Generating electricity through fast moving vehicles Project report
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MAHATMA GANDHI INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
(Affiliated to JNTUH, Hyderabad)Accredited by NBA, New Delhi.
Gandipet, Hyderabad- 5000075, Telanganawww.mgit.ac.in
2016
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERINGCERTIFICATE
This is to certify that this project report entitled “Generating Electricity Through Fast moving vehicles” has been submitted by K.KSHITAJ REDDY (12261A0330), K.PRAVEENKUMAR (12261A0333), M.P.DANIEL MARK (12261A0336) are in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of the degree of BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY in MECHANICAL ENGINEERING of Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University, Hyderabad, during the academic year 2015-16, is a bonafide record of work carried out under our guidance and supervision.
The results embodied in this report have not been submitted to any other University or Institution for the award of any degree or diploma.
Mr.B.Govinda Reddy Prof.Dr.K.Sudhakar Reddy Associate Professor Professor and
Internal Guide Head of the Department
Internal Examiner External Examiner
i
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
At the outset, I express my deepest sense of gratitude to our guide Mr B. Govinda Reddy
mechanical Department, MGIT, Hyderabad, for giving me an opportunity to work on a
project that was so challenging and interesting for us. We remember with great emotion, the
constant encouragement and help extended to us by him that went even beyond the realm of
academics.
I express my profound gratitude to Prof. Dr.K.Sudhakar Reddy, Head of Mechanical
Engineering Department, MGIT, Hyderabad.
My sincere thanks go to all the faculty members of the department for the voluntary help,
direct and indirect, extended to us during the course of the project work.
On a more personal note I thank my beloved parents and friends for their moral support
during the course of our project.
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ABSTRACT
Present generation need more energy for daily consumption, this leads to exhaust of non-
renewable energy sources. Hence tapping energy from non-conventional sources is an
important aspect of energy production all over the world.
So our idea is to produce electricity through fast moving vehicles by converting kinetic
energy of wind to mechanical energy and mechanical energy to electrical energy.
Furthermore this system consists of small turbine which is used to convert induced wind
energy to mechanical energy and generating device to convert mechanical energy to electric
energy. In this we are going to calculate power outputs for varying wind velocity as output
is proportional to wind velocity, swept area of rotor and density of air.
By this method our project taps energy in a possible way which is eco-friendly, and can
produce electricity which is used to supply for lighting and for many uses.
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LIST OF FIGURES
1.1 Renewable sources...........................................................................................................8
2.1 Horizontal Axis Wind Turbine......................................................................................13
2.2 Vertical Axis Wind Turbine...........................................................................................14
2.3 Components of wind Turbine........................................................................................15
2.4 Typical Train Model......................................................................................................17
2.5 Typical car model...........................................................................................................18
2.6 Aerodynamic of wind.....................................................................................................20
2.7 Rotation of rotor.............................................................................................................21
2.8 Bernoulli's law...............................................................................................................22
3.1 Dynamo...........................................................................................................................25
3.2 Design of Dynamo.........................................................................................................26
3.3 Fiber Rotor......................................................................................................................28
3.4 Digital Multimeter.........................................................................................................29
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LIST OF TABLES
Table 1 Inputs and outputs...................................................................................................32
Table 2 Calculations..............................................................................................................38
Table 3 Power Graph............................................................................................................39
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
CERTIFICATE......................................................................................................................i
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT---------------------------------------------------------------------------ii
ABSTRACT-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------iii
LIST OF FIGURES----------------------------------------------------------------------------------iv
LIST OF TABLES------------------------------------------------------------------------------------v
1 INTRODUCTION-----------------------------------------------------------------------------4
1.1 Energy sources.........................................................................................................4
1.2 Renewable energy sources.......................................................................................6
1.2.1 Types of Renewable energy sources.................................................................7
1.2.1.1 Biomass......................................................................................................8
1.2.1.2 Sun.............................................................................................................8
1.2.1.3 Wind..........................................................................................................8
1.2.1.4 Hydropower...............................................................................................8
1.2.1.5 Geothermal................................................................................................9
2 LITERATURE REVIEW-------------------------------------------------------------------10
2.1 Wind Energy...........................................................................................................10
2.2 Wind Turbines........................................................................................................10
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2.2.1 Future of Wind Turbines.................................................................................11
2.2.2 Working of Wind Turbine...............................................................................12
2.2.3 Types of Wind Turbines.................................................................................13
2.2.3.1 Horizontal Axis Wind Turbines...............................................................13
2.2.3.2 Vertical Axis Wind Turbines...................................................................14
2.2.4 Components of wind Turbine.........................................................................15
2.2.4.1 Rotor........................................................................................................15
2.2.4.2 Gearbox....................................................................................................15
