Geologic Controls on Liquefaction Processes at the Bottineau
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GEOLOGIC CONTROLS ON LIQUEFACTION PROCESSES
AT THE BOTTINEAU QUICKSAND SITE
BRODY B. AWALTDEPT. OF GEOSCIENCES
MINOT STATE UNIVERSITYSPRING 2014
INTRODUCTION• EXAMINED SEDIMENTOLOGY AND STRATIGRAPHY
BACKGROUND
Photo of the Turtle Mountains from the Bottineau Quicksand Site. View is to the north-northeast. Note the salt accumulation at the surface.
Ground level photo of the Bottineau Quicksand site. View is toward the east.
BOTTINEAU COUNTY
LIQUEFACTION
FIELD METHODS
HAND AUGER Core Sample
CORE LOCATIONS
Strat Unit II
Strat Unit I
• Stratified
• Less dense
• Lacks Joints
• Massive
• Over compacted/Dense
• Jointed
• Discontinuous sand lenses
DEPOSITIONAL SETTINGS FOR VARIOUS TYPES OF TILL
http://www.swisseduc.ch/glaciers/earth_icy_planet/glaciers06-en.html?id=9
http://www.swisseduc.ch/glaciers/new_zealand/hooker_terrestrial/icons/20_hooker_glacier_structure.jpg
SUPRA-GLACIAL TILL SUB-GLACIAL TILL
Supra-glacial Till, Iowa Sub-glacial Till,
Iowa
WELLS
WELL INSTALLATION
Fill
Sand
Clay
LABORATORY METHODS
PARTICLE SIZE ANALYSIS
• GRAVEL SEPARATION• BOUYCOUS HYDROMETER METHOD(1927,1951, AND
1961)• SAND, SILT, AND CLAY SEPARATION
GRAVEL SEPARATION
SAND, SILT, AND CLAY SEPARATION
NO. 230 SIEVE
RESULTS
• PENETROMETER READINGS• SITE HYDROLOGY• PARTICLE SIZE ANALYSIS
PENETROMETER READINGSB1-
DensityB4-
DensityDepth(cm) kg/cm² kg/cm²
0-20 0.20 0.0020-40 0.23 0.0040-60 1.25 0.5060-80 1.75 0.7580-100 2.00 1.25
100-120 2.00 1.50120-140 2.25 1.50140-160 2.50 1.50160-180 3.00 1.75180-200 3.00 1.75200-220 3.25220-240 3.25240-260 3.25260-280 3.75280-300 3.75300-320 >4.50320-340 >4.50
Strat Unit II
Strat Unit I
Strat Unit I
Strat Unit II
Fill
WATER LEVER MEASUREMENTS
Nov/3/13 Nov/17/13 Nov/31/13 Dec/14/13
-325-300-275-250-225-200-175-150-125-100-75-50-25
025
Well Readings
B1 B2 B3 B4
Wat
er L
evel
(cm
)
PARTICLE SIZE ANALYSIS
Strat Unit II
Strat Unit I
Strat Unit I
Strat Unit II
Fill
DISCUSSION
GEOLOGIC SETTING DURING DEPOSITION OF STRAT UNIT I
Adapted from The Geology of Bottineau County Geologic Survey
GEOLOGIC SETTING DURING DEPOSITION OF STRAT UNIT II
Adapted from The Geology of Bottineau County Geologic Survey
GROUND WATER FLOW
VE = 141.6x
SITE CROSS-SECTIONTurtle Mtns.
