Geo to Helio - boun.edu.tr · Kanuni (1520-1566) Sokollu dies 1571 Lepanto (İnebahtı) 1630 Kepler Kepler’s Laws 1. Orbits of planets are ellipses, with the Sun at one focus (not
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Seven PLANETS (“wanderers”) vs.
STARS fixed on the celestial sphereCircle ⟹ perfect ⟹ GODs ! ⟹ honor them !
Seven PLANETS (“wanderers”) vs.
STARS fixed on the celestial sphereCircle ⟹ perfect ⟹ GODs ! ⟹ honor them !
Sunday - Monday - Tuesday - Wednesday - Thursday - Friday - Saturday
Seven PLANETS (“wanderers”) vs.
STARS fixed on the celestial sphereCircle ⟹ perfect ⟹ GODs ! ⟹ honor them !
Sunday - Monday - Tuesday - Wednesday - Thursday - Friday - SaturdayDimache - Lundi - Mardi - Mercredi - Jeudi - Vendredi - Samedi
Seven PLANETS (“wanderers”) vs.
STARS fixed on the celestial sphereCircle ⟹ perfect ⟹ GODs ! ⟹ honor them !
Sunday - Monday - Tuesday - Wednesday - Thursday - Friday - SaturdayDimache - Lundi - Mardi - Mercredi - Jeudi - Vendredi - Samedi
BUT…
Eventual Model: Ptolemy(excentric, equant…)
Aristotelian ideas…Philosophy Physics Chemistry Astronomy • Circle is perfect • Natural motion • Four elements • Natural motion in sky: • Gods : perfect on Earth: None on Earth uniform circular • In the sky : Gods • Physics in sky • Sky: Fifth • Retrograde different element motion, etc. : • Each element (quintessence) Epicycles, equants, wants to reach excentrics, etc. its “proper” place
Why? Fortune-telling…
Eventual Model: Ptolemy(excentric, equant…)
Aristotelian ideas…Philosophy Physics Chemistry Astronomy • Circle is perfect • Natural motion • Four elements • Natural motion in sky: • Gods : perfect on Earth: None on Earth uniform circular • In the sky : Gods • Physics in sky • Sky: Fifth • Retrograde different element motion, etc. : • Each element (quintessence) Epicycles, equants, wants to reach excentrics, etc. its “proper” place
INTEGRATED INTO CHRISTIANITY
Why? Fortune-telling…
Eventual Model: Ptolemy(excentric, equant…)
Aristotelian ideas…Philosophy Physics Chemistry Astronomy • Circle is perfect • Natural motion • Four elements • Natural motion in sky: • Gods : perfect on Earth: None on Earth uniform circular • In the sky : Gods • Physics in sky • Sky: Fifth • Retrograde different element motion, etc. : • Each element (quintessence) Epicycles, equants, wants to reach excentrics, etc. its “proper” place
INTEGRATED INTO CHRISTIANITY
Why? Fortune-telling…
SN 1054 not recorded reliably.
1543: Copernicus publishes HELIOCENTRIC theory with circular orbits
…on his deathbed……with an (unauthorized) apologetic foreword by a theologian.
1543: Copernicus publishes HELIOCENTRIC theory with circular orbits
…on his deathbed……with an (unauthorized) apologetic foreword by a theologian.
Aristarchus of Samos — 3rd cty. BC — others, before & after —
1543: Copernicus publishes HELIOCENTRIC theory with circular orbits
…on his deathbed……with an (unauthorized) apologetic foreword by a theologian.
Aristarchus of Samos — 3rd cty. BC — others, before & after —
Aristotelian objections
1543: Copernicus publishes HELIOCENTRIC theory with circular orbits
…on his deathbed……with an (unauthorized) apologetic foreword by a theologian.