2.2.4.3 Generator.................................................................................................15
2.2.4.4 Control and Protection System................................................................16
2.2.4.5 Tower.......................................................................................................16
2.3 Field of Invention...................................................................................................16
2.3.1 Back Ground...................................................................................................16
2.3.2 Method............................................................................................................16
2.3.3 Description of Project.....................................................................................19
2.3.4 Routing the Induced Wind in the Direction of the Wind Turbine..................19
2.3.5 Converting Wind Energy into Mechanical Energy.........................................22
2.3.6 Converting Mechanical Energy into Electrical Energy..................................23
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2.3.7 Power Production............................................................................................23
3 COMPONENTS AND DESCRIPTION--------------------------------------------------25
3.1 Dynamo..................................................................................................................25
3.1.1 Description......................................................................................................26
3.1.1.1 Electromagnetic Induction.......................................................................26
3.2 Wind Blades...........................................................................................................27
3.2.1 Blade design....................................................................................................27
3.2.2 Hub..................................................................................................................28
3.3 Multi meter.............................................................................................................28
3.3.1 Operation.........................................................................................................29
4 WORKING OF PROJECT-----------------------------------------------------------------31
4.1 Description.............................................................................................................31
4.2 Calculations............................................................................................................33
5 RESULT AND DISCUSSION--------------------------------------------------------------38
6 FUTURE SCOPE-----------------------------------------------------------------------------40
7 REFERENCES--------------------------------------------------------------------------------41
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1 INTRODUCTION
1.1 Energy sources
Energy is the primary force in the universe. Energy defines the Earth’s biomes and sustains
life. All life, from single-celled microbes to blue whales, exists in a continuous process of
consuming, using, and storing energy. Human communities work in the same way as other
communities with regard to energy management. Any community consumes fuel to
produce energy, but the community must also conserve some of the fuel for the next
generation. This conservation of energy sources from one generation to the next is the
principle behind sustainability, the process by which a system survives for a period of time.
No system in biology lasts forever, and this is also true for sustainability. Sustainability
prolongs the time that living things can survive, but it cannot ensure that life will go on
forever.
The Earth’s resources can be called its natural capital. Capital is any asset that has value.
Natural capital, meaning things in nature such as trees, rivers, coal, and wildlife, must be
managed in the same way that responsible people manage their money. A person who
possesses $10,000 but spends every penny of it in a single month has not conserved
monetary capital. That person certainly will not be able to sustain a comfortable lifestyle.
By keeping a budget and making prudent purchases, the same amount of money will last far
longer; this is conservation. A savings account containing $10,000 with no other form of
income represents a nonrenewable resource. Once the money has been spent, no more
money will magically appear. In terms of natural capital, Earth’s main nonrenewable
resources are oil, natural gas, coal, metals, minerals, and land. Nonrenewable resources can
be thought of as depleted when the energy needed to extract them from the Earth costs
more than the energy value of the resource itself.
A person can conserve $10,000 by getting a job and earning money to renew any funds
spent each month. In the same way, the Earth contains renewable resources that replenish
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over time: forests, plants, wildlife, water, clean air, fresh soil, and sunlight. Renewable
resources may take a long time to replenish—forests can take 100 years to mature—or a
short time, such as sunlight that returns each morning. Living sustainably means conserving
nonrenewable resources by intelligent use of renewable resources. Even renewable
resources must be managed carefully or else they too can disappear faster than they are
replaced.
The world is now experiencing this very problem because in many places forests, plants,
wild animals, clean water, clean air, and rich soil have become depleted before nature can
replace them. Sustainable use of resources depends on the principles of conservation and
resource management. Since the 1960s, some people have known that conservation of
nonrenewable energy sources is of paramount importance. At the same time, people must
put increased effort into using renewable energy sources from the Sun, wind, and water.
Renewable energy sources available today, aspects of managing these sources, and new
technologies that will be crucial for future generations.
The concept of renewable versus nonrenewable resources provides the cornerstone of
sustainability. Renewable resources are replaced by natural processes over time, but even
these must be conserved so that they are not used up faster than nature can replace them.
Conversely, nonrenewable resources such as oil or minerals are formed in the Earth over
millions of years. Earth can replenish nonrenewable resources, but this occurs over eons
such as the millions of years needed to transform organic matter into fossil fuels.
Do people have any real chance to affect the entire planet and preserve its natural wealth?
Environmentalists think everyone can indeed make a difference in building sustainability
by following the three— reduce, reuse, and recycle.
Energy companies would be wise not to deplete resources faster than the Earth replaces
them, a process known as recharging. However, replenishment of renewable resources has
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become increasingly difficult because of a growing world population. Although many
factors contribute to
Population growth at unsustainable rates, two important historical developments may have
had the largest impact on population because they increase life span. First, the development
of the microscope 275 years ago led to greater knowledge of microbes and an increasing
understanding of disease. Second, conveniences introduced by the industrial revolution
alleviated the need for manual labor in many industries. In short, life had become less
physically demanding, and medicine had reduced the infant mortality rate and lengthened
life spans. Populations in developed and developing regions began to undergo exponential
growth, which means that the numbers of humans increase at an increasingly faster pace
over a short period of time.
