Transcript
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Linking Northern Europe
2021: The ”Missing Link”
2000: The Oresund Bridge
1998: The Great Belt Bridge
Part of the Øresund treaty
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28 November 2013
Name of Author 17
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R AMBØLL ARUPTEC Fehmarnbelt Fixed Link
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Tunnel Design Services
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Fehmarnbelt Project
Sweden
Denmark
Germany
Fehmarnbelt
The Fehmarnbelt connectionwill be owned by Denmarkand financed by the users.
18 km immersed tunnel:•
Cars: 2 lanes in each direction(+ emergency lane)• Rail: 1 track in each direction• Service gallery
Start construction 2015.
Opening 2021.
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Navigational studies, marine safety
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Alignment and section
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Alignment
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23 4 5 6
78
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PuttgardenRødby
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IMMERSED TUNNEL
79 Standard elements
10 Special elements (alle 1,8 km)
Portal structure, 445 m Portal structure, 100 m
Closure joint
Fehmarn Lolland
SeabedSeabed -1,2 m
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Geological profile and tunnel
14 November 2013Jens Kammer 5
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1. Tunnel safety concept, traffic requirements, ventilation and E&M etc. leading to:
- installations for tunnel safety and operation- connections to surface / land / on-shore (i.e. C&C tunnel and ramps)- vertical profile slope (i.e. governing for the length of the tunnel)- space requirements for cross section- fire fighting and escape cross passages
2. Immersed tunnel cross section- safety against uplift- ballasting system and freeboard for transportation- durability, water tightness and crack width requirements- section forces and reinforcement to resist water and earth pressure
3. Immersed tunnel type, joints and water tightness (with or without membrane)- segmental type (20-22m between segment joints)- monolithic type (100-150m between element joints)- sandwich / composite type (80-130m between elements joints)
continued…
IMT Specific Design Features
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4. Longitudinal modelling
- loads / settlements / stiffness / restraints- temperature movements / stiffness / restraints- seismic movement / stiffness / restraints
5. Top of tunnel protection at seabed level- reduce environmental impact (flow, sedimentation etc.)- reduce risk and/or avoid dragged anchors and ship impact- reduce effective stresses on tunnel foundation (to avoid piles or soil-improvement)
6. Foundations; settlement predictions (based on engineering geology)- direct foundation- soil-replacement- bearing piles- settlement reducing and controlling soil-improvement
IMT Specific Design Features… continued
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9 sections make one standard element
08 February 20126Kim Smedegaard Andersen
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SPECIAL ELEMENTS
Every 1.8 km, provides space for:Transformers for ventilators, pumps, lighting etc. in road and railtubes, etc.
Switchboards, drainage sumps incl. pumps, pumps for firefighting
Cross passages to all the longitudinal tubes and galeries.
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08 February 2012CIV 7
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08 February 2012CIV
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HZM – Transport and Immersion
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• All 20 Tunnel elements werefabricated in a purpose-built castingyard. The precast facility appliedproduction techniques developed andtested in the construction of bridgesover the last 20 years, but it was thefirst time these techniques wereapplied to immersed tunnelconstruction, involving casting and inincrementally launching segmentsweighing up to 7,000 t and elementsof 56,000 t.
• Factory conditions were achieved bythe erection of sheds where thereinforcement was assembled andprefabricated. A central shed coveredtwo production lines, where twosegments were made simultaneouslyper week, in order to meet the timeschedule. Each 22 m segment wasconstructed on specially preparedformwork, being cast in one singlepour of 2,800 m³ of concrete over a30-hour period. By casting an entire
segment in a single operationproduction was sped up, and thermalcracking of the concrete wasminimized. A crack-free concrete isessential, since the tunnel designdoes not include a watertightmembrane.
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HZM – Transport and Immersion
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HZM – Construction of elements
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HZM – Transport and Immersion
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08 February 2012
KSA 11
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Immersion
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• The tunnel element is lowered to its final place on the bottom of thedredged trench.
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HZM – Transport and Immersion
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Backf i l l
m aterial is p laced besideand over thetunn el to f i l lthe t rench andpermanent ly
bury the tunn el ,as i l lust rated inthe f ig ures .
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Immersed tunnel
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› NNN› dd› nkeltspor
Hong Kong – Zhuhai – Macao Immersed Tunnel
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• Total link: 29.6 km, Tunnel: 6.0 km• Worlds longest IMT road tunnel: 5.7 km• 33 elements, standard length 180 m•
Cut & cover tunnels: 0.3 km• Ramps: 0.8 km
Design & Build JV: CCCC (lead), Shanghai Urban Construction (Group)Company, AECOM, HPDI, COWI A/S, STEDI, Fourth Harbour DI
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Industrialised tunnel elements
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1995 Øresund
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Industrialised tunnel elements
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2004 Busan Geoje
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Industrialised tunnel elements
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2009 Hongkong - Macao
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HZM – Construction of elements
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Fourth generation - industrialised tunnel elements
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Design Optimisation
Optimise the work harbour at LollandLimit the dredging volume for the work harbour atLollandLimit the dredging volume for the approach channel to
the work harbour at LollandReduce the need for breakwaters
Optimise the tunnel trenchLimit the dredging and backfilling volumes for the tunneltrench
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IMMERSED TUNNEL CROSS SECTION
Construction
• Element production method
• Transport, immersion andfoundation
• Construction cost
• Construction time
Other aspects
• Ventilation
• Mechanical / electricalinstallations
• Fire safety and emergency
escape• Railway safety
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Standard and special elements
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Standard and special elements
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Standard and special element
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Innovation – special elements
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Why special elements?