Aristarchus of Samos — 3rd cty. BC — others, before & after —
Copernicus’ theory —spread slowly for 60 years —No significant church opposition
Aristotelian objections
1543: Copernicus publishes HELIOCENTRIC theory with circular orbits
…on his deathbed……with an (unauthorized) apologetic foreword by a theologian.
Aristarchus of Samos — 3rd cty. BC — others, before & after —
Copernicus’ theory —spread slowly for 60 years —No significant church opposition
Aristotelian objections
No answers here…
1572: discovers NEW STAR
Copernicus1473 1543 1546 1601
Tycho BraheFatih dies
Bayezid II & Yavuz Kanuni (1520-1566)
Sokollu dies
Ty c h o B r a h e
1572: discovers NEW STAR
Copernicus
King of Denmark gives him the island Hven
1473 1543 1546 1601Tycho Brahe
Fatih dies
Bayezid II & Yavuz Kanuni (1520-1566)
Sokollu dies
Ty c h o B r a h e
1572: discovers NEW STAR
Copernicus
King of Denmark gives him the island Hven
1473 1543 1546 1601Tycho Brahe
Fatih dies
Bayezid II & Yavuz Kanuni (1520-1566)
Sokollu dies
1576: construction begins for
URANIBORG
Ty c h o B r a h e
1572: discovers NEW STAR
Copernicus
King of Denmark gives him the island Hven
1473 1543 1546 1601Tycho Brahe
Fatih dies
Bayezid II & Yavuz Kanuni (1520-1566)
Sokollu dies
1576: construction begins for
URANIBORGoutfitted for absolutely best possible naked-eye measurements
Ty c h o B r a h e
Copernicus1473 1543 1546 1601
Tycho BraheFatih dies
Bayezid II & Yavuz Kanuni (1520-1566)
Sokollu dies
outfitted for absolutely best possible naked-eye measurements
Observes the Great Comet of 1577
Copernicus1473 1543 1546 1601
Tycho BraheFatih dies
Bayezid II & Yavuz Kanuni (1520-1566)
Sokollu dies
outfitted for absolutely best possible naked-eye measurements
Observes the Great Comet of 1577
Copernicus1473 1543 1546 1601
Tycho BraheFatih dies
Bayezid II & Yavuz Kanuni (1520-1566)
Sokollu dies
Work goes on 1576-1597
outfitted for absolutely best possible naked-eye measurements
Observes the Great Comet of 1577
Copernicus1473 1543 1546 1601
Tycho BraheFatih dies
Bayezid II & Yavuz Kanuni (1520-1566)
Sokollu dies
Work goes on 1576-1597 — Star charts — Angular positions of planets as fn. of time
outfitted for absolutely best possible naked-eye measurements
Observes the Great Comet of 1577
Copernicus1473 1543 1546 1601
Tycho BraheFatih dies
Bayezid II & Yavuz Kanuni (1520-1566)
Sokollu dies
Work goes on 1576-1597 — Star charts — Angular positions of planets as fn. of time
outfitted for absolutely best possible naked-eye measurements
Beginning of “BIG SCIENCE”
Assistant to Tycho (1600) in Prague
Copernicus1473 1543 1546 1601
Tycho BraheFatih dies
Bayezid II & Yavuz Kanuni (1520-1566)
Sokollu dies
1571
Lepanto (İnebahtı)
1630Kepler
K e p l e r
Assistant to Tycho (1600) in Prague
Copernicus1473 1543 1546 1601
Tycho BraheFatih dies
Bayezid II & Yavuz Kanuni (1520-1566)
Sokollu dies
1571
Lepanto (İnebahtı)
1630Kepler
K e p l e rSN 1604
Assistant to Tycho (1600) in Prague
Copernicus1473 1543 1546 1601
Tycho BraheFatih dies
Bayezid II & Yavuz Kanuni (1520-1566)
Sokollu dies
1571
Lepanto (İnebahtı)
1630Kepler
K e p l e r
Analyzes Tycho’s data (trying to find orbit radius etc. for Mars)
SN 1604
Assistant to Tycho (1600) in Prague
Copernicus1473 1543 1546 1601
Tycho BraheFatih dies
Bayezid II & Yavuz Kanuni (1520-1566)
Sokollu dies
— Observational error: 2’ — Pseudo-Ptolemaic model’s error: up to 8’ — Copernican model’s error: up to 4’
1571
Lepanto (İnebahtı)
1630Kepler
K e p l e r
Analyzes Tycho’s data (trying to find orbit radius etc. for Mars)
SN 1604
Assistant to Tycho (1600) in Prague
Copernicus1473 1543 1546 1601
Tycho BraheFatih dies
Bayezid II & Yavuz Kanuni (1520-1566)
Sokollu dies
— Observational error: 2’ — Pseudo-Ptolemaic model’s error: up to 8’ — Copernican model’s error: up to 4’
1571
Lepanto (İnebahtı)
1630Kepler
K e p l e r
Analyzes Tycho’s data (trying to find orbit radius etc. for Mars)
1605: Hits on elliptic orbit around Sun.