Exponential population growth is the single most significant factor in humans’ increasing
ecological footprint. In this decade, humans have been depleting resources 21 percent faster
than Earth can recharge them. At present, humans need 1.21 Earths to support current
consumption.
1.2 Renewable energy sources
Switching from fossil fuel burning for energy production to renewable energy sources
lowers the total amount of carbon released into the atmosphere as CO2 gas. Six main types
of renewable energies have been employed in industrialized places for this purpose and are
listed in below. Renewable technologies may be either modern advance in energy
generation or ancient technologies that some parts of the world continue to use. Solar,
water, and wind energy plus the burning of organic wastes together account for 7 percent of
energy consumption in the United States and about 20 percent worldwide. Fossil fuels and
nuclear power supply the rest.
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Of the main types of renewable energy, only biomass puts CO2 into the atmosphere.
Burning biomass offers a good environmental choice only if the rate of burning biomass
does not exceed the rate of new plant growth on Earth. Put another way, plants must be able
to remove more CO2 from the atmosphere than burning puts into the atmosphere. Many
renewable energy sources do not produce usable energy directly, and equipment must
convert one type of energy into another form.
For example, the energy contained in wind turns a turbine, which powers a generator that
makes electricity. Energy contained in motion, such as wind or flowing water, is kinetic
energy. Sometimes kinetic energy helps convert one form to another, such as the wind
turbine mentioned here, or kinetic energy itself might be used.
1.2.1 Types of Renewable energy sources
World’s energy consumption is, very much, based on the usage of fossil fuels, like coal,
petroleum, diesel, kerosene, etc. Nowadays, fossil fuels are decreasing rapidly and the only
solution left out is the usage of renewable sources of energy instead of the non-renewable
ones. Although, many steps have been taken for this change, yet more efforts are required
to get desirable results.
Green renewable energy comes from natural sources. These resources, continually,
replenish themselves, for example water, sun and wind. Moreover, these resources are
pollution free unlike those fossils fuels which on burning, release hazardous fumes.
Some of the popular and generally used renewable sources of energy are discussed below.
These sources comprises of energy from sun, wind, water, geothermal and biomass.
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1.1 Renewable sources
1.2.1.1 Biomass
Biomass energy is produced using bio fuels. These fuels are produced by a biomass
conversion and then this biomass is converted into various energy forms. In this, organic
materials are fermented or burnt which produces gas and heat. Wood is the biggest source;
also the animal wastes can be used to generate electricity.
1.2.1.2 Sun
Sun is the largest source of renewable energy. It is one of the biggest gifts of nature. Solar
power reaches earth in the form of high intensity radiations. These radiations when fall on
earth’s surface, converts into heat and light. It is one of the cleanest forms of energies.
These radiations, through the use of solar panels, generate electricity which is used in
homes, industries, etc. Also the heat released can be used for cooking food in soar cookers.
1.2.1.3 Wind
Wind is considered as the second boon to humans. Wind energy can be harnessed and used
for generating electricity. All over the globe wind energy is widely used for generation of
electric power. Up to 25% of nations energy consumption is fulfilled by wind energy in US.
1.2.1.4 Hydropower
One of the major sources of alternative energy used for generating power is water.
Hydropower is generated by harnessing energy of the moving or running water. The kinetic
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energy produced by the falling water is converted into electricity which further reaches
industries and our homes.
1.2.1.5 Geothermal
Geothermal energy is produced by entrapping the earth's heat. This heat can be used for
generating electricity and to heat homes. Moreover, it produces only a little amount of
carbon emission. With the use of advance technologies, the used water can be re-injected
back to the earth’s crust. Thus, it is highly reliable and cost effective.
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2 LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 Wind Energy
Wind energy has been used since several years to power homes, sail boats, and pump water
from wells or heating and cooling homes and offices. Today with the ever increase in the
demand for fossil fuels and with the prices soaring all time high numerous resources have
been invested in the wind energy.
While on one side it is renewable source of energy and cause less air and water pollution,
on the other hand it also disrupts the ecological balance as it poses threat to wildlife. Also,
Wind energy cannot be produced everywhere since you need strength of wind to produce
energy from it.
Today less than 5% of total world energy demands are met by wind energy and in the years
to come this figure is going to be much higher. This covers the topic of “How Wind
Turbines Work” and basic understanding of the generation of electricity throughout wind
turbines.
2.2 Wind Turbines
Wind Turbines are rotating machines that can be used directly for grinding or can be used
to generate electricity from the kinetic power of the wind. They provide the clean and
renewable energy for us of both home and office. Wind Turbines are a great way to save
money and make the environment clean and green.
