Fundamentals of GSM (2G)
Post on 17-Jul-2016
66 Views
Preview:
DESCRIPTION
Transcript
HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD.
All rights reserved
www.huawei.com
Internal
OMA000001GSM Fundamentals
ISSUE 4.0
HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. Page 2All rights reserved
Upon completion of this course, you will be able to: Grasp basic idea of GSM system such as
frequency spectrum, frequency reuse etc. Grasp the structure of the GSM system and the
protocol used. Grasp certain numbers that refer to BSS Grasp the 4 kinds of channel combination and
understand the idea of multi-frame. Know some radio techniques Get the idea of EDGE
HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. Page 3All rights reserved
References
BSS Feature Description
BSS Signaling Analysis Manual
BSC Technical Manual
HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. Page 4All rights reserved
Chapter 1 GSM System OverviewChapter 1 GSM System Overview
Chapter 2 GSM Network StructureChapter 2 GSM Network Structure
Chapter 3 Chapter 3 Service Area and Number PlanningService Area and Number Planning
Chapter 4 Chapter 4 Channels on the Wireless InterfaceChannels on the Wireless Interface
Chapter 5 Radio TechniquesChapter 5 Radio Techniques
Chapter 6 GPRS & EDGE IntroductionChapter 6 GPRS & EDGE Introduction
HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. Page 5All rights reserved
GSM system overview
The GSM system is a frequency- and time-division cellular system, each physical channel is characterized by a carrier frequency and a time slot number
Cellular systems are designed to operate with groups of low-power radios spread out over the geographical service area. Each group of radios serve MSs presently located near them. The area served by each group of radios is called a CELL
Uplink and downlink signals for one user are assigned different frequencies, this kind of technique is called Frequency Division Duplex (FDD)
Data for different users is conveyed in time intervals called slots , several slots make up a frame. This kind of technique is called Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA)
HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. Page 6All rights reserved
GSM Development
Standard Protocol for GSM take effect
System was named as Global System for Mobile Communication
GSM system began to provide service in Europe(2G)
Provide services for the whole world
Micro Cell Technique is used in GSM system
1989
1991
1992
1994
1996
HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. Page 7All rights reserved
Cell Technique
A certain radio coverage area formed by a set of transceivers that connected to a set of antennas is called a CELL.
Macro Cell
In the beginning , High-Power BTSs are adopted to provide services. The BTS covers a wider area , but its frequency utilization is not efficient. So , it can only provide a few channels for subscribers.
Micro Cell
Later the Low-Power BTS joins the system for getting a better service area with high capacity . At the same time it adopts the frequency reuse technique to improve the efficiency of the frequency utilization and also the whole capacity of the network.
Macro Cell and Micro CellMacro Cell and Micro Cell
HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. Page 8All rights reserved
Multiple Access Technique
Multiple Access Technique allows many subscribers to use the same communication medium.
There are three kinds of basic Multiple Access Technique : FDMA , TDMA and CDMA.
GSM system adopt FDD-TDMA (FDMA and TDMA together).
HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. Page 9All rights reserved
FDMA
FDMA uses different frequency channels to accomplish communication.
The whole frequency spectrum available is divided into many individual channels (for transmitting and receiving) , every channel can support the traffic for one subscriber or some control information.
Frequency
Time
HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. Page 10All rights reserved
TDMA
TDMA accomplishes the communication in different timeslot.
A carrier is divided into channels based on time. Different signals occupy different timeslots in certain sequence , that is , many signals are transmitted on the same frequency in different time.
Time
Frequency
HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. Page 11All rights reserved
CDMA
CDMA accomplishes the communication in different code sequences.
Special coding is adopted before transmission, then different information will lose nothing after being mixed and transmitted together on the same frequency and at the same time.