SN 1604
Assistant to Tycho (1600) in Prague
Copernicus1473 1543 1546 1601
Tycho BraheFatih dies
Bayezid II & Yavuz Kanuni (1520-1566)
Sokollu dies
— Observational error: 2’ — Pseudo-Ptolemaic model’s error: up to 8’ — Copernican model’s error: up to 4’
1571
Lepanto (İnebahtı)
1630Kepler
K e p l e r
Analyzes Tycho’s data (trying to find orbit radius etc. for Mars)
1605: Hits on elliptic orbit around Sun.
SN 1604
Perfect fit
Copernicus1473 1543 1546 1601
Tycho BraheFatih dies
Bayezid II & Yavuz Kanuni (1520-1566)
Sokollu dies
1571
Lepanto (İnebahtı)
1630Kepler
Kepler’s Laws
Copernicus1473 1543 1546 1601
Tycho BraheFatih dies
Bayezid II & Yavuz Kanuni (1520-1566)
Sokollu dies
1571
Lepanto (İnebahtı)
1630Kepler
Kepler’s Laws1. Orbits of planets are ellipses, with
the Sun at one focus (not the center!)
Copernicus1473 1543 1546 1601
Tycho BraheFatih dies
Bayezid II & Yavuz Kanuni (1520-1566)
Sokollu dies
1571
Lepanto (İnebahtı)
1630Kepler
Kepler’s Laws1. Orbits of planets are ellipses, with
the Sun at one focus (not the center!)
2. A line from the Sun to the planet sweeps equal areas in equal time
Copernicus1473 1543 1546 1601
Tycho BraheFatih dies
Bayezid II & Yavuz Kanuni (1520-1566)
Sokollu dies
1571
Lepanto (İnebahtı)
1630Kepler
Kepler’s Laws1. Orbits of planets are ellipses, with
the Sun at one focus (not the center!)
2. A line from the Sun to the planet sweeps equal areas in equal time
3. The square of the orbital period and the cube of the length of the ellipse are proportional: T2 ∝ a3
Copernicus1473 1543 1546 1601
Tycho BraheFatih dies
Bayezid II & Yavuz Kanuni (1520-1566)
Sokollu dies
1571
Lepanto (İnebahtı)
1630Kepler
Kepler’s Laws1. Orbits of planets are ellipses, with
the Sun at one focus (not the center!)