Basically there are two types of wind generators, those with vertical axis and those with
horizontal axis. They can be used to generate electricity both onshore and offshore. Wind
Turbines can be combined to form clusters called “wind farms” which are used by large
companies to use that power as their backup. Apart from generating electricity they can
also be used for grain-grinding, water pumping, charging batteries.
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Historically, wind turbines were used for sailing, irrigation and grinding-grains. It was in
the early 20th century that it was used for generating power. Today, large wind turbines can
be seen in the rural areas or near the sea coast where speed of the wind is generally
throughout the day. Device called wind resource assessment is used for estimating the wind
speed.
2.2.1 Future of Wind Turbines
According to BWEA, the British Wind Energy Authority, in the UK currently there are
2896 large Wind turbines with installed capacity of 4532 MW, sufficient to supply over 2.5
million homes (based on annual household energy consumption of 4.7 MWh).
Much attention has been paid recently to Renewable as a potential source of fuel. The rising
oil price and the logistics in supplying fossil fuel to remote areas are the main drive to
Renewable as well as the environmental incentive. In remote locations, stand-alone
Renewable energy systems can be more cost- effective than extending a power line to the
electricity grid. In addition, the environmental benefits under the current international
concerns on global warming makes such project much more valuable and rewarding.
The growth of renewable energy sources also stimulates employment, the creation of new
technologies and new skills.
Over 20,000 mw of wind turbines were installed in 2007 bringing world- wide capacity to
94,112 mw, up 27% from 2006. Cheap, Low efficient wind turbines are available in the
market for home use. Five nations – Germany (22,300 mw), the US (16,800 mw), Spain
(15,100 mw) India (8000 mw) and China (6,100 mw) account for 80% of the world’s
installed wind energy capacity. Wind energy continues to be the fastest growing renewable
energy source with worldwide wind power installed capacity reaching 94,112 MW in the
year 2007. In terms of economic value, the global wind market in 2007 was worth about
$36 billion, according to Global Wind Energy Council (GWEC). In capacity addition, the
US was in the lead in 2007, followed by China and Spain. The new Directive on renewable
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energy sets ambitious targets for all Member States, such that the EU will reach a 20%
share of energy from renewable sources by 2020 and a 10% share of renewable energy
specifically in the transport sector. It also improves the legal framework for promoting
renewable electricity, requires national action plans that establish pathways for the
development of renewable energy sources including bio-energy, creates cooperation
mechanisms to help achieve the targets cost effectively and establishes the sustainability
criteria for Bio-fuels.
By 2020, 7 million homes will have benefited from whole house makeovers, and more than
1.5 million households will be supported to produce their own clean e n e r g y . And Around
40 percent of electricity will be from low-carbon sources, from Renewable, nuclear and
clean coal.
2.2.2 Working of Wind Turbine
Basically there are two types of wind Turbines. Vertical axis wind turbine and horizontal
axis wind turbine. Both of them work in the exactly same way except the difference in their
design. The process of producing electricity is the same in both the turbines.
Wind Turbines consists of a rotor or blades which converts the wind’s energy into
mechanical energy (turbine). The energy that moves the wind (“kinetic energy”) moves the
blades. They (blades) spin a shaft that leads from the hub of the rotor to a generator. The
generator turns that rotational energy into electricity which is then stored in batteries or
transferred to home power grids or utility companies for use in the usual way. If you place
an object like a rotor blade in the path of that wind, the wind will push on it, transferring
some of its own energy of motion to the blade. This is how a wind turbine captures energy
from the wind.
At its essence, generating electricity from the wind is all about transferring energy from
one medium to another. How wind Turbines work have to do with the size and shape of the
rotors, the location of the turbine, height of the blades. Two or three bladed turbines are
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most popular now days because of more thrust and less wind resistance. Wind Turbines can
be made cheaper if more people opt for it. Mass production in case of wind energy will
bring down the material and installation cost, which today is not possible for average
consumer who needs cheap electricity.
2.2.3 Types of Wind Turbines
There are mainly two types of wind turbine: horizontal axis and vertical axis. The
horizontal axis wind turbine (HAWT) and the vertical axis wind turbine (VAWT) are
classified or differentiated by the axis of rotation the rotor shafts.
2.2.3.1 Horizontal Axis Wind Turbines
Horizontal axis wind turbines, also known as HAWT type turbines have a horizontal rotor
shaft and an electrical generator which is both located at the top of a tower.
2.2 Horizontal Axis Wind Turbine
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2.2.3.2 Vertical Axis Wind Turbines
Abbreviated as VAWTs, are designed with a vertical rotor shaft, a generator and gearbox
which are placed at the bottom of the turbine, and a uniquely shaped rotor blade that is
designed to harvest the power of the wind no matter which direction is it blowing.
The first is the Darrieus wind turbine, which is designed to look like a modified egg beater.
These turbines have very good efficiency, but poor reliability due to the massive amount of
torque which they exert on the frame. Furthermore, they also require a small generator to
get them s t a r t e d .
