fireflies-1 - repository.um.edu.myrepository.um.edu.my/25907/1/fireflies.pdf · 0rqlwrulqj wkh )luhÁlhv ri wkh 6hodqjru 5lyhu 7kh vlwhv vhohfwhg iru prqlwrulqj kdg d zlgh dqg qhduo\

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12

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* )RUHVW�%LRGLYHUVLW\�'LYLVLRQ��)RUHVW�5HVHDUFK�,QVWLWXWH�0DOD\VLD��������.HSRQJ��6HODQJRU† Institute of Biological Sciences, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur

12.1 Introduction.XDOD�6HODQJRU�LV�ZHOO�NQRZQ�DV�D�VDQFWXDU\�IRU�ÀUHÁLHV��3HRSOH�WUDYHO�IURP�IDU�DQG�QHDU�WR�YLHZ�WKH�ÀUHÁLHV�XS�FORVH��PDNLQJ�.XDOD�6HODQJRU�DQ�LPSRUWDQW�HFRWRXULVP�GHVWLQDWLRQ��3(�5HVHDUFK���������)RU�VXFK�D�VPDOO�LQVHFW��ÀUHÁLHV�KDYH�D�ELJ�LQÁXHQFH�RQ�WKH�OLYHOLKRRG�RI�WKH�ORFDO�SHRSOH�DQG��LQGLUHFWO\��RQ�WKH�HFRQRP\�RI�WKH�VWDWH�RI�6HODQJRU��7KHVH�XQLTXH�LQVHFWV�SHUIRUP�WKHLU�QLJKWO\�ÁDVKLQJ�ULWXDOV�LQ�JURXSV�RI�WKRXVDQGV�RQ�ULYHUVLGH�WUHHV�OLQLQJ�WKH�ULYHUEDQNV�RI�WKH�6HODQJRU�5LYHU�QHDU�WKH�YLOODJH�RI�.DPSXQJ�.XDQWDQ��HVSHFLDOO\�RQ�WKH�PDQJURYH�WUHH�VSHFLHV�Sonneratia caseolaris��6RQQHUDWLDFHDH���ORFDOO\�NQRZQ�DV�EHUHPEDQJ��0RWX\DQJ���������7KH�GRPLQDQW�VSHFLHV�RI�ÀUHÁ\�WKDW�DJJUHJDWHV�DORQJ� WKH� ULYHUEDQNV�QHDU�.XDOD�6HODQJRU� LV�3WHURSW\[� WHQHU� �&ROHRSWHUD��/DPS\ULGDH���7KH�DELOLW\�RI�WKLV�ÀUHÁ\�VSHFLHV�WR�ÁDVK�LQ�V\QFKURQ\�PDNHV�WKH�VLJKW�HYHQ�PRUH�VSHFWDFXODU��

7KH�OLIH�F\FOH�RI�WKH�ÀUHÁ\�3WHURSW\[�WHQHU��)LJ����EHJLQV�ZLWK�HJJV�WKDW�DUH�ODLG�E\�DGXOW�IHPDOHV�LQ�FUHYLFHV�RU�ORRVH�VRLO�RQ�WKH�JURXQG�LQ�WKH�WLGDO�ÁRRG�SODLQV�RI�WKH�ULYHU��1DGD��.LUWRQ���������$�WLQ\�ODUYD�KDWFKHV�IURP�HDFK�HJJ��7KH�ODUYDO�VWDJH�LV�DFWLYH�DQG�IHHGV�RQ�PDQJURYH�VQDLOV�RQ�WKH�JURXQG��SDUWLFXODUO\�WKH�VQDLO�Cyclotropis carinata �$VVLPLQHLGDH���1DOODNXPDU���������7KH�ODUYD�OLYHV�WKURXJK�VHYHUDO� LQVWDUV�EHWZHHQ�HDFK�PRXOWLQJ�SURFHVV�LQ�ZKLFK�LW�VKHGV�LWV�¶VNLQ·�RU�H[RVNHOHWRQ��8SRQ�FRPSOHWLQJ�WKH�ÀQDO�LQVWDU��WKH�ODUYD�H[FDYDWHV�D�VPDOO�FHOO�LQ�WKH�JURXQG�ZKHUH�LW�UHPDLQV�DV�LW�HQWHUV�WKH�SXSDO� VWDJH� �1DGD��.LUWRQ�� �������'XULQJ� WKLV� VWDJH�� LW�XQGHUJRHV�D� FRPSOHWH�PRUSKRORJLFDO�DQG�SK\VLRORJLFDO�WUDQVIRUPDWLRQ�LQWR�DQ�DGXOW�ÀUHÁ\��ZKLFK�HYHQWXDOO\�HPHUJHV�IURP�WKH�SXSDO�FDVH�LQ�WKH�JURXQG�DQG�WDNHV�WR�ÁLJKW��7KH�GXUDWLRQ�WDNHQ�WR�FRPSOHWH�LWV�OLIHF\FOH�LV�QRW�NQRZQ�ZLWK�FHUWDLQW\��EXW�HVWLPDWHG�WR�EH�LQ�WKH�UDQJH�RI�IHZ�ZHHNV�WR�VHYHUDO�PRQWKV��1DGD��.LUWRQ���������0RVW�RI�LWV�OLIHWLPH�LV�VSHQW�DV�D�SUHGDWRU\�ODUYD�RQ�WKH�JURXQG�QHDU�WKH�ULYHUEDQNV��5HFHQW�VWXGLHV�KDYH�VKRZQ�WKDW�WKH�ODUYDH�DQG�KRVW�VQDLOV�GHSHQG�JUHDWO\�RQ�WKH�QDWXUDO�ULYHUVLGH�YHJHWDWLRQ�IRU�WKHLU�VXUYLYDO��.LUWRQ�et al.��������

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12.2 Materials and Methods0RQLWRULQJ� RI� WKH� ILUHIO\� SRSXODWLRQ�ZDV� FRQGXFWHG�XVLQJ� D�PHWKRG�GHYHORSHG�VSHFLÀFDOO\�IRU�WKH�SURMHFW�DQG�ZDV�EDVHG�RQ�GLJLWDO�QLJKW�SKRWRJUDSK\�RI�ODUJH�VWUHWFKHV�RI�EHUHPEDQJ�WUHHV�RQ�ZKLFK�WKH�ÀUHÁLHV�WHQG�WR�DJJUHJDWH��$Q�LQGH[�RI�DEXQGDQFH�ZDV�IRUPHG�EDVHG�RQ�FRXQWV�RI�ÁDVKHV�YLVLEOH�LQ�WKH�SKRWRJUDSKV��&RXQWV�ZHUH�FRQGXFWHG�XVLQJ�LPDJH�DQDO\VLV�E\�D�FRPELQDWLRQ�RI�PDQXDO�DQG�VRIWZDUH�DLGHG�PHWKRGV��7KH�LPDJH�DQDO\VLV�VRIWZDUH�ZDV�XVHG�ZKHUHYHU�SRVVLEOH�WR�H[SHGLWH�WKH�FRXQWLQJ�SURFHVV��2WKHU�PHWKRGV�WKDW�KDYH�EHHQ�XVHG�WR�TXDQWLI\�ÀUHÁ\�DJJUHJDWLRQV�RQ�WUHHV�ZHUH�DOVR�FRQVLGHUHG��VXFK�DV�VZHHS�QHWWLQJ��H�J���=DLGL��������$OHVD��������DQG�YDULRXV�IRUPV�RI�YLVXDO�ÀHOG�FRXQWV�RI�ÁDVKLQJ�ÀUHÁLHV��H�J���1DOODNXPDU��������7DNHGD�et al.���������+RZHYHU��GLJLWDO�QLJKW�SKRWRJUDSK\�ZDV�FKRVHQ�DV�WKLV�PHWKRG�LV QRQ�GHVWUXFWLYH�DQG�HQDEOHV�ODUJH�VWUHWFKHV�RI�EHUHPEDQJ�WUHHV�ZLWK�ÀUHÁ\�DJJUHJDWLRQV�WR�EH�PRQLWRUHG��7KH�ODWWHU�LV�LPSRUWDQW�EHFDXVH�DJJUHJDWLRQV�RI�ÀUHÁLHV�PD\�VKLIW�EHWZHHQ�WUHHV�RU�VLWHV�

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12.3 Results and Discussion,QGLFHV�RI�DEXQGDQFH�IRU�WKH�LQGLYLGXDO�VLWHV�DUH�SUHVHQWHG�LQ�)LJ�����$OO�RI�WKH�VLWHV��ZLWK�WKH�H[FHSWLRQ�RI�6LWH��E�DQG�6LWH����KDG�KLJKHVW�DGXOW�ÀUHÁ\�DEXQGDQFHV�LQ�-XQH�������6LWH��E�DQG���SHDNHG�D�PRQWK�RU�WZR�ODWHU��7KH�FRXQWV�IRU�0D\�WLOO�-XO\������DQG�IRU�-DQXDU\������ZHUH�SUHGLFWHG�IURP�UHJUHVVLRQ�HTXDWLRQV��DV�D�GLIIHUHQW�FDPHUD�V\VWHP�ZDV�XVHG�LQ�0D\�DQG�-XQH��D�GLIIHUHQW�WULDO�H[SRVXUH�WLPH�LQ�-XO\��DQG�WKH�FDPHUD�OHQV�ZDV�QRW�VKDUSO\�IRFXVHG�LQ�-DQXDU\��5HJUHVVLRQV�ZHUH�REWDLQHG�DJDLQVW�WKH�FDPHUD�V\VWHP�DQG�VHWWLQJV�LQ�XVH�IRU�WKH�RWKHU�PRQWKV��EXW�VLQFH�WKH�LPDJHV�ZHUH�WDNHQ�FRQVHFXWLYHO\�UDWKHU�WKDQ�V\QFKURQRXVO\��WKH�FRXQWV�IRU�WKHVH�PRQWKV�PD\�QRW�EH�DV�SUHFLVHO\�FRPSDUDEOH�ZLWK�RWKHU�PRQWKV��1HYHUWKHOHVV��WKH�SUHGLFWHG�FRXQWV�VWLOO�DGHTXDWHO\�LQGLFDWH�D�SHDN�LQ�WKH�DGXOW�ÀUHÁ\�SRSXODWLRQ�DURXQG�WKH�PLGGOH�RI������

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Fig. 4. (a)�2YHUDOO�ÀUHÁ\�SRSXODWLRQ�LQGH[�IRU�DOO�VLWHV�IURP�0D\������WR�0D\�������RSHQ�V\PEROV�DV�LQ�)LJXUH�����VKRZQ�LQ�UHODWLRQ�WR�WKH�DYHUDJH�PRQWKO\�YDOXHV�IRU�(b)�UDLQIDOO��DYHUDJHG�IRU�6XQJDL�6HODQJRU��6XQJDL�%XORK�DQG�7DQMXQJ�.DUDQJ�ZHDWKHU�VWDWLRQV���(c)�DLU�SROOXWLRQ�LQGH[��$3,���PD[LPXP�UHFRUGHG�LQGH[�IRU�HDFK�PRQWK�DW�.XDOD�6HODQJRU���(d)�WHPSHUDWXUH��GDLO\�DYHUDJH�RI�PLQLPXP�DQG�PD[LPXP�DW�7DQMXQJ�.DUDQJ�ZHDWKHU�VWDWLRQ���(e)�UHODWLYH�KXPLGLW\��GDLO\�DYHUDJH�RI���DP�DQG���SP�UHDGLQJV�DW�7DQMXQJ�.DUDQJ�ZHDWKHU�VWDWLRQ��DQG�(f)�ZDWHU�TXDOLW\�LQGH[��:4,���65��QHDU�.XDOD�6HODQJRU�%ULGJH��65��QHDU�%DWDQJ�%HUMXQWDL�%ULGJH���

0

20

40

60

80

100

Jan-

06

Feb

-06

Mar

-06

Apr

-06

May

-06

Jun-

06

Jul-0

6

Aug

-06

Sep

-06

Oct-0

6

Nov

-06

Dec

-06

Jan-

07

Feb

-07

Mar

-07

Apr

-07

May

-07

Wate

r qualit

y index (

WQ

I)

SR1

SR2

(f)

Polluted

Slightly polluted

Clean

60.0

65.0

70.0

75.0

80.0

85.0

90.0

Jan-

06

Feb-0

6

Mar-06

Apr-06

May-

06

Jun-

06

Jul-0

6

Aug-

06

Sep-

06

Oct

-06

Nov

-06

Dec

-06

Jan-

07

Feb-0

7

Mar-07

Apr-07

May-

07

Rela

tive h

um

idity (

%)

(e)

20.0

22.0

24.0

26.0

28.0

30.0

Jan-

06

Feb-0

6

Mar-06

Apr-06

May-

06

Jun-

06

Jul-0

6

Aug-

06

Sep-

06

Oct

-06

Nov

-06

Dec

-06

Jan-

07

Feb-0

7

Mar-07

Apr-07

May-

07

Tem

pera

ture

(C

) (d)

0

40

80

120

160

200

Jan-

06

Feb-0

6

Mar-06

Apr-06

May-

06

Jun-

06

Jul-0

6

Aug-

06

Sep-

06

Oct

-06

Nov

-06

Dec

-06

Jan-

07

Feb-0

7

Mar-07

Apr-07

May-

07

Air p

ollu

tion index (

Maxim

um

)

(c) Unhealthy

Moderate

Good

0.0

1.0

2.0

3.0

4.0

5.0

6.0

7.0

Jan-

06

Feb-0

6

Mar-06

Apr-06

May-

06

Jun-

06

Jul-0

6

Aug-

06

Sep-

06

Oct

-06

Nov

-06

Dec

-06

Jan-

07

Feb-0

7

Mar-07

Apr-07

May-

07

Rain

fall

(mm

)

(b)

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

Jan-

06

Feb-0

6

Mar-06

Apr-06

May-

06

Jun-

06

Jul-0

6

Aug-

06

Sep-

06

Oct

-06

Nov

-06

Dec

-06

Jan-

07

Feb-0

7

Mar-07

Apr-07

May-

07

Index o

f abundance (

Counts

)

(a)

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