Fundamentals of Information Systems, Second Edition 1 Specialized Business Information Systems Chapter 7.

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Specialized Business Information Systems

Chapter 7

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The Nature of Intelligence

• Learn from experience & apply the knowledge– Deep Blue improves its performance by playing with

humans

• Handle complex situations– Traffic problem in Istanbul

• Solve problems when important information is missing– Based on available information

• Determine what is important– Choose which facts to use to compute the solution

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The Nature of Intelligence

• React quickly and correctly to new situations – Requires understanding the new situation

• Understand visual images– Requires perception

• Process and manipulate symbols– Computers are better at dealing with numbers

• Be creative and imaginative• Use heuristics

– Rules of thumb from experience

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A comparison of Natural and Artificial Intelligence

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A Conceptual Model of Artificial Intelligence

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What is an Expert System?

• Hardware and software that contain knowledge and manipulate knowledge by inferences

• Mycin (Shortliffe 1976): Expert system for medicine

– Program for advising physicians on treating bacterial infections

– Question and answer dialogues with user– Accounts for uncertainties– Explains its reasoning

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Characteristics of an Expert System

• Can explain their reasoning or suggested decisions– Why recommend a certain medicine?

• Can display “intelligent” behavior • Can draw conclusions from complex relationships

– A patient is diagnosed with two diseases, – The cures for the diseases may have conflicts

• Can provide portable knowledge– Capture knowledge in one’s brain

• Can deal with uncertainty– A patient is diagnose without running all the tests

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Characteristics of an Expert System

• Not widely used or tested • Limited to relatively narrow problems• Cannot readily deal with “mixed” knowledge

– Expert systems should talk to each other

• Cannot refine its own knowledge– Should be able to keep a consistent knowledgebase– Should have a way to gain new knowledge

• May have high development costs• Raise legal and ethical concerns

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When to Use Expert Systems

• High payoff• Preserve scarce expertise• Provide more consistency than humans• Faster solutions than humans• Training expertise

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Components of an Expert System

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The Relationships Among Data, Information, and Knowledge

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Rules for a Credit Application

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The Knowledge Acquisition Facility

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Knowledge Base

• Assembling human experts– Combine knowledge from several experts– Disagree on many items

• The use of fuzzy logic– For relations that are not precise– Is a 50-year old man old? – Help computers deal with imprecise

knowledge– Ex: Washing machines; Auto-focus cameras

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Knowledge Base

• The use of rules– Rule: Conditional statement (if … then)– If the condition matches, the action fires– More rules generally mean more precision

• The use of cases– Template of problems or situations– To find the solution of a new case, find similar

old cases and apply result

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Inference Engine (1)

• Use information and relations to derive new facts to solve problems or predict possible outcomes

• Main reasoning component• Find the right facts, apply the right relations, etc.• Ex: Facts: male(Ali), female(Oya) • Relations: father(X, Y) => male(X)• The engine can conclude that Oya cannot be a

father.

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Inference Engine (2)

• Backward chaining– You start with conclusions– You want to find out if you can get to the conclusion

from your facts

• Forward chaining– You start with facts and try to reach conclusions– More expensive since it can generate many

conclusions

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Other Components

• Explanation Facility– Enables the expert system to explain its reasoning– Helps the user to judge the expert system

• Knowledge Acquisition Facility– Get and update knowledge– Provide a way to capture and store knowledge– Can be semi-automated

• User Interface– Help users interact with the system– Improve usability

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Expert Systems Development

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Participants in Developing and Using Expert Systems

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Domain Expert

• Recognize the real problem• Develop a general framework for problem solving• Formulate theories about the situation• Develop and use general rules to solve a problem• Know when to break the rules or general principles• Solve problems quickly and efficiently

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Other participants

• Knowledge Engineer– Works in design and implementation of the expert

system– Has considerable information about expert systems

• Knowledge User– End user who will benefit from the system– No need to know anything about expert systems– Can help in testing

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Expert Systems Development Alternatives

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Applications of Expert System and Artificial Intelligence

• Credit granting and loan analysis• Stock Picking• Catching cheats and terrorists

– NORA (Non-obvious Relationship Awareness)

• Budgeting

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Applications of Expert System and Artificial Intelligence

• Games: Proverb solves crossword puzzles• Writing: Evaluate and rate writings• Information management and retrieval• Virus detection

– Learns the actions of a virus

• Hospitals and medical facilities

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Virtual Reality

Enables one or more users to move and react in a computer-simulated environment

• Immersive virtual reality - user becomes fully immersed in an artificial, three-dimensional world that is completely generated by a computer

• Virtual reality system - enables one or more users to move and react in a computer-simulated environment

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Interface Devices

• Head mounted display (HMD)• Binocular Omni-Orientation Monitor (BOOM)• CAVE

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The BOOM, a Head-Coupled Display Device

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Viewing the Detroit Midfield Terminal in an Immersive CAVE System

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Useful Applications

• Medicine – used to link stroke patients to physical therapists

• Education and training – used by military for aircraft maintenance

• Entertainment – Star Wars Episode II: Attack of the Clones

• Real Estate Marketing and Tourism– Used to increase real estate sales– Virtual reality tour of the White House

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Segway

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Robotics

• Mechanical or computer devices that can move autonomously

• Manufacturers use robots to assemble or paint products

• Asimo in Istanbul: Shake hands, dance

• Unmanned Combat Air Vehicles (UCAVs): Identify and destroy targets without human intervention

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Vision Systems

• Capture, store, manipulate visual images

• Fingerprint analysis: Store a database of fingerprints and information about the owners.

• Match a fingerprint with an existing entry in the database

• Mostly recognize black and white

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Natural Language Processing

• Understand and react to statements in natural language

• Three levels of understanding– Commands– Discrete– Continuous

• Talk to a computer; computer converts languages to commands understandable by computers

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Learning Systems

• Change its behavior over time– Computer takes an action– User gives feedback– Based on the feedback, computer modifies its

action

• First train the system; then try on test data

• Amazon.com learns user models as users browse and buy goods

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Summary

• Artificial intelligence - used to describe computers with ability to mimic or duplicate functions of the human brain

• Intelligent behavior - includes the ability to learn from experience

• Expert systems - can explain their reasoning (or suggested decisions) and display intelligent behavior

• Virtual reality system - enables one or more users to move and react in a computer-simulated environment

• Special-purpose systems - assist organizations and individuals in new and exciting ways

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Principles and Learning Objectives

• Artificial intelligence systems form a broad and diverse set of systems that can replicate human decision making for certain types of well-defined problems.

– Define the term artificial intelligence and state the objective of developing artificial intelligence systems.

– List the characteristics of intelligent behavior and compare the performance of natural and artificial intelligence systems for each of these characteristics.

– Identify the major components of the artificial intelligence field and provide one example of each type of system.

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Principles and Learning Objectives

• Expert systems can enable a novice to perform at the level of an expert but must be developed and maintained very carefully.

– List the characteristics and basic components of expert systems.

– Outline and briefly explain the steps for developing an expert system.

– Identify the benefits associated with the use of expert systems.

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Principles and Learning Objectives

• Virtual reality systems have the potential to reshape the interface between people and information technology by offering new ways to communicate information creatively.

– Define the term virtual reality and provide three examples of

virtual reality applications.

• Special-purpose systems can help organizations and individuals achieve their goals.

– Discuss examples of special-purpose systems for organizational and individual use.