Germplasm Enhancement of Maize Project (GEM) Derived Varieties M.H. Blanco 1, C.A.C. Gardner 1, W. Salhuana 2, and N. Shen 1 1 USDA-ARS and 2 Retired Pioneer.
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Germplasm Enhancement of Maize Project (GEM)
Derived Varieties
M.H. Blanco1, C.A.C. Gardner1, W. Salhuana2, and N. Shen1
1 USDA-ARS and 2 Retired Pioneer Fellow and GEM TSG Chair
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GEM Mission Statement
The objective of the GEM Project is to develop and
provide to the public adapted germplasm lines via
germplasm enhancement of useful exotic
germplasm. The adapted materials are
incorporated into research and breeding programs
that will increase the diversity of U.S. corn
germplasm, improve its performance, and provide
new and better products to the American consumer.
Countries Belonging to the Latin American Maize Project (LAMP) *
Argentina
Bolivia
Brazil
Columbia
Chile
Guatemala
Mexico
Paraguay
Peru
United States
Uruguay
Venezuela
* LAMP began in 1987, funded by Pioneer Hi-Bred Int., Inc., and administrated by the USDA-ARS.
GEM Objectives
Manage an extensive multi-site cooperative breeding (and trial
network) and information sharing with public and private
cooperators.
Develop genetically enhanced populations and lines (early
generation S2 and S3 focus) from GEM breeding crosses.
Evaluate genotypes in the breeding program for yield,
agronomic traits, silage, biotic and abiotic stress (including
mycotoxins), and value-added traits.
Conduct research relevant to high priority maize germplasm
traits and performance.
Private GEM US Cooperators
AgReliant Genetics, LLCBASF Plant Science Breeding, L.L.CBeck's Superior Hybrids, Inc.*Benson Seed Research, LLCFFR CooperativeGarst Seed Company*Golden Harvest Seeds, Inc.Hoegemeyer EnterprisesIllinois Foundation Seeds, Inc.Monsanto Company*
Mycogen Seeds*National Starch and Chemical Co.NC+ Hybrids*PAU Seeds, Inc.Pioneer Hi-Bred Int., Inc.*Professional Seed Research, Inc.Schillinger SeedsSEEDirectSyngenta Seeds, Inc.*Wyffels Hybrids
* Entities with representatives currently serving on the GEM Technical Steering Group (TSG).
Public US Cooperators
Cornell University Iowa State University Louisiana State University Michael Fields Agricultural Institute1
North Carolina State University North Dakota State University Ohio State UniversityTexas A&M University* The University of Tennessee
Truman State University University of Delaware* University of Illinois University of Nebraska University of Wisconsin USDA-ARS (Ames, IA) USDA-ARS (Columbia, MO) USDA-ARS (Mississippi State, MS) USDA-ARS (Raleigh, NC)
1 Non-Government Organization (NGO)* Entities with representatives currently serving on the TSG.
International Cooperators
AgriSource Co., Ltd., Thailand
Agrotuniche, Chile
EMBRAPA1, Brazil
Hyland Seeds, Canada
INTA2, Argentina
Maharlika Genetics, Mexico
Nidera, Argentina
Sursem S.A., Argentina
The University of Guelph, Canada
1 Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa, Agropecuaria (EMBRAPA); Brazil2 Instituto Nacioanal de Tecnologia Agropecuaria (INTA) Argentina
GEM Trait Targets
Agronomic adaptability- yield, lodging, grain moisture, and Y/MAbiotic stress tolerance: drought, heat, and interacting biotic stressesEar mold and mycotoxin resistance (aflatoxin and fumonisin)Disease resistance (emphasis on stalk rots, and leaf blights that impact stalk rots)Insect resistance (emphasis on corn root worm and corn ear worm impacting quality and mycotoxins)Value-added traits (VAT’s)
Grain (protein>13%, oil>6%, and starch>75%)Silage yield & quality
GEM Pedigree Protocol
Pedigree Status AccessionFirst Cross
Second Cross
CUBA164:S20 50% tropical B.C. CUBA164 SS 20 NA
CUBA164:S2012 25% tropical B.C. CUBA164 SS 20 SS 12
CUBA164:S2012-444 S1 ear 444
CUBA164:S2012-444-1 S2 ear 1
CUBA164:S2012-444-1-B S3 "bulk"
