Gathering & Using Intelligence
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Gathering & UsingIntelligence
The great thing is to get the true picture, whatever it is.
Winston Churchill, 1940
What we have is information but what we need is understanding!
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• Information—Knowledge or news of an event or situation
• Intelligence—Product of specific information related to the situation at hand
• Information is raw data, Intelligence is processed data
• The primary aim of intelligence is to support effective decision making
Information vs Intelligence23
Information or Intelligence22
• Objective —Free as possible from distortion or bias
• Thorough —Comprehensive enough to be useful
• Accurate —Factually correct and reliable
• Timely —Too late is the same as absent
• Usable —Clear, concise and easily understood
• Relevant —Fitting for the purpose at hand
Good Intelligence21
• Initially, nearly all information has value and requires little effort to obtain
• As the situation progresses, valuable information is more difficult to obtain
Value
Effort
Point ofDiminishing
Returns
Point ofDiminishing
Returns
Anything that decreases the effort, automatically increases the value.
TimeIn
form
atio
n
Intelligence Axiom20
• Expedite Access♦ Capture and arrange predetermined valuable information
• Incorporate Specialized Skills and Expertise♦ Trained staff are more adept and resourceful in gaining relevant
information while avoiding ineffectual searches and duplication of effort
• Use Technology♦ Computers, databases, spreadsheets, cellular phones
• Use Tools of Analysis♦ Standard formats most critical because information is
“automatically” arranged♦ Matrices, charts and graphs are only a few others
Decreasing the Effort19
The better the intelligence predicting an undesirable event, the less likely it is to occur if properly acted upon
Intelligence indicates theprobability of an adverseaction or event occurring
Actions taken to reducethe impact or eliminate
it altogether
Intelligence Paradox18
• Passive Intelligence - the traditional law enforcement method
♦ Relies upon field units♦ Intelligence function is a collateral duty
• Active Intelligence - the traditional military method♦ Relies upon assigned units♦ Intelligence function is the primary duty
Passive vs Active Intelligence17
• Essential Elements of Information (EEIs)♦ Critical facts that a commander must have to make a
decision
• Other Intelligence Requirements (OIRs)♦ Information that is needed to provide a more
comprehensive picture
• Assumptions♦ Anything taken for granted or accepted as true without
conclusive proof♦ Performs the role of a “substitute” for an EEIz
The Intelligence Picture16
IntelligenceCycle
Collection
Processing &
Production
Dissem
ination
• Intelligence attempts to provide commanders both awareness and perspective
• The intelligence function is too important to leave to chance or a haphazard approach
• Four interrelated steps,each supports and is supported by the others
The Intelligence Process
Direction
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• Stems straight from the operational mission
• Function of command♦ What information is needed?♦ How badly is it needed?
• Identifies Essential Elements of Information (EEIs) and Other Intelligence Requirements (OIRs)
• Prioritization will be required
Direction
IntelligenceCycle
Collection
Processing &
Production
Dissem
ination
Direction
14
• The efforts to obtain the information and make it available for processing and production
• Collection plan is a function of the intelligence component♦ Provides guidance and focus
of effort to efficiently obtain the information
♦ Will change with the tactical situation
IntelligenceCycle
Collection
Processing &
Production
Dissem
ination
Collection
Direction
13
• This is where information first becomes intelligence
• Processing takes the loose data and organizes them into a usable format♦ Allows the significance of the
data to become conspicuous♦ Data is analyzed for relevance,
reliability and accuracy
• Production evaluates (determines value), integrates (compiles related data), and interprets (conceptualizes significance) the data
IntelligenceCycle
Collection
Processing &
Production
Dissem
ination
Processing & Production
Direction
12
• Ensures that the various agenciesor organizational components get the intelligence in an appropriate form and in a timely manner
• Large operations will make intelligence contextual, in that not everyone needs (or wants)to know everything
IntelligenceCycle
Collection
Processing &
Production
Dissem
ination
Dissemination
Direction
11
• A systematic approach focused on reducing the “Intelligence Gap”♦ The gap between what you know and what you need to know
• Four Critical Factors♦ Trends—combination of measurement and prediction used to
identify a general tendency, inclination or predisposition♦ Potentials—ability or capacity of something. Potentials sets limits on
the possibilities ♦ Capabilities—provide an estimation of sophistication and ability with
adversaries, or with natural disasters, probable behaviors and consequences
♦ Intentions—identify the aims of an adversary, or with natural disasters, provide a calculation of the degree of impact on a region, function or organization
Collection Plan10
• Without orderly reporting system, facts are jumbled together♦ Gaining intelligence made more complicated and difficult
• Tried and True Field Observation Report is “SALUTE”♦ Comprised of Six Components
Size Activity Location Unit or Uniform Time Equipment
Intelligence Reporting
SALUTE
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• Identifies the size, extent or magnitude of the event
• Must identify what is being measured♦ Examples:
Civil disorder — the number of members of a mob
Fire — number of acres or structures involved
Size
SALUTE
8
• Identifies the particular activity, event or situation observed
• Should be described clearly but concisely. One or two words are preferable.♦ Examples:
Fire Flood Rioting and Looting
Activity
SALUTE
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• Identifies the location of the observed activity as precisely as possible♦ Depending upon the circumstances, may be an
address, map coordinates, geographical region, polar shift or prominent terrain feature
• If activity is dynamic, it should also provide speed and direction of movement
Location
SALUTE
6
• If recognized, identifies “Who?”♦ Unit—Agency, individual, gang, department,
etc. involved
• If unrecognized describes “What is being observed?”♦ Uniform—What are they wearing? What does
it look like?
Unit or Uniform
SALUTE
5
• Defines the time and duration of the observation♦ Avoids intelligence based upon “stale” information♦ Used to separate multiple reports of a single event by
multiple observers
• Duration is important because it may establish a “life expectancy” of episodes
• May be any of the following:♦ Time observer first observed activity (most common)♦ Time observer determined activity began♦ Duration observed♦ Expected duration
Time
SALUTE
4
• Describes the equipment or weapons involved
• In natural disasters, this component may not be applicable, in which case the observer sends “None” or “Not Applicable”
• No component should be left blank—ever!♦ Otherwise if is impossible to determine
whether it was unobserved or missed
Equipment
SALUTE
3
• Intelligence efforts are more encompassing than just the current situation♦ Historical information is
extremely beneficial
• Simple Format♦ Item or Issue - one sentence♦ Discussion or Description -
several paragraphs♦ Recommendation –
one paragraph
After Action2
Questions?
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