2. A line from the Sun to the planet sweeps equal areas in equal time
3. The square of the orbital period and the cube of the length of the ellipse are proportional: T2 ∝ a3
Still no answers to Aristotelian objections…
Copernicus1473 1543 46 1601
Tycho BraheFatih dies
Bayezid II & Yavuz Kanuni (1520-1566)
Sokollu dies
71
Lepanto (İnebahtı)
30
Kepler64 42
GalileoMurad IV diesKasr-ı Şirin
G a l i l e o (1564-1642)
Questions Aristotelian mechanics “Heavier objects fall faster” “Natural motion is no motion”
Copernicus1473 1543 46 1601
Tycho BraheFatih dies
Bayezid II & Yavuz Kanuni (1520-1566)
Sokollu dies
71
Lepanto (İnebahtı)
30
Kepler64 42
GalileoMurad IV diesKasr-ı Şirin
G a l i l e o (1564-1642)
Questions Aristotelian mechanics “Heavier objects fall faster” “Natural motion is no motion”
Experiments → — Universality of free fall — Principle of Inertia
Objects in undisturbed motion stay in motion
Copernicus1473 1543 46 1601
Tycho BraheFatih dies
Bayezid II & Yavuz Kanuni (1520-1566)
Sokollu dies
71
Lepanto (İnebahtı)
30
Kepler64 42
GalileoMurad IV diesKasr-ı Şirin
Accepts Heliocentrism
Copernicus1473 1543 46 1601
Tycho BraheFatih dies
Bayezid II & Yavuz Kanuni (1520-1566)
Sokollu dies
71
Lepanto (İnebahtı)
30
Kepler64 42
GalileoMurad IV diesKasr-ı Şirin
Accepts HeliocentrismAristotelian objections answered by the
Principle of Inertia !
Copernicus1473 1543 46 1601
Tycho BraheFatih dies
Bayezid II & Yavuz Kanuni (1520-1566)
Sokollu dies
71
Lepanto (İnebahtı)
30
Kepler64 42
GalileoMurad IV diesKasr-ı Şirin
Accepts Heliocentrism
Makes telescope, discovers
Aristotelian objections answered by thePrinciple of Inertia !
Copernicus1473 1543 46 1601
Tycho BraheFatih dies
Bayezid II & Yavuz Kanuni (1520-1566)
Sokollu dies
71
Lepanto (İnebahtı)
30
Kepler64 42
GalileoMurad IV diesKasr-ı Şirin
Accepts Heliocentrism
Makes telescope, discovers
Aristotelian objections answered by thePrinciple of Inertia !
— Many new stars:
Copernicus1473 1543 46 1601
Tycho BraheFatih dies
Bayezid II & Yavuz Kanuni (1520-1566)
Sokollu dies
71
Lepanto (İnebahtı)
30
Kepler64 42
GalileoMurad IV diesKasr-ı Şirin
Accepts Heliocentrism
Makes telescope, discovers
Aristotelian objections answered by thePrinciple of Inertia !
— Many new stars: → (farther): Universe much bigger than thought
Copernicus1473 1543 46 1601
Tycho BraheFatih dies
Bayezid II & Yavuz Kanuni (1520-1566)
Sokollu dies
71
Lepanto (İnebahtı)
30
Kepler64 42
GalileoMurad IV diesKasr-ı Şirin
Accepts Heliocentrism
Makes telescope, discovers
Aristotelian objections answered by thePrinciple of Inertia !
— Many new stars: → (farther): Universe much bigger than thought— Four satellites of Jupiter:
Copernicus1473 1543 46 1601
Tycho BraheFatih dies
Bayezid II & Yavuz Kanuni (1520-1566)
Sokollu dies
71
Lepanto (İnebahtı)
30
Kepler64 42
GalileoMurad IV diesKasr-ı Şirin
Accepts Heliocentrism
Makes telescope, discovers
Aristotelian objections answered by thePrinciple of Inertia !
— Many new stars: → (farther): Universe much bigger than thought— Four satellites of Jupiter: — Earth is not the only thing that
can be orbited
Copernicus1473 1543 46 1601
Tycho BraheFatih dies
Bayezid II & Yavuz Kanuni (1520-1566)
Sokollu dies
71
Lepanto (İnebahtı)
30
Kepler64 42
GalileoMurad IV diesKasr-ı Şirin
Accepts Heliocentrism
Makes telescope, discovers
Aristotelian objections answered by thePrinciple of Inertia !