B1
B2
B4
B3
FUTURE RESEARCH
GROUND PENETRATING RADAR
AKNOWLEDGMENTS
• DR. KRIEG• MR. MCKAY• DR. CRACKEL• DR. ROYER• GEOLOGY CLASSMATES
QUESTIONS
MOISTURE CORRECTION FACTOR
MCF = 1- WEIGHT OF AIR DRY SOIL – WEIGHT OF OVEN DRY SOILWEIGHT OF OVEN DRY SOIL
PARTICLE SIZE ANALYSIS-B1Hydrometer Texture Analysis-B1
Sample (cm)
CorrectedWeight (g)
6 hour 52Minute
Reading (g/L)
BlankSolution
(g/L)
Corrected6 hour 52
MinuteReading
(g/L)
Sand Fraction
Weight (g)
PercentSand
PercentSilt
PercentClay
0-20 60.27 40 4 36 20.03 33 7 6020-40 66.80 30 4 26 23.86 36 25 3940-60 66.99 31 4 27 20.28 30 29 4060-80 66.79 31 4 27 21.06 32 28 4080-100 64.40 30 4 26 19.73 31 29 40
100-120 61.63 29 4 25 19.65 32 28 41120-140 61.02 29 4 25 18.69 31 28 41140-160 62.68 29 4 25 20.07 32 28 40160-180 62.15 30 4 26 19.82 32 26 42180-200 64.93 28.5 4 24.5 20.99 32 30 38200-220 64.60 28 4 24 19.46 30 33 37220-240 65.14 26 4 22 21 32 34 34240-260 62.97 25 4 21 20.5 33 34 33260-280 58.93 22 4 18 19.16 33 37 31280-300 61.16 22 4 18 20.48 33 37 29300-320 60.48 23 4 19 20.01 33 35 31320-340 63.19 25 4 21 20.12 32 35 33
PARTICLE SIZE ANALYSIS-B4Hydrometer Texture Analysis-B4
Sample (cm)
CorrectedWeight (g)
6 hour 52Minute
Reading (g/L)
BlankSolution
(g/L)
Corrected6 hour 52
MinuteReading
(g/L)
Sand Fraction
Weight (g)
PercentSand
PercentSilt
PercentClay
0-20 49.95 19 3 16 30.67 61 7 3220-40 49.80 25 3 22 27.17 55 1 4440-60 49.77 26 3 23 21.69 44 10 4660-80 49.40 21 3 18 20.04 41 23 36
80-100 49.59 16 3 13 28.86 58 16 26100-120 45.89 21 3 18 23.57 51 9 39120-140 49.00 17.5 3 14.5 20.75 42 28 30140-160 47.66 21 4 17 1.21 3 62 36160-180 45.45 15.5 4 11.5 25.86 57 18 25180-200 47.98 20 4 16 20.63 43 24 33
MOISTURE CORRECTION FACTORSoil Moisture Correction Factor B1
SampleCrucible
Weight (g)
Crucible Plus
Air Dry SoilWeight (g)
Air Dry SoilWeight (g)
Crucible Plus
Oven Dry Soil
Weight (g)
Oven Dry Soil
Weight (g) MCFOriginal
Weight (g)CorrectedWeight (g)
0-20 20.04 30.78 10.74 30.73 10.69 0.9953 60.55 60.2720-40 19.32 29.89 10.57 29.87 10.55 0.9981 66.93 66.8040-60 20.11 31.31 11.20 31.31 11.20 1.0000 66.99 66.9960-80 21.10 32.06 10.96 32.06 10.96 1.0000 66.79 66.7980-100 20.42 30.78 10.36 30.78 10.36 1.0000 64.40 64.40
100-120 20.32 30.39 10.07 30.39 10.07 1.0000 61.63 61.63120-140 19.74 29.98 10.24 29.98 10.24 1.0000 61.02 61.02140-160 19.27 29.77 10.50 29.77 10.50 1.0000 62.68 62.68160-180 22.34 33.27 10.93 33.28 10.94 1.0000 62.09 62.15180-200 20.48 30.09 9.61 30.09 9.61 1.0000 64.93 64.93200-220 20.26 31.22 10.96 31.08 10.82 0.9872 65.44 64.60220-240 20.49 30.97 10.48 30.96 10.47 0.9990 65.20 65.14240-260 19.69 29.82 10.13 29.80 10.11 0.9980 63.09 62.97260-280 19.79 29.96 10.17 29.88 10.09 0.9921 59.40 58.93280-300 19.69 28.70 9.01 28.65 8.96 0.9945 61.50 61.16300-320 20.78 31.60 10.82 31.58 10.80 0.9982 60.59 60.48320-340 21.04 31.82 10.78 31.80 10.76 0.9981 63.31 63.19