2.3 Vertical Axis Wind Turbine
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2.2.4 Components of wind Turbine
2.4 Components of wind Turbine
2.2.4.1 Rotor
The rotor is an elegant aerofoil shaped blades which take the wind and aerodynamically
converts its kinetic energy into mechanical energy through a connected shaft.
2.2.4.2 Gearbox
The gearbox alters the rotational velocity of the shaft to suit the generator.
2.2.4.3 Generator
The generator is a device that produces electricity when mechanical work is given to the
system.
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2.2.4.4 Control and Protection System
The protection system is like a safety feature that makes sure that the turbine will not be
working under dangerous condition. This includes a brake system triggered by the signal of
higher wind speeds to stop the rotor from movement under excessive wind gusts.
2.2.4.5 Tower
The tower is the main shaft that connects the rotor to the foundation. It also raises the rotor
high in the air where we can find stronger winds. With horizontal axis wind turbines, the
tower houses the stairs to allow for maintenance and inspection.
2.3 Field of Invention
2.3.1 Back Ground
The fixed wind powered electricity generation systems in use, till now are dependent on
wind direction and the force of the wind. But the wind is not available at all places and all
time throughout the year.
Therefore, there exists an immense need of a system for generating electricity from wind
induced by moving vehicles, trains or airplanes, which is available throughout the year at
various places and with sufficient force of wind. Therefore this invention provides a
solution to the problem for generating electricity in this manner.
2.3.2 Method
This invention relates to a method for generating electricity using high wind pressure
generated by fast moving vehicles channeling the induced wind in the direction of the wind
turbine.
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The kinetic energy of the wind movement thus created can be used to generate electricity.
The moving vehicles encounters wind may be railway trains or airplanes, will sweep off it,
in a faster manner making heavy winds.
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2.5 Typical Train Model
2.6 Typical car model
During this, when a wind turbine, if fit to the moving vehicle will generate adequate
amount of energy. The air flow will cause turbine to rotate and thus electricity can be
produced. It provides a system for generating electricity by using high wind pressure
generated by moving vehicles, using this free renewable input namely air and independent
of the vagaries of seasonal winds having the variation in direction and wind speeds when
they do flow and that too neither at all times or places nor having the necessary force of
wind to operate wind mill to generate electricity as required.
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2.3.3 Description of Project
WIND PRESSURE
COMPRESSED AIR
ROTATE TURBINE
GENERATE ELECTRICITY
2.3.4 Routing the Induced Wind in the Direction of the Wind Turbine
If the wind is properly directed towards the wind turbine blades, optimum electricity may
be generated. The desired direction of wind is obtained by a means for channeling wind, in
the direction of the wind turbine. Channeling of wind in a desired direction may be
obtained by, at least one truncated cone or pyramid shaped housing or a pair of planar
members converging towards the blades of the wind turbine.
Aerodynamics is the science and study of the physical laws of the behavior of objects in an
air flow and the forces that are produced by air flows. The shape of the aerodynamic profile
is decisive for blade performance. Even minor alterations in the shape of the profile can
19
greatly alter the power curve and noise level. Therefore a blade designer does not merely sit
down and outline the shape when designing a new blade.
The aerodynamic profile is formed with a rear side, is much more curved than the front side
facing the wind. Two portions of air molecules side by side in the air flow moving towards
the profile at point A will separate and pass around the profile and will once again be side
by side at point B after passing the profiles trailing edge. As the rear side is more curved
than the front side on a wind turbine blade, this means that the air flowing over the rear side
has to travel a longer distance from point A to B than the air flowing over the front side.
Therefore this air flow over the rear side must have a higher velocity if these two different
portions of air shall be reunited at point B. Greater velocity produces a pressure drop on the
rear side of the blade, and it is this pressure drop that produces the lift. The highest speed is
obtained at the rounded front edge of the blade.
The blade is almost sucked forward by the pressure drop resulting from this greater front
edge speed. There is also a contribution resulting from a small over-pressure on the front
side of the blade. Compared to an idling blade the aerodynamic forces on the blade under
20
2.7 Aerodynamic of wind
operational conditions are very large. Most wind turbine owners have surely noticed these
forces during a start-up in good wind conditions.
The wind turbine will start to rotate very slowly at first, but as it gathers speed it begins to
accelerate faster and faster. The change from slow to fast acceleration is a sign that the
blades aerodynamic shape comes into play, and that the lift greatly increases when the
blade meets the head wind of its own movement .The fast acceleration, near the wind
turbines operational rotational speed, places great demands on the electrical cut-in system
that must capture and engage the wind turbine without releasing excessive peak electrical
loads to the grid
2.8 Rotation of rotor
The desired direction may be transverse or parallel to the direction of plane of rotation of
blades depending upon the type of wind turbine used or the direction of wind, or it the
design of the wind turbines. The turbines are connected to electricity generator to generate
electricity. The generated electricity may be used directly or stored in batteries which can
be used at the time of need.