Legend:SS12 is stiff stalk inbred-company 12SS 20 is stiff stalk inbred-company 20
GEM Breeding Protocol Flowchart
Plant S1 ears to make S2. Select at 20% selection intensity
Yield trial topcross from above
Winter 1
Summer 1
Winter 4
Winter 2
Summer 2
Winter 6
Winter 3
Summer 5
Summer 3
Summer 4
Make S3 increase
Determine quality analyses, disease & insectresistance in GEM lab or by cooperators
Cross the S3’s to two testers
Make S2 topcross to elite tester inbred
Self 300 plants (S0)
Yield test 50 S2 topcrosses at 6 locations
(Accession x Private line 1) x Private line 2
Accession x Private line 1
Write release article for publication & all relevant data to NCRPIS
Field Resources Required
Populations Rows Needed
Scenario 1S1
NurseryS2
NurserySeed
IncreaseISO
RowsTrial Plots
10 (in winter) 500 --- 600 --- ---
20 (in summer) 1000 7500 --- 3600 11400
Scenario 2S1
NurseryS2
NurserySeed
IncreaseISO
RowsTrial Plots
20 (in winter) 1000 --- 1200 --- ---
40 (in summer) 2000 15000 --- 7200 22800
GEM Germplasm Releases (105 Lines Total)
Year# LinesReleased Institution Germplasm Attributes
2001 1 USDA-ARS, IA GEM 001 is resistant to 1st brood ECB
2002 28 USDA-ARS, IA 25% and 50% exotics; temperate adapted
2002 2 U. Delaware50% exotic; resistance to anthracnose stalk rot and gray leaf spot
2002 30 NC State U. 50% exotics; temperate adapted
2002 1 Ohio State U.GEMS-0002 is 50% exotic; good grain quality, earlier than B73
2003 16 USDA-ARS, IA 25% & 50% exotic; temperate adapted, VAT
2003 8 NC State U. 50% exotics; earlier flowering
2004 2 Texas A&M U. 25% exotic; stress tolerance, good GCA
2004 1 U. Wisconsin25% exotic; high yielding silage withsuperior nutritional quality
2004 9 USDA-ARS, IA 25% exotic; temperate adaptation, VAT
2004 7 NC State U. 50% exotics; earlier flowering
Released GEM Lines to the Public to Date
Pedigree Derivation Comments
GEMS-0001 PI 503806 x B94///B94 First gen. ECB resistant (non-DIMBOA)
GEMS-0002 FS8A(S):S09-43-2 Early SS; stress tolerant
DE 3 DKXL212:N11a-191 Good protein; GCA
DE 4 DKXL212:N11a-365 GLS resistant; GCA
Tx 204 AR01150:N0406 Stress tolerant; GCA
Tx 205 AR01150:N0406 Stress tolerant; GCA
UW EX 01* AR17026:N1019 Silage yield and quality
* Projected for release in spring, 2005, by J. Coors, U. of WI.
Expt. 02122 (6 Locations) with Tester LH200xLH198 in Year 2002
Pedigree Yield Moist Y/MStalk
LodgeRoot
Lodge
BARBGP2:N08a18-332-1 176.2 20.0 9.1 9.4 3.1
Test Entry Means 145.2 21.9 6.8 7.1 4.8
Check Means 174.2 20.9 8.5 8.1 4.3
CV 13.2 6.1
LSD (p=0.05) 22.5 1.5
Expt. 046011 (8 Locations) with Tester LH198 in Year 2004
Pedigree Yield Moist Y/MStalk
LodgeRoot
Lodge
BARBGP2:N08a18-332-1-B 183.1 19.7 9.4 1.9 1.0
Test Entry Means 175.4 19.7 9.0 2.1 2.4
Check Means 202.1 19.8 10.4 3.3 1.2
CV 9.6 6.5
LSD (p=0.05) 16.7 1.3
Quality Traits of 9 GEM Lines Released to GEM Cooperators in 2005
Pedigree Country (race) VAT
BARBGP:N08a18-332-1-B Barbados (Tusón)
CH05015:N1502-86-1-B Chile (Camelia) >14% protein
CHIS775:S1911b-120-1-B-B Mexico (Tuxpeño) High TpG
DK212T:N11a12-191-1-B Thailand (comm. DK)
DKB844:S1601-73-1-B-B Mexico (comm. DK)Low TpG, low PHI, and wide RnG
DREP150:N2011d-624-1-B Domin. Rep. (Mixed) >14% protein
UR11003:S0302-1011-1-B Uruguay (Dente Branco) Narrow RnG
DKB844:S1601-3-2 Mexico (comm. DK)>14% protein, Low TpG, low RnG, & high % R,
CH05015:N1204-57-1 Chile (Camelia)>14% protein & >4.5% oil
GEM Field Day Demo
Silage Yield & Quality of EX 01 Grown in Wisconsin in 2004
HybridYield (t/ac)
Milk/ac (lbs)
CP (%)
NDF (%)
IVD (%)
NDFD (%)
Starch (%)
EX01 (U. W.) 10.8 38300 7.3 48 82 62 30
Mean (42 hybrids) 9.9 34300 7.4 48 81 60 31
LSD (0.10) 0.8 3600 0.4 3 1 1 3
UW EX01 = AR17026:N1019-65008-2-3-2-1-1 X LH244CP = Crude proteinNDF = Neutral detergent fiberIVD = in vitro digestibility NDFD = Neutral detergent fiber digestibility
Jim Coors, 2004.