Time
Frequency
HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. Page 12All rights reserved
GSM 900GSM 900
Duplex Separation: 45MHzChannel Bandwidth: 200KHz
The Frequency Spectrum
Uplink
890 915 935 960MHz
Downlink
HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. Page 13All rights reserved
Duplex Separation: 95MHzChannel Bandwidth: 200KHz
Base Station Receive
1710 1785 1805 1880MHz
Base Station Transmit
DCS 1800DCS 1800
The Frequency Spectrum
HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. Page 14All rights reserved
The Frequency Spectrum
Frequency Spectrum
Range (MHz) Uplink Frequency
Frequency Point Available
Downlink Frequency
GSM 450 450.4~457.6460.4~467.6
Fu(n)=450.6+0.2(n-259) 259<=n<=293 Fd(n)=Fu(n)+10
GSM 480 478.8~486488.8~496 Fu(n)=479+0.2(n-306) 306<=n<=340 Fd(n)=Fu(n)+10
GSM 850 824~849869~894
Fu(n)=824.2+0.2(n-128) 128<=n<=251 Fd(n)=Fu(n)+45
E-GSM 900
880~915 925~960
Fu(n)=890+0.2nFu(n)=890+0.2(n-1024)
0<=n<=124975<=n<=102
3Fd(n)=Fu(n)+45
R-GSM 900
876~915921~960
Fu(n)=890+0.2nFu(n)=890+0.2(n-1024)
0<=n<=124955<=n<=102
3Fd(n)=Fu(n)+45
PCS 1900 1850~19101930~1990
Fu(n)=1850.2+0.2(n-512) 512<=n<=810 Fd(n)=Fu(n)+80
HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. Page 15All rights reserved
Frequency Reuse
The frequency resource of mobile system is very limited.
The different Subscribers can use the same frequency in different places.
The quality of communication must be ensured.
HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. Page 16All rights reserved
Frequency Reuse
7(Site)X 1(Cell) reuse
2
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. Page 17All rights reserved
4 site X 3 cells reuse
1
8
9
210
46
5 3 7
11
12
R
Frequency Reuse
HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. Page 18All rights reserved
Cell Types
Omni
1
120degree
12
3
Omni-directional Cell
120 Degree Cell
HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. Page 19All rights reserved
Chapter 1 GSM System OverviewChapter 1 GSM System Overview
Chapter 2 GSM Network StructureChapter 2 GSM Network Structure
Chapter 3 Chapter 3 Service Area and Number PlanningService Area and Number Planning
Chapter 4 Chapter 4 Channels on the Wireless InterfaceChannels on the Wireless Interface
Chapter 5 Radio TechniquesChapter 5 Radio Techniques
Chapter 6 GPRS & EDGE IntroductionChapter 6 GPRS & EDGE Introduction
HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. Page 20All rights reserved
GSM-GPRS Network Component
GSM /GPRS BSS
BTS
BSC
BTS
BSC
PCU
SS7
SMS system
PSTNISDN
Internet,Intranet
MSC/VLR GMSC
HLR/AUC
SGSN
CG BG
GGSN
GPRS Backbone
Other PLMN
MS
MS
OMC
HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. Page 21All rights reserved
Interface Between Different Entities
GSM /GPRS BSS
BTS
BSC
BTS
BSC
PCU
SS7
SMS system
PSTNISDN
Internet,Intranet
MSC/VLR GMSC
HLR/AUC
SGSN
CG BG
GGSN
GPRS backbone
Other PLMN
A
Gb
Gi
Gp
C/D/Gs
Gr/Gs/Gd/Ge Gc
Ga
Abis
Um
MS
MS
OMC
HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. Page 22All rights reserved
Mobile Station—MS
International Mobile Equipment Identity (IMEI)
– Mobile Equipment
MS=ME+SIM
International Mobile Subscriber Identity (IMSI)
– Subscriber Identity Module
HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. Page 23All rights reserved
Subscriber Identity Module – SIM
International Mobile Subscriber Identity
(IMSI)
Temporary Mobile Subscriber Identity
(TMSI)
Location Area Identity (LAI)
Subscriber Authentication Key (Ki)
SIM
HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. Page 24All rights reserved
BTS
BSC
TC/SMBSS
MSC
Base Station Subsystem – BSS
The Base Station Controller – BSC
The Base Transceiver Station – BTS
The Trans-coder – TC and Sub multiplexer (SM)
HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. Page 25All rights reserved
BTS
BSC
TC/SMBSS
MSC
Packet Control Unit-----PCU
Packet data switching
Bridge between SGSN and BSC
Provide Pb and Gb interface
GPRS Backbone
PCU SGSN
HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. Page 26All rights reserved
Mobile-service Switching Center – MSC Home Location Register – HLR Visitor Location Register – VLR Equipment Identity Register – EIR Authentication Center – AUC Echo Cancellor – EC
AUCHLR
MSC/VLR
PSTN
NSSEIROMC
BSS
EC
The Network Switching System
HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. Page 27All rights reserved
Mobile-service Switching Center – MSC
Call Processing Operations and Maintenance Support Interface management Inter-network & Inter-working Billing
HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. Page 28All rights reserved
Home Location Register – HLR
Subscriber ID (IMSI and MSISDN) Current subscriber VLR (current location) Supplementary service information Subscriber status (registered/deregistered) Authentication key and AuC functionality
HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. Page 29All rights reserved
Visitor Location Register – VLR
Mobile Status (IMSI attached / detached / busy / idle etc.)