— Many new stars: → (farther): Universe much bigger than thought— Four satellites of Jupiter: — Earth is not the only thing that
can be orbited— Satellites CAN follow a planet
Copernicus1473 1543 46 1601
Tycho BraheFatih dies
Bayezid II & Yavuz Kanuni (1520-1566)
Sokollu dies
71
Lepanto (İnebahtı)
30
Kepler64 42
GalileoMurad IV diesKasr-ı Şirin
Accepts Heliocentrism
Makes telescope, discovers
Aristotelian objections answered by thePrinciple of Inertia !
— Many new stars: → (farther): Universe much bigger than thought— Four satellites of Jupiter: — Earth is not the only thing that
can be orbited— Satellites CAN follow a planet
— Phases of Venus; can be full when “close to Sun”
Copernicus1473 1543 46 1601
Tycho BraheFatih dies
Bayezid II & Yavuz Kanuni (1520-1566)
Sokollu dies
71
Lepanto (İnebahtı)
30
Kepler64 42
GalileoMurad IV diesKasr-ı Şirin
Accepts Heliocentrism
Makes telescope, discovers
Aristotelian objections answered by thePrinciple of Inertia !
— Many new stars: → (farther): Universe much bigger than thought— Four satellites of Jupiter: — Earth is not the only thing that
can be orbited— Satellites CAN follow a planet
— Phases of Venus; can be full when “close to Sun”— Venus can be farther away than Sun
Copernicus1473 1543 46 1601
Tycho BraheFatih dies
Bayezid II & Yavuz Kanuni (1520-1566)
Sokollu dies
71
Lepanto (İnebahtı)
30
Kepler64 42
GalileoMurad IV diesKasr-ı Şirin
Accepts Heliocentrism
Makes telescope, discovers
Aristotelian objections answered by thePrinciple of Inertia !
— Many new stars: → (farther): Universe much bigger than thought— Four satellites of Jupiter: — Earth is not the only thing that
can be orbited— Satellites CAN follow a planet
— Phases of Venus; can be full when “close to Sun”— Venus can be farther away than Sun
— Mountains, cracks, craters on Moon
Copernicus1473 1543 46 1601
Tycho BraheFatih dies
Bayezid II & Yavuz Kanuni (1520-1566)
Sokollu dies
71
Lepanto (İnebahtı)
30
Kepler64 42
GalileoMurad IV diesKasr-ı Şirin
Accepts Heliocentrism
Makes telescope, discovers
Aristotelian objections answered by thePrinciple of Inertia !
— Many new stars: → (farther): Universe much bigger than thought— Four satellites of Jupiter: — Earth is not the only thing that
can be orbited— Satellites CAN follow a planet
— Phases of Venus; can be full when “close to Sun”— Venus can be farther away than Sun
— Mountains, cracks, craters on Moon— Sunspots
Copernicus1473 1543 46 1601
Tycho BraheFatih dies
Bayezid II & Yavuz Kanuni (1520-1566)
Sokollu dies
71
Lepanto (İnebahtı)
30
Kepler64 42
GalileoMurad IV diesKasr-ı Şirin
Accepts Heliocentrism
Makes telescope, discovers
Aristotelian objections answered by thePrinciple of Inertia !
— Many new stars: → (farther): Universe much bigger than thought— Four satellites of Jupiter: — Earth is not the only thing that
can be orbited— Satellites CAN follow a planet
— Phases of Venus; can be full when “close to Sun”— Venus can be farther away than Sun
— Mountains, cracks, craters on Moon— Sunspots — Sun and Moon are NOT perfect bodies
Copernicus1473 1543 46 1601
Tycho BraheFatih dies
Bayezid II & Yavuz Kanuni (1520-1566)
Sokollu dies
71
Lepanto (İnebahtı)
30
Kepler64 42
GalileoMurad IV dies
Kasr-ı Şirin
N e w t o n (1643-1727)
43 1727Siege of Vienna
Karlofça
Newton
PasarofçaPrinting press
Tulip per.