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2.3.5 Converting Wind Energy into Mechanical Energy
There are two primary physical principles by which energy can be extracted from the wind.
These are through the creation of either lift or drag force (or through a combination of two).
Drag forces provide the most obvious means of propulsion, these being the forces felt by a
person (or object) exposed to the wind. Lift forces are the most efficient means of
propulsion but being more subtle than drag forces are not so well understood.
Lift is primary due to the physical phenomena known as Bernoulli's Law. This physical law
states that when the speed of an air flow over a surface is increased the pressure will then
drop. This law is counter to what most people experience from walking or cycling in a head
wind, where normally one feels that the pressure increases when the wind also increases.
This is also true when one sees an air flow blowing directly against a surface, but it is not
the case when air is flowing over a surface. One can easily convince oneself that this is so
by making a small experiment. A is the swept rotor area in square meters (m2) & V is the
wind speed in meters per second (m/s).
2.9 Bernoulli's law
22
Take two small pieces of paper and bend them slightly in the middle. Then hold them as
shown in the diagram and blow in between them. The speed of the air is higher in between
these two pieces of paper than outside (where of course the air speed is about zero), so
therefore the pressure inside is lower and according to Bernoulli's Law the papers will be
sucked in towards each other.
One would expect that they would be blown away from each other, but in reality the
opposite occurs. This is an interesting little experiment that clearly demonstrates a physical
phenomenon that has a completely different result than what one would expect.
2.3.6 Converting Mechanical Energy into Electrical Energy
The generator is the unit of the wind turbine that transforms mechanical energy into
electrical energy. The blades transfer the kinetic energy from the wind into rotational
energy in the transmission system, and the generator is the next step in the supply of energy
from the wind turbine to the electrical grid.
The wind turbine may be connected to an electricity generator. The generated electricity
may to be stored in pluralities of batteries from which energy may be used as per the need.
These turbines have been designed to power small units like compartments of train,
recharging batteries, although we should mention that it is also quite easy to imagine how a
specially designed wind turbine like this could sit on top of the train or at front and power
its engine as you cruise along on the rail/road. This wind turbine was developed to be used
as an alternative means to recharge communications equipment too.
2.3.7 Power Production
The kinetic energy of the wind is the source of the driving force of a wind turbine.
The power in the wind is proportional to:
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1) The area of windmill being swept by the wind
2) The cube of the wind speed
3) The air density - which varies with altitude.
The formula used for calculating the power in the wind is shown below:
Power = (density of air x swept area x velocity cubed)/2
P = ½. ρ. (A). (V) 3
P is power in watts (W).
ρ is the air density in kilograms per cubic meter (Kg/m3).
A is the swept rotor area in square meters (m2).
V is the wind speed in meters per second (m/s).
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3 COMPONENTS AND DESCRIPTION
The components are:
1) Dynamo.
2) Wind Blade.
3) Multi Meter.
3.1 Dynamo
A dynamo is an electrical generator that produces direct current with the use of a
commutator. Dynamos were the first electrical generators capable of delivering power for
industry, and the foundation upon which many other later electric-power conversion
devices were based, including the electric motor, the alternating-current alternator, and the
rotary converter. Today, the simpler alternator dominates large scale power generation, for
efficiency, reliability and cost reasons.In this project we have used dynamo of 12V and
1000RPM.
3.10 Dynamo
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3.1.1 Description
The dynamo uses rotating coils of wire and magnetic fields to convert mechanical rotation
into a pulsing direct electric current through Faraday's law of induction. A dynamo machine
consists of a stationary structure, called the stator, which provides a constant magnetic
field, and a set of rotating windings called the armature which turn within that field. The
motion of the wire within the magnetic field causes the field to push on the electrons in the
metal, creating an electric current in the wire. On small machines the constant magnetic
field may be provided by one or more permanent magnets; larger machines have the
constant magnetic field provided by one or more electromagnets, which are usually called
field coils.
3.11 Design of Dynamo
3.1.1.1 Electromagnetic Induction
Electromagnetic induction is the production of an electromotive force across
a conductor exposed to time varying magnetic fields, Michael Faraday who mathematically
described Faraday's law of induction.
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3.2 Wind Blades
These play a prominent role in converting kinetic energy of wind into mechanical energy.
So design considerations are most important factor in case of blades.
3.2.1 Blade design
The ratio between the speed of the blade tips and the speed of the wind is called tip speed
ratio. High efficiency 3-blade-turbines have tip speed/wind speed ratios of 6 to 7. Modern
wind turbines are designed to spin at varying speeds (a consequence of their generator
design, see above). Use of aluminum and composite materials in their blades has
contributed to low rotational inertia, which means that newer wind turbines can accelerate
quickly if the winds pick up, keeping the tip speed ratio more nearly constant. Operating
closer to their optimal tip speed ratio during energetic gusts of wind allows wind turbines to
improve energy capture from sudden gusts that are typical in urban settings.