Location Area Identity(LAI)
Temporary Mobile Subscriber Identity(TMSI)
Allocating the Roaming Number
HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. Page 30All rights reserved
IMEI is Checked In White List
IMEI is Checked in Black/Grey List
If NOT found
EIR focus on the equipment , not the subscriber!!
Equipment Identity Register – EIR
White List Black List Grey List
HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. Page 31All rights reserved
OMC Functional Architecture
OSMMI
DB
Event/AlarmManagement
SecurityManagement
ConfigurationManagement
Performance Management
Fault Management
HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. Page 32All rights reserved
Chapter 1 GSM System OverviewChapter 1 GSM System Overview
Chapter 2 GSM Network StructureChapter 2 GSM Network Structure
Chapter 3 Chapter 3 Service Area and Number PlanningService Area and Number Planning
Chapter 4 Chapter 4 Channels on the Wireless InterfaceChannels on the Wireless Interface
Chapter 5 Radio TechniquesChapter 5 Radio Techniques
Chapter 6 GPRS & EDGE IntroductionChapter 6 GPRS & EDGE Introduction
HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. Page 33All rights reserved
Service Area
PLMN service area
......
Service Area
MSC service area...
Location area...
cell
PLMN service area PLMN service areaMSC service area...
Location area...
cell
HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. Page 34All rights reserved
LAI
Location Area Identification
The LAI is the international code for a location area.
MCC: Mobile Country Code, It consists of 3 digits . For example: The MCC of China is "460"MNC: Mobile Network Code, It consists of 2 digits . For example: The MNC of China Mobile is "00"LAC: Location Area Code, It is a two bytes hex code. The value 0000 and FFFF is invalid.For example: 460-00-0011
MCC MNC LAC
HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. Page 35All rights reserved
CGI
The CGI is a unique international identification for a cellThe format is LAI+CILAI: Location Area IdentificationCI: Cell Identity. This code uses two bytes hex code to
identify the cells within an LAI.For example : 460-00-0011-0001
CGI: Cell Global Identification
HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. Page 36All rights reserved
BSIC
NCC: PLMN network color code. It comprises 3 bit. It allows various neighboring PLMNs to be
distinguished.BCC: BTS color code. It comprises 3 bit, used to
distinguish different cells assigned the same frequency!
NCC BCC
BSIC
BSIC( Base Station Identification Color Code)
HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. Page 37All rights reserved
CC: Country Code. For example: The CC of China is "86".NDC: National Destination Code. For example: The NDC of
China Telecom is 139, 138, 137, 136, 135.SN: Subscriber Number. Format:H0 H1 H2 H3 ABCDExample: 86-139-0666-1234
MSISDN
CC NDC SNNational (significant)
Mobile number
Mobile station internationalISDN number
HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. Page 38All rights reserved
MCC: Mobile Country Code, It consists of 3 digits . For example: The MCC of China is "460"。MNC: Mobile Network Code, It consists of 2 digits . For example: The MNC of China Telecom is "00"。MSIN: Mobile Subscriber Identification Number. H1H2H3 S ABCDEF For example: 666-9777001NMSI: National Mobile Subscriber Identification , MNC and MSIN
form it together. For Example of IMSI : 460-00-666-9777001
Not more than 15 digits
3 digits 2 digits
IMSI
MCC MNC MSINNMSI
IMSI
HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. Page 39All rights reserved
TMSI
The TMSI is assigned only after successful subscriber authentication.
The VLR controls the allocation of new TMSI numbers and notifies them to the HLR.
TMSI is used to ensure that the identity of the mobile subscriber on the air interface is kept secret.
The TMSI consists of 4 bytes( 8 HEX numbers) and determined by the operator.
TMSI: Temporary Mobile Subscriber Identification)
HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. Page 40All rights reserved
IMEI
TAC FAC SNR SP
IMEI
IMEI: International Mobile Station Equipment Identification
TAC: Type approval code, 6 bit, determined by the type approval centerFAC: Final assembly code, 2 bit, It is determined by the manufacturer.SNR: Serial number, 6 bits, It is issued by the manufacturer of the MS. SP: 1 bit , Not used. Check the IMEI in your MS : *#06#
HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. Page 41All rights reserved
Chapter 1 GSM System OverviewChapter 1 GSM System Overview
Chapter 2 GSM Network StructureChapter 2 GSM Network Structure
Chapter 3 Chapter 3 Service Area and Number PlanningService Area and Number Planning
Chapter 4 Chapter 4 Channels on the Wireless InterfaceChannels on the Wireless Interface
Chapter 5 Radio TechniquesChapter 5 Radio Techniques
Chapter 6 GPRS & EDGE IntroductionChapter 6 GPRS & EDGE Introduction
HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. Page 42All rights reserved
2 30 16 74 52 3
The physical channel is the medium over which the information is carried: 200KHz and 0.577ms
0 1
TDMA FRAME
Timeslot The information carried in one time slot is called a “burst”
Physical Channel and Logical Channel
The logical channel consists of the information carried over the physical channels
TDMA FRAME
HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. Page 43All rights reserved
Two types of Logical Channel
Traffic Channel (TCH) :Transmits traffic information, include data and speech.