Cambridge 1661 — then 1665-66 Lincolnshire Village
Copernicus1473 1543 46 1601
Tycho BraheFatih dies
Bayezid II & Yavuz Kanuni (1520-1566)
Sokollu dies
71
Lepanto (İnebahtı)
30
Kepler64 42
GalileoMurad IV dies
Kasr-ı Şirin
N e w t o n (1643-1727)
Worked out basic laws of mechanics
43 1727Siege of Vienna
Karlofça
Newton
PasarofçaPrinting press
Tulip per.
Cambridge 1661 — then 1665-66 Lincolnshire Village
1. Pr. of Inertia (Galileo) 2. F = m a 3. Action = Reaction
Copernicus1473 1543 46 1601
Tycho BraheFatih dies
Bayezid II & Yavuz Kanuni (1520-1566)
Sokollu dies
71
Lepanto (İnebahtı)
30
Kepler64 42
GalileoMurad IV dies
Kasr-ı Şirin
N e w t o n (1643-1727)
Worked out basic laws of mechanics
43 1727Siege of Vienna
Karlofça
Newton
PasarofçaPrinting press
Tulip per.
Cambridge 1661 — then 1665-66 Lincolnshire Village
1. Pr. of Inertia (Galileo) 2. F = m a 3. Action = Reaction
Force: A vector, realizable by springs, etc.
Copernicus1473 1543 46 1601
Tycho BraheFatih dies
Bayezid II & Yavuz Kanuni (1520-1566)
Sokollu dies
71
Lepanto (İnebahtı)
30
Kepler64 42
GalileoMurad IV dies
Kasr-ı Şirin
N e w t o n (1643-1727)
Worked out basic laws of mechanics
43 1727Siege of Vienna
Karlofça
Newton
PasarofçaPrinting press
Tulip per.
Cambridge 1661 — then 1665-66 Lincolnshire Village
1. Pr. of Inertia (Galileo) 2. F = m a 3. Action = Reaction
Force: A vector, realizable by springs, etc.
Velocity: How fast position changes; a vectorAcceleration: How fast velocity changes; a vector
1543 46 1601Tycho Brahe
Kanuni (1520-1566)Sokollu dies
71
Lepanto (İnebahtı)
30
Kepler64 42
GalileoMurad IV dies
Kasr-ı Şirin
43 1727Siege of Vienna
Karlofça
Newton
PasarofçaPrinting press
Tulip per.
1665-66 Lincolnshire VillageCircular motion means acceleration towards center
N e w t o n
1543 46 1601Tycho Brahe
Kanuni (1520-1566)Sokollu dies
71
Lepanto (İnebahtı)
30
Kepler64 42
GalileoMurad IV dies
Kasr-ı Şirin
43 1727Siege of Vienna
Karlofça
Newton
PasarofçaPrinting press
Tulip per.
1665-66 Lincolnshire VillageCircular motion means acceleration towards center F = m a means Earth must be pulling on Moon !
N e w t o n
1543 46 1601Tycho Brahe
Kanuni (1520-1566)Sokollu dies
71
Lepanto (İnebahtı)
30
Kepler64 42
GalileoMurad IV dies
Kasr-ı Şirin
43 1727Siege of Vienna
Karlofça
Newton
PasarofçaPrinting press
Tulip per.
1665-66 Lincolnshire VillageCircular motion means acceleration towards center
💡 What if force on Moon and force on falling apple are the same phenomenon
F = m a means Earth must be pulling on Moon !
?
N e w t o n
1543 46 1601Tycho Brahe
Kanuni (1520-1566)Sokollu dies
71
Lepanto (İnebahtı)
30
Kepler64 42
GalileoMurad IV dies
Kasr-ı Şirin
43 1727Siege of Vienna
Karlofça
Newton
PasarofçaPrinting press
Tulip per.