In contrast, older style wind turbines were designed with heavier steel blades, which have
higher inertia, and rotated at speeds governed by the AC frequency of the power lines. The
high inertia buffered the changes in rotation speed and thus made power output more stable.
It is generally understood that noise increases with higher blade tip speeds. To increase tip
speed without increasing noise would allow reduction the torque into the gearbox and
generator and reduce overall structural loads, thereby reducing cost. The reduction of noise
is linked to the detailed aerodynamics of the blades, especially factors that reduce abrupt
stalling. The inability to predict stall restricts the development of aggressive aerodynamic
concepts.
In this project we used fiber fan of radius 7.5cm and shaft dia of 3mm.
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3.12 Fiber Rotor
3.2.2 Hub
In simple designs, the blades are directly bolted to the hub and are unable to pitch, which
leads to aerodynamic stall above certain wind speeds. In other more sophisticated designs,
they are bolted to the pitch mechanism, which adjusts their angle of attack according to the
wind speed to control their rotational speed. The pitch mechanism is itself bolted to the
hub. The hub is fixed to the rotor shaft which drives the generator directly or through a
gearbox.
3.3 Multi meter
A multimeter or a multitester, also known as a VOM (Volt-Ohm meter or Volt-Ohm-
milliammeter), is an electronic measuring instrument that combines several measurement
functions in one unit. A typical multimeter can measure voltage, current,
and resistance. Analog multimeters use a microammeter with a moving pointer to display
readings. Digital multimeters (DMM, DVOM) have a numeric display, and may also show
a graphical bar representing the measured value. Digital multimeters are now far more
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common but analog multimeters are still preferable in some cases, for example when
monitoring a rapidly varying value.
A multimeter can be a hand-held device useful for basic fault finding and field service
work, or a bench instrument which can measure to a very high degree of accuracy. They
can be used to troubleshoot electrical problems in a wide array of industrial and household
devices such as electronic equipment, motor controls, domestic appliances, power supplies,
and wiring systems.
3.13 Digital Multimeter
3.3.1 Operation
For an analog meter movement, DC voltage is measured with a series resistor connected
between the meter movement and the circuit under test. A set of switches allows greater
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resistance to be inserted for higher voltage ranges. The product of the basic full-scale
deflection current of the movement, and the sum of the series resistance and the
movement's own resistance, gives the full-scale voltage of the range. As an example, a
meter movement that required 1 milliampere for full scale deflection, with an internal
resistance of 500 ohms, would, on a 10-volt range of the multimeter, has 9,500 ohms of
series resistance.
To measure resistance, a small battery within the instrument passes a current through the
device under test and the meter coil. Since the current available depends on the state of
charge of the battery, a multimeter usually has an adjustment for the ohms scale to zero it.
In the usual circuit found in analog multimeters, the meter deflection is inversely
proportional to the resistance; so full-scale is 0 ohms, and high resistance corresponds to
smaller deflections. The ohms scale is compressed, so resolution is better at lower
resistance values.
Digital instruments, which necessarily incorporate amplifiers, use the same principles as
analog instruments for range resistors. For resistance measurements, usually a small
constant current is passed through the device under test and the digital multimeter reads the
resultant voltage drop; this eliminates the scale compression found in analog meters, but
requires a source of significant current. An auto ranging digital multimeter can
automatically adjust the scaling network so that the measurement uses the full precision of
the A/D converter.
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4 WORKING OF PROJECT
4.1 Description
Wind energy is tapped in a place where there is no obstruction of wind, so as the vehicle
here in this project we try to show that by utilizing the velocity of vehicle we generate
electricity with the help of dynamo that could charge mobile as well as glow light.
In this project we designed a structure so that it fits to vehicle in appropriate place so as to
pass more wind over propeller and produce electricity through induced wind of fast moving
vehicles.
We designed propeller which fits to the dynamo, using AUTOCAD tools. But
unfortunately we are unable to manufacture it. So we used propeller having same
dimensions to convert kinetic energy of wind into mechanical energy.
Using dynamo mechanical energy is converted into electrical energy. Propeller and dynamo
are connected and made to hold in structure firmly. And when the vehicle is moving
induced wind will be passing through the propeller which makes to run the dynamo and
produces electricity. We had noted voltage and current outputs of various speeds of wind
inputs using multi-meter.
Inputs and outputs are given below which were taken on two wheeler, so we may get
different values on different vehicles.
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Table 1 Inputs and outputs
WIND SPEED(m/s) VOLTAGE(V) CURRENT(amp)
8.34 18.1 0.2
12.5 23.4 0.4
13.88 30.2 0.6
16.67 41.1 0.7
19.45 48.5 0.8
22.23 51.6 1.1
25 56.5 1.4
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4.2 Calculations
Power is calculated by using formula
Power = (density of air x swept area x velocity cubed)/2
P = ½. ρ. (A). (V) 3
P is power in watts (W).