Control Channel (CCH) :Or Signaling Channel, transmits all kinds of control information.
HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. Page 44All rights reserved
Traffic Channel (TCH)
TCHTraffic Channels
Speech
TCH/FS
Data
TCH/HSTCH/9.6 TCH/2.4
TCH/4.8
TCH Traffic ChannelTCH/FS Full rate Speech Channel TCH/HS Half rate Speech Channel TCH/9.6 Data Channel 9.6kb/sTCH/4.8 Data Channel 4.8kb/sTCH/2.4 Data Channel 2.4Kb/s
HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. Page 45All rights reserved
FCCHSCH
CCH (Control Channels)
DCCH
SDCCH
BCH
BCCH Synch. CH.ACCH
SACCHFACCH CCCH
RACH CBCH
PCH/AGCH
Broadcast Control Channel – BCCHCommon Control Channel – CCCHDedicated Control Channel – DCCHAssociated Control Channel – ACCH
Control Channel (CCH)
HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. Page 46All rights reserved
CCH
BCH
BCCH Synch.
Channels
SCH FCCH
The information carried on the BCCH
is monitored by the MS
periodically when it is in idle mode
BCCH: Broadcast Control Channel
FCCH: Frequency Correction Channel
SCH: Synchronization Channel
Broadcast Control Channel – BCCH
HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. Page 47All rights reserved
CCH
CCCH
RACHuplink
CBCH downlink
PCH/AGCHdownlink
The CCCH is responsible for transferring control information between all mobiles and the network.
RACH: Random Access Channel
PCH: Paging Channel
AGCH: Access Granted Channel
CBCH: Cell Broadcast Channel
Common Control Channel – CCCH
HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. Page 48All rights reserved
CCH
DCCH
SDCCH
FACCH SACCH
DCCH is assigned to a single wireless connection for measurement and handover purpose.SDCCH: Stand-alone Dedicated
Control Channel ACCH: Associated Control Channel SACCH: Slow Associated
Control Channel FACCH: Fast Associated Control
Channel
ACCH
Dedicated Control Channel – DCCH
HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. Page 49All rights reserved
RACH CCCHCCH
SDCCH
SACCHFACCH
TCH/F
TCH/H
DCCH
TCH
DCH
Uplink Logical channel
HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. Page 50All rights reserved
FCCHSCHBCCH
PCH
AGCH
BCCH
CCCH
CCH
SDCCHSACCHFACCH
TCH/F
TCH/H
DCCH
TCH
DCH
Downlink Logical channel
HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. Page 51All rights reserved
Allocate signaling channel
FCCHSCHBCCH
PCHRACHAGCHSDCCHSDCCHTCHFACCH
Power-off
Idle mode
Dedicated mode
Idle mode
How to use these channels?