1665-66 Lincolnshire VillageCircular motion means acceleration towards center
💡 What if force on Moon and force on falling apple are the same phenomenon
F = m a means Earth must be pulling on Moon !
?Moon’s acceleration known from v2/r, apple’s is g ;
N e w t o n
1543 46 1601Tycho Brahe
Kanuni (1520-1566)Sokollu dies
71
Lepanto (İnebahtı)
30
Kepler64 42
GalileoMurad IV dies
Kasr-ı Şirin
43 1727Siege of Vienna
Karlofça
Newton
PasarofçaPrinting press
Tulip per.
1665-66 Lincolnshire VillageCircular motion means acceleration towards center
💡 What if force on Moon and force on falling apple are the same phenomenon
F = m a means Earth must be pulling on Moon !
?Moon’s acceleration known from v2/r, apple’s is g ;
Compare, use F = m a → again
N e w t o n
1543 46 1601Tycho Brahe
Kanuni (1520-1566)Sokollu dies
71
Lepanto (İnebahtı)
30
Kepler64 42
GalileoMurad IV dies
Kasr-ı Şirin
43 1727Siege of Vienna
Karlofça
Newton
PasarofçaPrinting press
Tulip per.
1665-66 Lincolnshire Village
💡 If this force exists between
Earth and Moon, maybe it also exists between the Sun and a given planet?
N e w t o n
1543 46 1601Tycho Brahe
Kanuni (1520-1566)Sokollu dies
71
Lepanto (İnebahtı)
30
Kepler64 42
GalileoMurad IV dies
Kasr-ı Şirin
43 1727Siege of Vienna
Karlofça
Newton
PasarofçaPrinting press
Tulip per.
1665-66 Lincolnshire Village
💡 If this force exists between
Earth and Moon, maybe it also exists between the Sun and a given planet?How would this planet move ?
N e w t o n
1543 46 1601Tycho Brahe
Kanuni (1520-1566)Sokollu dies
71
Lepanto (İnebahtı)
30
Kepler64 42
GalileoMurad IV dies
Kasr-ı Şirin
43 1727Siege of Vienna
Karlofça
Newton
PasarofçaPrinting press
Tulip per.
1665-66 Lincolnshire Village
💡 If this force exists between
Earth and Moon, maybe it also exists between the Sun and a given planet?How would this planet move ?The math: Three differential
equations
N e w t o n
1543 46 1601Tycho Brahe
Kanuni (1520-1566)Sokollu dies
71
Lepanto (İnebahtı)
30
Kepler64 42
GalileoMurad IV dies
Kasr-ı Şirin
43 1727Siege of Vienna
Karlofça
Newton
PasarofçaPrinting press
Tulip per.
1665-66 Lincolnshire Village
💡 If this force exists between
Earth and Moon, maybe it also exists between the Sun and a given planet?How would this planet move ?The math: Three differential
equations [unknown and its derivative(s)]
N e w t o n
1543 46 1601Tycho Brahe
Kanuni (1520-1566)Sokollu dies
71
Lepanto (İnebahtı)
30
Kepler64 42
GalileoMurad IV dies
Kasr-ı Şirin
43 1727Siege of Vienna
Karlofça
Newton
PasarofçaPrinting press
Tulip per.
1665-66 Lincolnshire Village
💡 If this force exists between
Earth and Moon, maybe it also exists between the Sun and a given planet?How would this planet move ?The math: Three differential
equations [unknown and its derivative(s)]
N e w t o n
— Had to invent the derivative to formulate the math
1543 46 1601Tycho Brahe
Kanuni (1520-1566)Sokollu dies
71
Lepanto (İnebahtı)
30
Kepler64 42
GalileoMurad IV dies
Kasr-ı Şirin
43 1727Siege of Vienna
Karlofça
Newton
PasarofçaPrinting press
Tulip per.
