Full-Motion Aircraft Simulator Enhancements-Hudspeth
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Skip Hudspeth and Gordon Hayhoe
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Pavement Roughness Subjective
Pilot Rating StudyPhase I - Develop a surface roughness model on the
B737-800 flight simulator for input of real worldairport surface elevation profiles.
Phase II - Develop runway and taxiway pavement
roughness rating scales for determining pavementcondition for maintenance. The rating scales will bebased on pilot's subjective ratings in response tosimulator cockpit motions.
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B737-800 Simulator OverviewSurface Roughness Model EnhancementsChallenges and ResolutionsRoughness Model Testing
Future Work
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FAA B737-800Flight Simulator
Located at the FAAs MikeMonroney Aeronautical Centerin Oklahoma City.
Level D Full Flight Simulator
Six-degree-of-freedom motionsystem.
High resolution visual displayand sound system.
Does not provide real worldsurface roughness models
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Flight Simulator Overview
FlightCompartmentHost
Computer
MotionControlCabinet Motion Platform
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Visual
Display
VisualImageGenerator
Interface
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Flight Simulator Overview
FlightCompartmentHost
Computer
MotionControlCabinet Motion Platform
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Visual
Display
VisualImageGenerator
Interface
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Flight Simulator Overview
FlightCompartmentHost
Computer
MotionControlCabinet Motion Platform
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Visual
Display
VisualImageGenerator
Interface
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Flight Simulator Overview
FlightCompartmentHost
Computer
MotionControlCabinet Motion Platform
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Visual
Display
VisualImageGenerator
Interface
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B737-800 Simulator Motion Platform
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Simulator Motion SystemDue to limited travel, sustained accelerations are notpossible.
Motion system designed to provides accelerationonset cueing.Flight model accelerations are filtered to optimize theavailable motion response for training maneuvers.
An accelerometer mounted below the pilot seatsprovides measurement of cockpit verticalaccelerations.
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Motion System Inputs from the
Flight ModelReceives rigid body accelerations from flight model
Other motion effects are simulated through the useof buffet and special effects generators within themotion system.These include stall and flap buffets, touchdown
bumps, etc.
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Flight Simulator Overview
FlightCompartmentHost
Computer
MotionControlCabinet Motion Platform
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Visual
Display
VisualImageGenerator
Interface
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Flight Model Overview
Equations
of Motion
Thrust Weight Atmosphere
Ground Aerodynamics
SimulatorMotionSystem
SimulatorVisualSystem
Simulator Flight Model
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Existing B737-800 Simulator
Surface Roughness ModelThe simulator provides a generic roughness model
using randomly generated vertical surface deviations.The generic roughness amplitude is selectable withrange from 0 to 5.
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Random vs Actual Surface Roughness
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Generic (random) surface roughness
Regional heavy runway surface roughness
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New Surface Roughness ModelReplaces the random roughness generation withprofiles measured on airport pavements.
Allows selection of surface profiles from simulatorinstructor station.Integrates with existing simulator models. Aligns airport surface profiles with visual scenes.
Provides realistic simulator cockpit motion.
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Surface Profiles Formatted for use
on the SimulatorSurface elevation is uniform across width of the
profile.Elevation units changed from inches to feet.Surface profile sample spacing of four feet.
Profiles were filtered to remove very low frequency variations in elevation.
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Profile Filtering Example
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Runway elevation profile before high-pass filtering
Runway elevation profile after high-pass filtering
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Integration of Surface Roughness
Profiles into the Simulator Flight Model
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SurfaceProfile
StrutModel
GearForces
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SurfaceProfile
StrutModel
FlightModel
Linear /rotationalaccelerations at CG
Flight Model Generates CG Accelerations
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Motion System Transforms CG into Cockpit
Accelerations
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SurfaceProfile
StrutModel
FlightModel
MotionSystem
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Aircraft Flexible Modes
The simulator flight model assumes a rigid aircraftbody.However, aircraft body flexing provides a largecomponent of the cockpit acceleration response tosurface roughness.
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Cockpit vertical accelerations with rigid body modes
Cockpit vertical accelerations with rigid body and four flexible body modes
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Flexible Mode Simulation Assumes lightly damped linearly flexible continuous
body. Four flexible modes were modeled. Implemented on the host computer. Strut force used to excite the flexible modes. Outputs vertical accelerations at the cockpit position. Cockpit vertical accelerations were transformed into
CG pitch accelerations for transfer to the motionsystem.
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Surface Roughness Model EvaluationTests were developed to evaluate the roughness modelperformance through the collection of time historiesof aircraft and surface profile parameters such as:
Landing gear position along profileSurface height at each gear positionGround speed
Landing gear vertical forceC0mputed cockpit vertical acceleration Actual cockpit vertical acceleration
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9/29/2014 27Cockpit vertical acceleration - 130 knots
Cockpit vertical acceleration - 100 knots
Cockpit vertical acceleration - 50 knots
Effect of ground speed on cockpit accelerations
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Cockpit Accelerations: Computed (top) andMeasured (bottom)
Rigid Body Only One Flexible Mode
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Subjective Pilot EvaluationTwo industry pilots were asked to evaluate the realism of variousrunway roughness profiles.The pilots performed the following maneuvers:
TaxiingTakeoffsLandings
The pilots feedback indicated that the profile roughness models
provided a realistic simulation of the real world runways except for theabsence of background tire rumble and cockpit response to centerlinelights and concrete joint bumps.
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Summary A B737-800 simulator surface r0ughness model wassuccessfully implemented allowing use of actualairport surface profiles and providing realistic cockpitmotion response to the profile elevation changes.The surface roughness model provided a distinctenhancement over the existing runway randomroughness models through the use of selectable real world surface profiles.
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Further Work
Phase II of this project is currently in progress with apreliminary test of subjective pilot rating tests plannedfor this summer.
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Contact Information
Gordon F. Hayhoe
FAA Airport Technology R&D Branch, AJP-6312 William J. Hughes Technical Center Atlantic City International Airport, NJ 08405gordon.hayhoe@faa.gov
Skip HudspethHudspeth & Associates, Inc.
11130 Johnson Davis RoadHuntersville, NC 28078skip@hudspethandassociates.com
mailto:gordon.hayhoe@faa.govmailto:skip@hudspethandassociates.commailto:skip@hudspethandassociates.commailto:gordon.hayhoe@faa.gov
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