Search for frequency correction burst
Search for synchronous burst
Extract system information
Monitor paging message
Send access burst
Set up the call
Allocate voice channel
Conversation
Release the call
HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. Page 52All rights reserved
Packet data channel (PDCH)
Comprising packet service channel and packet control channel
Packet service channel (PDTCH)
Combined into the single-directional service channel
Packet control channel
Broadcast control channel: PBCCH
Public control channel: PPCH, PRACH, PAGCH
Private control channel: PACCH, PTCCH
TCH
BCCH
SACCH
Packet logic channel
CCCH
TCH
HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. Page 53All rights reserved
GSM Logical Channel Combination
Main BCCH combination – FCCH + SCH + BCCH + CCCH
SDCCH combination – SDCCH/8 + SACCH/8
Combined BCCH – BCCH + CCCH +SDCCH/4 + SACCH/4
TCH/FR combination – TCH/F + FACCH/F + SACCH/F
TCH/HR combination – TCH/H + FACCH/H + SACCH/H
HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. Page 54All rights reserved
Packet logic channels (PDCH) can be combined via the following three modes
Mode 1: PBCCH+PCCCH+PDTCH+PACCH+PTCCH;
Mode 2: PCCCH+PDTCH+PACCH+PTCCH;
Mode 3: PDTCH+PACCH+PTCCH
In case of small GPRS traffic, GPRS and circuit services use the same BCCH and CCCH in the cell. In this case, only combination mode 3 is needed in the cell
With the increase of traffic, the packet public channel should be configured in the cell. Channel combination mode 1 and mode 2 should be adopted
Combination of packet logic channel
HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. Page 55All rights reserved
TDMA Frames
0 1
0 1 2 43 46 47 48 5049
51 – Frame Multi-frames
0 1 10
CONTROL CHANNELS
2 3 4 5 6 7 2 3 5 764
GSM Multi-frames
HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. Page 56All rights reserved
GSM Multi-frames
TDMA Frames
0 1
0 1 2 43 21 22 23 2524
26 – Frame Multi-frames
0 1 10
TRAFFIC CHANNELS
2 3 4 5 6 7 2 3 5 764
HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. Page 57All rights reserved
Chapter 1 GSM System OverviewChapter 1 GSM System Overview
Chapter 2 GSM Network StructureChapter 2 GSM Network Structure
Chapter 3 Chapter 3 Service Area and Number PlanningService Area and Number Planning
Chapter 4 Chapter 4 Channels on the Wireless InterfaceChannels on the Wireless Interface
Chapter 5 Radio TechniquesChapter 5 Radio Techniques
Chapter 6 GPRS & EDGE IntroductionChapter 6 GPRS & EDGE Introduction
HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. Page 58All rights reserved
Power Control
Saves battery powerReduces co-channel andadjacent channel interference
8W
0.8W
5WBoth Uplink and Downlink power settings can be controlled independently and individually.
BCCH -------Does not attend Power control
HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. Page 59All rights reserved
DTX and VAD
Voice Activity Detection – VAD
Discontinuous Transmission – DTX
Battery SavingInterference reduction
HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. Page 60All rights reserved
Timing Advance (TA)
Transmission delay t
Transmission delay t
TA
The mobile phone should send the signal in advance!
HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. Page 61All rights reserved
Multi-path Fading
Diversity
Frequency Hopping
Time Dispersion
HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. Page 62All rights reserved
Diversity – What’s Diversity?
Receive diversity provides an effective technique for both overcoming the impact of fading across the radio channel and increasing the received signal to interference ratio.
The former is achieved by ensuring “uncorrelated” (i.e. low enough correlated) fading between antenna branches i.e. not all antennas experience fades at the same time.
HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. Page 63All rights reserved
Kinds of DiversityTime diversity
Coding, interleaving
Frequency diversity Frequency hopping
Space diversity Multiple antennas
Polarization diversity
Dual-polarized antennas
Multi-path diversity Equalizer
t
f
HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. Page 64All rights reserved
Frequency HoppingFrequency
f 0
Frame
f 1
f 2
f 3
f 4
Time
HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. Page 65All rights reserved
Chapter 1 GSM System OverviewChapter 1 GSM System Overview
Chapter 2 GSM Network StructureChapter 2 GSM Network Structure
Chapter 3 Chapter 3 Service Area and Number PlanningService Area and Number Planning
Chapter 4 Chapter 4 Channels on the Wireless InterfaceChannels on the Wireless Interface
Chapter 5 Radio TechniquesChapter 5 Radio Techniques
Chapter 6 GPRS & EDGE IntroductionChapter 6 GPRS & EDGE Introduction
HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. Page 66All rights reserved
57.6 kbps 115 kbps
384 kbps
2 Mbps
GSM
HSCSD
GPRS
EDGE
IMT-2000
9.6 kbps
2G
2.5G
3G
GSM Development Evolution
HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. Page 67All rights reserved
Data rate of EDGE and GPRS
8PSKGMSK
9.013.4
15.6
21.4
8.811.2
14.817.6
22.4
29.6
44.8
54.4
59.2
0.0
10.0
20.0
30.0
40.0
50.0
60.0
CS-1 CS-2 CS-3 CS-4 MCS-1 MCS-2 MCS-3 MCS-4 MCS-5 MCS-6 MCS-7 MCS-8 MCS-9
Kbps
GPRSEGPRS
HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. Page 68All rights reserved
Downlink, 4 TS, MCS-9:
Huawei EDGE Test Result
HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. Page 69All rights reserved
The basic idea of GSM
The frequency spectrum used in GSM
The structure of GSM
Certain service area and numbers
Some radio techniques used in GSM
Evolution of GSM
SummarySummary
www.huawei.com
Thank You
top related