Figure 1, p. 76 Atoms and Minerals Building blocks for Rocks and the Earth.

Figure 1, p. 76

Atoms and Minerals

Building blocks for Rocks and the Earth

Geology- Study of the Earth

Rocks - What are they made of? How do they form and change?What do the tell us about the Earth

and Earth processes?

What is a Mineral?

Matter - What is it?

Fig. 3-2, p. 61

Atoms

NucleusProtons (+)Neutrons

Electrons (-)

Table 3-1, p. 62

No of Protons

Elements combine to form Compounds

BONDINGIonic: Metals lose electron (Na+,K+, Ca++)

nonmetals gain electron (Cl-, F-)NaCl, CaF2

Covalent: shared electrons, each atom donates electron to bond (e.g., diamond)

Fig. 3-4, p. 63

Ionic Bonding

Fig. 3-5, p. 64

Covalent BondingDiamond Graphite

Covalent within sheetsvan der Waals forces between sheets

OTHER TYPES OF BONDING:

Metallic: positive ions (lost electrons), shared common electron “cloud” electrons can "flow" (electricity)

e.g., Copper

Van der Waals Forces: weak, attraction between charged molecules (e.g., water, H2O - H2O

MINERAL

Naturally Occurring

InorganicShells OK (calcite, aragonite; CaCO3)NOT coal, oil, or amber

Crystalline (Not petroleum, obsidian)

Restricted chemical composition

Fig. 3-7, p. 66

Fig. 3-1, p. 60

What are the two most abundant elements in the Earth’s crust?

Fig. 3-9a, p. 67

Fig. 3-10, p. 69

The Building Block of Silicate Rocks:The Silica Tetrahedron

Table 3-4, p. 79

Mafic

Felsic

Sili

cate

s

Limestone

Evaporites

Fig. 3-12, p. 71

Mafic

Felsic

Table 3-2, p. 69

Fig. 3-15, p. 75

Fig. 3-18, p. 80

Things to Know:

Atom Mineral 2 most abundant elements in Earth’s crust “Building block” of silicate minerals

=silica tetrahedron Mafic vs Felsic silicates Examples of mafic and felsic minerals Others: Limestone (Calcium Carbonate),

Evaporites (salt, gypsum)