1665-66 Lincolnshire Village
💡 If this force exists between
Earth and Moon, maybe it also exists between the Sun and a given planet?How would this planet move ?The math: Three differential
equations [unknown and its derivative(s)]
N e w t o n
— Had to invent the derivative to formulate the math— Had to invent the integral to solve.
1543 46 1601Tycho Brahe
Kanuni (1520-1566)Sokollu dies
71
Lepanto (İnebahtı)
30
Kepler64 42
GalileoMurad IV dies
Kasr-ı Şirin
43 1727Siege of Vienna
Karlofça
Newton
PasarofçaPrinting press
Tulip per.
1665-66 Lincolnshire Village
💡 If the force existed betweenthe Sun and some object, how would that object move ??
Three families of solutions:
N e w t o n
— Elliptic orbits (with all the properties described by Kepler) — Parabolic orbits — Hyperbolic orbits
(satisfying Kepler’s second law)
1543 46 1601Tycho Brahe
Kanuni (1520-1566)Sokollu dies
71
Lepanto (İnebahtı)
30
Kepler64 42
GalileoMurad IV dies
Kasr-ı Şirin
43 1727Siege of Vienna
Karlofça
Newton
PasarofçaPrinting press
Tulip per.
1665-66 Lincolnshire Village
💡 If the force existed betweenthe Sun and some object, how would that object move ??
Three families of solutions:
N e w t o n
— Elliptic orbits (with all the properties described by Kepler) — Parabolic orbits — Hyperbolic orbits
(satisfying Kepler’s second law)
Soon, comets on elliptic (Halley’s) and hyperbolic orbits discovered.
1543 46 1601Tycho Brahe
Kanuni (1520-1566)Sokollu dies
71
Lepanto (İnebahtı)
30
Kepler64 42
GalileoMurad IV dies
Kasr-ı Şirin
43 1727Siege of Vienna
Karlofça
Newton
PasarofçaPrinting press
Tulip per.
Hence: Newton’s universal law of gravitation
Motion of everything in the Solar System completely understood, incl. what makes them move.
Laws on Earth and laws in the sky are NOT different!
Much better predictive power, incl. eclipses and periodic comets (new)
Copernicus1473 1543 46 1601
Tycho BraheFatih dies
Bayezid II & Yavuz Kanuni (1520-1566)
Sokollu dies
71
Lepanto (İnebahtı)
30
Kepler64 42
GalileoMurad IV dies
Kasr-ı Şirin
43 1727Siege of Vienna
Karlofça
Newton
PasarofçaPrinting press
Tulip per.
If no Tycho, Galileo, Kepler, Newton; Copernicus would be forgotten. But,
Copernicus1473 1543 46 1601
Tycho BraheFatih dies
Bayezid II & Yavuz Kanuni (1520-1566)
Sokollu dies
71
Lepanto (İnebahtı)
30
Kepler64 42
GalileoMurad IV dies
Kasr-ı Şirin
43 1727Siege of Vienna
Karlofça
Newton
PasarofçaPrinting press
Tulip per.
If no Tycho, Galileo, Kepler, Newton; Copernicus would be forgotten. But,The Scientific Revolution → The Industrial Revolution
Copernicus1473 1543 46 1601
Tycho BraheFatih dies
Bayezid II & Yavuz Kanuni (1520-1566)
Sokollu dies
71
Lepanto (İnebahtı)
30
Kepler64 42
GalileoMurad IV dies
Kasr-ı Şirin
43 1727Siege of Vienna
Karlofça
Newton
PasarofçaPrinting press
Tulip per.
If no Tycho, Galileo, Kepler, Newton; Copernicus would be forgotten. But,The Scientific Revolution → The Industrial Revolution
Newton: If I have been able to see far, it was because I was standing on the shoulders of giants.
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