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Layout – scada system
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Cctv system
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5-WAY FORWARD
Additional storages/Capacity of
existing
Treatment of industrial and municipal
effluents
Efficient use of available water
Low delta crops and cropping zones
/Cropping patterns
Flood/rain water harvesting
Climate resilience and mitigation
Drainage effluents should be minimized
and re-used
Farmers must be educated/extension
services.
Integration of agriculture and water institutions
Groundwater Recharge- Natural and Artificial
Prudent use of ground water,
Equity in use of water,
Water as a socio economic and
environmental good
Move away from business-as-
usual.
River basin management
approach be followed
Fewer and more empowered water
management institutions
Formulation of long term policy
framework/ legal framework and
comprehensive master planning
Training, capacity building,
coordination and awareness
raising among the stakeholders
Prevention of pollution of water
bodies
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THANKS
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