Fusarium/Fumonisin Results
Rot Fumonisin
Pedigree % kernels rotted ppm
2011-01_SE32_S17_F2S4 0.6 0.1
NC244 2.4 0.3
CUBA164:S2008a-157-1-B-B 2.0 1.4
AR16035:S19-285-1-B 2.7 1.5
PASCO14:S0105-198-1 2.1 1.6
CUBA164:S1511b-325-1-B 1.8 1.6
UR13085:N0215-21-1-B-B-SIB 1.8 2.4
NC336 21.9 35.9
Avg. (52 entries) 6.3 6.4
LSD(0.05) 11.3 13.4
J. Holland, USDA-ARS, NC, 2003
Percent Aspergillus Ear Rot and Aflatoxin Level of GEM Lines
M. Clements, USDA-ARS, Mississippi State, MS, 2004.
Pedigree
2003 aflatoxin
Ng/g
2004aflatoxin
Ng/g
2 year mean ear
rot (%)
Mp313E 9 13 8
Tuxpan 20 442 5
2283-01_XL380_S11_F2S4 24 217 5
2250-01_XL370A_S11_F2S4 24 163 5
2250-02_XL370A_S11_F2S4 25 392 5
2258-03_XL380_S11_F2S4 48 239 5
LSR/ LSD α=0.05 6 2 13
Grand mean (96 inbreds) 546 1309 23
Coefficient of Variation 18 8 44
GEM Breeding Crosses with Resistance to the Corn Rootworm in 2003
1 Families showing significantly lower root damage rating than the resistant check, NGSDCRW1(S2)C4-15-2S2(S1).
M. Bohn (U of IL) and B. Hibbard (USDA-ARS, Columbia, MO), 2003.
Pedigree Race# families selected1 Location
AR17056:N2025 Cristalino Colorado 2 IL
BR52051:N04 Dente Amarelo 7 MO
CHIS775:N1912 Tuxpeño 14 MO
CUBA117:S1520 Argentino 2 IL
DK212T:S11 Comm. Hybrid 10 MO
UR13085:N0215 Cateto Sulino 4 MO
Summary/Benefits of GEM
Germplasm contribution of LAMP and private companies
Cooperative wide scale evaluation and development efforts
Unique germplasm and traits being identified
Technology transfer-germplasm and information
GEM serves a large number of stakeholders from different sectors and countries
Future Challenges and Direction
Identify and utilize useful allelic diversity by tapping into more racesHow should GEM’s resources be allocated-sampling new races vs. focusing on existing races What breeding methodology research will be needed to effectively utilize allelic diversity?
UDEL: single seed descent research to save resourcesUWI: pop development of CUBA164 as SS silage base
Explore and implement new genomic and genetic technologies through effective partnering
Address targeted questions or hypotheses related to gene function, mol breeding, etc. GEM’s role: provide germplasm for well constructed studiesIssues: target traits? races? pop structure, candidate genes
How does GEM best serve stakeholders to maximize benefits, and broaden the germplasm base?
Acknowledgements
USDA-ARS, Ames, IASue Duvick, Quality traits lab managerAndy Smelser, Agriculture research technician
USDA-ARS, Raleigh, NCJoe Hudyncia, Southeastern GEM coordinator
North Carolina State UniversityMajor Goodman, William Neal Reynolds and Distinguished University Professor
GEM cooperatorsGEM Technical Steering Group (TSG)
GEM ProjectUSDA-ARS
Thank you for your support!
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