Transcript
Gregor Mendel
1822 Austrian monk University of
Vienna In charge of
the Garden
Parts of the plant Female part-carpel (egg) Male part-stamen-pollen (sperm)
Fertilization Produces new cell which develops into an embryo and is enclosed by
a seed Self-pollinating
Contain male and female parts Sperm cell in pollen fertilizes egg cells in flower Offspring inherit all traits of parent
True breeding Allowed to self pollinate Tall plant Green seeds
Cross Pollination Cut off male parts of one plant so it only had eggs Dusted it with pollen from a different plant
Cross Pollination
Produces seeds that had two different parents
Mendel could now cross bred plants with different parents
Terms Gene: chemical factors (sections of DNA) that
determine specific traits Trait: a specific characteristic that varies from one
individual to another. Allelle: different forms of a gene (trait)
Genotype: genetic make-up of an organism (the two alleles an
organism has inherited from each parent for a trait) Phenotype:
physical characteristics or the OBSERVABLE version of the trait
Dominant Allele for trait that will be expressed no matter what
the other allele is (A) Recessive
Allele for a trait that can only be expressed if dominant allele is ABSENT (a)
Heterozygous Dominant Organism that has two different alleles for a trait Aa
Homozygous (Dominant or Recessive) Organism that has two IDENTICAL alleles for a trait aa or AA
Punnett Square
Diagram that shows possible genotypes and phenotypes
Probablity
Punnet Square Hybrids
Offspring of crossing two parents with different versions of a trait
Ex. Tall with Short; Purple with White
Parents are the “P generation” Offspring are the “F1 generation” When two of the F1 plants are
crossed, the offspring are referred to as the “F2 generation”
Ratios What is a ratio?
A comparison between multiple objects Phenotypic ratios
Compares the number of different phenotypes for a cross
# of Dominant Phenotype : # of Recessive Phenotype
Genotypic ratios Compares the number of different genotypes for a cross 3 possibilities # of DD : # of Dd : # of dd Homozygous dominant DD Heterozygous dominant Dd Homozygous recessive dd
What are the phenotypes of the F1 generation? Probability of having a green pod? Probability of having a yellow pod?
What are the genotypes for the F1 generation?
What are the phenotypes of the F2 generation? Probability of having a green pod? Probability of having a yellow pod?
What are the genotypes for the F2 generation?
Probability Def: The likelihood of an event happening It’s a way to predict the average outcome of a
large number of events CANNOT predict the precise outcome of an event
only the LIKELIHOOD of the event Flip a coin
What is the probability of getting heads? What is the probability of getting tails? If you flip a coin 3 times…
What is the probability of getting heads? What is the probability of getting tails?
• If you flip a coin two times, does the first flip effect what you are going to get in the second flip?• No…• One event does not effect another
event’s probability
• If there is a ¼ chance of having a white plant…the chances of having another white plant when crossing the plants again is still ¼
• What are the chances of having 2 white plants after two fertilizations?
• ¼ x ¼ = 1/16
Things to keep in mind… Probability predicts the
AVERAGE outcome of a LARGE number of events
Cannot predict a precise outcome
The larger the number of events the closer you will be to getting the expected results
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