ρ is the air density in kilograms per cubic meter (Kg/m3).
A is the swept rotor area in square meters (m2).
V is the wind speed in meters per second (m/s).
Torque is calculated by using formula
Torque (N.m) = 9.5488 x Power (kW) / Speed (RPM).
T=9.5488×(p)/RPM.
Where
T is torque of Dynamo in newton-meter.
P is power in kilo watts.
RPM is revolution per minute of dynamo.
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1) V=8.34 m/s
POWER P=1/2 . ρ . (V) 3
=1/2 .(1.225).(0.0183).(8.34) 3
P =0.0065021 KW
TORQUE T=9.5488.(P/1000)
T=6.20612×10-5
2) V=12.5 m/s
POWER P=1/2 . ρ . (V) 3
=1/2 .(1.225).(0.0183).(12.5) 3
P=0.021892 KW.
TORQUE T=9.5488.(P/1000)
T=2.09042×10-4
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3) V=13.88 m/s
POWER P=1/2 . ρ . (V) 3
=1/2 .(1.225).(0.0183).(13.88) 3
P=0.03 KW.
TORQUE T=9.5488.(P/1000)
T=2.8646×10-4
4) V=16.67 m/s
POWER P=1/2 . ρ . (V) 3
=1/2 .(1.225).(0.0183).(16.67) 3
P=0.05192KW.
TORQUE T=9.5488.(P/1000)
T=4.9577×10-4
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5) V=19.45 m/s
POWER P=1/2 . ρ . (V) 3
=1/2 .(1.225).(0.0183).(19.45) 3
P=0.08247KW.
TORQUE T=9.5488.(P/1000)
T=7.874×10-4
6) V=22.23 m/s
POWER P=1/2 . ρ . (V) 3
=1/2 .(1.225).(0.0183).(22.23) 3
P=0.1231KW.
TORQUE T=9.5488.(P/1000)
T=1.1754×10-3
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7) V=25 m/s
POWER P=1/2 . ρ . (V) 3
=1/2 .(1.225).(0.0183).(25) 3
P=0.175136 KW.
TORQUE T=9.5488.(P/1000)
T=1.672×10-3
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5 RESULT AND DISCUSSION
Power and torque are calculated by using inputs and formula given below.
Table 2 Calculations
WIND SPEED(m/s) POWER(W) TORQUE(N-m)
8.34 6.5021 6.20612×10-5
12.5 21.892 2.09042×10-4
13.88 30 2.8646×10-4
16.67 51.92 4.9577×10-4
19.45 82.47 7.874×10-4
22.23 123.1 1.1754×10-3
25 175.136 1.672×10-3
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Table 3 Power Graph
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 900
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
200
POWER
POWER
It is clear that power production changes with speed, higher speed produces higher power.
These voltages are used for charging, lighting and etc.
We had used this model on two-wheeler, where we got better results. There would be
chances of getting more power for higher speeds which are from trains, planes and any fast
moving vehicles. So that we can generate more power and meet energy requirements of
country.
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6 FUTURE SCOPE
In today’s era of world with lots of development ,various types of energy are required to
fulfill the demand and general needs ,with this need several non renewable sources of
energy are used to produce several types of energy like chemical energy, electrical energy
and many more ,but due their severe demerits that they take millions of years to form as
well as they create environmental imbalance in nature ,it is a severe threat to the humans
because once they get replenished it will also create imbalance in nature.
So in order to curb this threat renewable or alternative sources of energy should be used
which is plenty in nature and do not create economic imbalance. There are various types of
alternative sources of energy like solar, wind, ,hydro etc , but in this project of ours we
harness wind energy by utilizing the velocity of fast moving vehicles to produce energy that
to be electrical energy.
Now a day’s trains run at an average speed of 110-120km/hr, this energy could be utilized
to produce some sort of electrical energy that will be enough to provide current for lighting,
fan, mobile charging point etc. This innovative idea could reduce the burden of electricity
produced by conventional sources of energy for trains and vehicles, as the demand of
producing energy increases day by day so in order to check its impact renewable type of
producing devices should be invented to provide awareness as well as maintaining
economic balance in nature and this innovation would help a lot in future and will provide a
aid to the electrical problem.
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7 REFERENCES
1) A Method for Generating Electricity by Fast Moving Vehicles journal by
S.Bharathi.
2) A Renewable Energy Approach by Fast Moving Vehicles journal by
G. Prasanth.
3) A Journal on Generation of Electricity by mounting Wind mill on moving
vehicles for Food and Medicine Transfer by using wind energy conversion system
http://www.theijes.com
4) Non-Conventional Energy Sources by B.H Khan.
5) Renewable Energy Sources and Methods by Anne Maczulak, Ph.D.
6) Wind Turbines by T.Al-shemmeri.
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