MOISTURE CORRECTION FACTOR
Soil Moisture Correction Factor B4
SampleCrucible
Weight (g)
Crucible PlusAir Dry SoilWeight (g)
Air Dry SoilWeight (g)
Crucible Plus
Oven Dry Soil
Weight (g)
Oven Dry Soil
Weight (g) MCFOriginal
Weight (g)CorrectedWeight (g)
0-20 19.99 30.29 10.30 30.28 10.29 0.9990 70.74 49.9520-40 21.58 31.41 9.83 31.37 9.79 0.9959 70.71 49.8040-60 19.62 30.55 10.93 30.50 10.88 0.9954 65.92 49.7760-80 19.87 29.06 9.19 28.95 9.08 0.9880 62.84 49.40
80-100 20.66 31.54 10.88 31.45 10.79 0.9917 63.41 49.59100-120 19.02 29.47 10.45 28.61 9.59 0.9177 60.37 45.89120-140 20.63 31.15 10.52 30.94 10.31 0.9800 60.14 49.00140-160 21.64 31.26 9.62 30.81 9.17 0.9532 63.70 47.66160-180 21.25 32.78 11.53 31.73 10.48 0.9089 69.48 45.45180-200 19.17 29.59 10.42 29.17 10.00 0.9597 59.98 47.98
SAND PERCENT BY WEIGHT-B1Percent Sand by Weight-B1
SampleBeaker
Weight (g)Sample Plus
Beaker Weight (g)Sand
Weight (g)
CorrectedTotal SampleWeight (g)
PercentSand
0-20 110.34 130.37 20.03 60.55 33.0820-40 112.19 136.05 23.86 66.93 35.6540-60 114.09 134.37 20.28 66.99 30.2760-80 113.11 134.17 21.06 66.79 31.53
80-100 113.16 132.89 19.73 64.40 30.64100-120 106.16 125.81 19.65 61.63 31.88120-140 110.34 129.03 18.69 61.02 30.63140-160 112.19 132.26 20.07 62.68 32.02160-180 114.09 133.91 19.82 62.09 31.92180-200 113.11 134.1 20.99 64.93 32.33200-220 113.16 132.62 19.46 65.44 29.74220-240 106.16 127.16 21 65.20 32.21240-260 113.11 133.61 20.5 63.09 32.49260-280 113.16 132.32 19.16 59.40 32.26280-300 112.19 132.67 20.48 61.50 33.30300-320 114.09 134.1 20.01 60.59 33.03320-340 110.34 130.46 20.12 63.31 31.78
SAND PERCENT BY WEIGHT-B4Percent Sand by Weight-B4
SampleBeaker
Weight (g)Sample Plus
Beaker Weight (g)Sand
Weight (g)
CorrectedTotal SampleWeight (g)
PercentSand
0-20 111.98 142.57 30.59 49.95 61.2420-40 113.22 140.39 27.17 49.80 54.5640-60 114.03 135.72 21.69 49.77 43.5860-80 111.13 131.17 20.04 49.40 40.57
80-100 114.71 143.57 28.86 49.59 58.20100-120 106.16 129.73 23.57 45.89 51.37120-140 112.19 132.94 20.75 49.00 42.35140-160 106.16 107.37 1.21 47.66 2.54160-180 114.03 139.89 25.86 45.45 56.90180-200 111.13 131.76 20.63 47.98 42.99
GRAVEL SEPARATION
Sample
Corrected
Weight (g)
Gravel Weight
(g)0-20 60.27 2.9620-40 66.80 2.3940-60 66.99 2.860-80 66.79 2.2380-100 64.40 2.15100-120 61.63 2.75120-140 61.02 1.82140-160 62.68 1.62160-180 62.15 2.13180-200 64.93 2.52200-220 64.60 3.43220-240 65.14 1.83240-260 62.97 2.73260-280 58.93 2.05280-300 61.16 2.09300-320 60.48 2.52320-340 63.19 2.01
Sample
Corrected
Weight (g)
Gravel Weight
(g)0-20 49.95 14.7520-40 49.79 5.5140-60 49.77 3.6960-80 49.40 1.2180-100 49.58 11.49100-120 45.88 2.34120-140 49.00 3.85140-160 47.66 0.01160-180 45.44 1.22180-200 47.98 1.96
B1B4
B1 B4
• INDUCTIVELY COUPLED
PLASMA
ATOMIC
EMISSION SPECTROSCOPY
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