Foothill High School Science Department The Biosphere Aquatic Ecosystems.
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Foothill High School Science DepartmentFoothill High School Science DepartmentFoothill High School Science DepartmentFoothill High School Science Department
The BiosphereThe Biosphere
Aquatic EcosystemsAquatic EcosystemsAquatic EcosystemsAquatic Ecosystems
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Aquatic EcosystemsAquatic Ecosystems
Key Concept:Key Concept:
Aquatic ecosystems are determined Aquatic ecosystems are determined primarily by the:primarily by the:
• DepthDepth• FlowFlow• temperaturetemperature• ChemistryChemistry
of the overlying water.of the overlying water.
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Marine EcosystemsMarine Ecosystems
• NOTNOT Geographical like land biomes Geographical like land biomes
• Grouped by Abiotic Factors e.g.Grouped by Abiotic Factors e.g.
– DepthDepth
– Distance from shoreDistance from shore
– LightLight
– Water ChemistryWater Chemistry
– Latitude (Temperature)Latitude (Temperature)
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Freshwater EcosystemsFreshwater Ecosystems
• ONLY 3%ONLY 3% of the Biospheres Water of the Biospheres Water
Key ConceptKey Concept::
–Freshwater ecosystems can be Freshwater ecosystems can be divided into two main types:divided into two main types:
• Flowing Water EcosystemsFlowing Water Ecosystems
• Standing Water EcosystemsStanding Water Ecosystems
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Freshwater EcosystemsFreshwater Ecosystems
Flowing Water EcosystemsFlowing Water Ecosystems
–Rivers, streams, creeksRivers, streams, creeks
–Organisms adapted to flow rateOrganisms adapted to flow rate
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Usually Turbulent Near SourceUsually Turbulent Near SourceUsually Turbulent at the Source
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Meanders At Lower ElevationsMeanders At Lower ElevationsBecomes Meandering at Lower Elevations
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Standing Water EcosystemsStanding Water Ecosystems
Lakes & Ponds•Water flows in and out
•Water also circulates within
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Standing Water EcosystemsStanding Water Ecosystems
PlanktonGeneral term for weakly swimming organisms that
live in aquatic environments
ZooplanktonAnimal Plankton
PhytoplanktonAlgae, Producers, Food Web Base,
Photoautotrophs
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Standing Water EcosystemsStanding Water Ecosystems
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Standing Water EcosystemsStanding Water Ecosystems
LAKE TURNOVERLAKE TURNOVERCourtesy of www.epa.govCourtesy of www.epa.gov
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Freshwater WetlandsFreshwater Wetlands
• Water is on or very near the surfaceWater is on or very near the surface• BogsBogs
– Acid, thick sphagnum mossAcid, thick sphagnum moss• MarshesMarshes
– Shallow wetlands along rivers, flows Shallow wetlands along rivers, flows slowlyslowly
• SwampsSwamps– Marsh with trees & shrubsMarsh with trees & shrubs
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Peat BogPeat Bog
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Peat BogPeat BogTollund Man
Denmark
ROPE Throat Cut
400 B.C. – 400 A.D.
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MarshMarsh
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SwampSwamp
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EstuariesEstuariesEstuariesEstuaries
• Wetlands formed where rivers meet the Wetlands formed where rivers meet the seasea
• Both Salt & Fresh WaterBoth Salt & Fresh Water
– Mixed by tidesMixed by tides
• Few Herbivores, energy enters food Few Herbivores, energy enters food web as web as detritusdetritus..
– Tiny pieces of organic materialTiny pieces of organic material
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EstuariesEstuaries• Vast amounts of biomassVast amounts of biomass
• Spawning & nursery groundsSpawning & nursery grounds– Fish, crabs, shellfish & shrimpFish, crabs, shellfish & shrimp
• Salt MarshesSalt Marshes– Temperate zone estuariesTemperate zone estuaries
– Salt tolerant grass above low tideSalt tolerant grass above low tide
– Sea grass belowSea grass below
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SALT MARSH
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EstuariesEstuaries• Mangrove SwampsMangrove Swamps
–TropicalTropical coastal wetland coastal wetland
–Salt tolerant treesSalt tolerant trees
–Nurseries for fish, shellfish & Nurseries for fish, shellfish & shrimpshrimp
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Mangrove Swamp
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Marine EcosystemsMarine Ecosystems• Immense & DeepImmense & Deep• Photic ZonePhotic Zone
– Photosynthesis possible, Light Photosynthesis possible, Light PenetrationPenetration
– 0-200 meters Deep0-200 meters Deep
• Aphotic ZoneAphotic Zone– Permanently darkPermanently dark– Contains Chemosynthetic Contains Chemosynthetic
AutotrophsAutotrophs
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Key concept:Key concept:Marine ecosystems are divided byMarine ecosystems are divided by
Distance from shore & depthDistance from shore & depth
Intertidal ZoneIntertidal Zone
Coastal Ocean/Neritic Zone Coastal Ocean/Neritic Zone
Bathyal ZoneBathyal Zone
Abyssal ZoneAbyssal Zone
Marine EcosystemsMarine Ecosystems
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Marine EcosystemsMarine Ecosystems
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IntertidalIntertidal• Organisms exposed to regular Organisms exposed to regular
and extreme changes. (tides)and extreme changes. (tides)
• ZonationZonation–Permanent Horizontal Banding of Permanent Horizontal Banding of
lifeforms In The Intertidal Zonelifeforms In The Intertidal Zone
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Intertidal ZonationIntertidal Zonation
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Coastal Ocean = Neritic ZoneCoastal Ocean = Neritic Zone
• From Low Tide Mark to edge of From Low Tide Mark to edge of Continental Shelf.Continental Shelf.
• Usually In Usually In Photic ZonePhotic Zone
• Contains Kelp forestsContains Kelp forests– Most Productive Coastal Ocean Most Productive Coastal Ocean
CommunitiesCommunities
– Giant Brown AlgaeGiant Brown Algae• Grow 50 cm per DayGrow 50 cm per Day
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Kelp ForestKelp Forest
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Kelp ForestKelp Forest
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Coral ReefsCoral Reefs• Warm shallow water of tropical, Warm shallow water of tropical,
coastal oceans support coral reefs.coastal oceans support coral reefs.
• Calcium Carbonate ShellsCalcium Carbonate Shells
• Related to jellyfishRelated to jellyfish
• Symbiotic relationship with algaeSymbiotic relationship with algae
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Coral ReefsCoral Reefs
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Bathyal ZoneBathyal ZoneBathyal ZoneBathyal Zone
Extends From:Extends From:– Edge of the Neritic ZoneEdge of the Neritic Zone– Base of the Continental ShelfBase of the Continental Shelf
• 200 – 2,000 meters deep200 – 2,000 meters deep
• Turbid & MurkyTurbid & Murky
• High PressureHigh Pressure
• Numerous burrowing animalsNumerous burrowing animals
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Abyssal ZoneAbyssal Zone• Ocean floor below 2,000 metersOcean floor below 2,000 meters
• Complete DarknessComplete Darkness
• Organisms are called benthosOrganisms are called benthos
• Organic RainOrganic Rain
• Thermal VentsThermal Vents
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Abyssal ZoneAbyssal Zone
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