Main goals :
• Minimise cross section standardelements.
• Standardise standard elements.
• Create space for technicalinstallations.
• Create easy access formaintenance of installations.
2-3%
98-97%
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Standard elements
Minimise ( cross section ) :
• Internal width:• Motorway tubes• Railway tubes• Service gallery
• Internal height railway tube
Standardise:
• Flat base and roof
• Straight elements (hor. & vert.)
• Element/segment length
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The idea of introducing special elements
• Need for transformers and other equipment in the tunnel
• Standard elements do not have sufficient space.
• Special elements to cluster mechanical and electrical equipment
S1 S2 S3 S4 Sp1 S5 S6 S7 S8 S9 S10 S11 S12 Sp2 S13 S14 S15 S16 etc.
1,780 metres 1,780 metres
• Maintenance staff better working conditions and higher safety
• Installations and system divided into units
• Concentrate extra space in the tunnel at special elements
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Number of special elements
Parameters• Max. distance installations (transformers): approx. 1.8 km.
• Distance between cut & cover DE - DK: approx. 17.8 km
• Distance of portal building to immersed tunnel
Result: 10 special elements
S1 S2 S3 S4 S5 S6 S7 S8 S9 S10 S11 S12 S13 S14 S15 S16SP1
SP2
1,780 m
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STANDARD TUNNEL ELEMENTS
• 79 Standard elements divided into 9 segments of 24.11 m, totallength 217 m
• Niche at centre of the element for ventilation or traffic informationsigns
• Same layout for all standard element e.g. Box-outs, cast-in items,cable ducts, etc.
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• Section I – Standard elements with angled end frames must beimmersed in correct order.
• Section II – Standard elements with perpendicular end framesand variation in amount of reinforcement – elements are notinterchangeable.
STANDARD ELEMENT
• All remaining standardelements haveperpendicular end framesand in between two specialelements same amount ofreinforcement and aretherefore interchangeable
III
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l l
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Special element
Functions:
• Transformer and switch gear rooms(headroom: 3.7 m)
• Battery and power rooms (3.1 m)
• Pump sumps and pump rooms (3.1 m)
• SCADA room (3.1 m)
• Staff room (3.1 m)
•
Ballast rooms (2.3 m)
• Parking of maintenance vehicles
• Access
S i l l
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Special element
Special element is approximately:
• 4 meter higher
• 5 meter wider
S i l l
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Special element
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S i l l t
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Special element
S i l l t t d di ti
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Special element; standardisation
Special elements can be standardised by:
• Horizontal bottom and roof slab
• Vertical internal walls
Longitudinal section special element
Slope
Special element; ventilation
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Special element; ventilation
• Special element is ventilated withfresh air from the overpressuresystem of the service gallery
Portal building Germany
Portal building Denmark
Special element
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Special element
Systems distributed from special element :
• Electrical systems
• Communication systems
• Monitoring systems
• Drainage system
1,780 m 1,780 m1,780 m
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Innovation – special elements
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Innovation – special elements
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TIME SCHEDULE
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TIME SCHEDULE
Construction of 10 special elements ≈ 21 months
Construction of 79 standard elements ≈ 31 months
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QUANTITIES FOR STANDARD ELEMENTS
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QUANTITIES FOR STANDARD ELEMENTS
Concrete 24,000 m³
Reinforcement 3,200 tons
Water 4,400 m³
Cement 8,000 tonsSand 16,800 tons
Gravel 28,800 tons
(1 day = 24 hours)
Delivery of concrete
16 trucks every hour
Or
Delivery of materials
1 coaster every day
Required amount of materialsper week
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L i i h ll l k d i
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Logistic challenge – total peak production
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Total concrete 3,000,000 m 3 30,000 m 3 /week
Total cement 800,000 ton 8,000 tons/week
Total fine aggregate 1,500,000 ton 15,000 tons/week
Total 2/8 mm coarse 1,000,000 ton 10,000 tons/week
Total 8/16 mm coarse 1,500,000 ton 15,000 tons/week
Total 16 - mm coarse 1,000,000 ton 10,000 tons/week
Reinforcement 300,000 ton 3,000 tons/week
Approximate quantity, for a possible concrete mix
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I ti – b ildi g i
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Innovation – building on experience
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I ti – b ildi g i
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Innovation – building on experience
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Use of self compacting concrete
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Innovation – building on experience
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Innovation building on experience
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Innovation – building on experience
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Innovation building on experience
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Welding in a controlled process
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Innovation – building on experience
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Innovation building on experience
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Fire protection could be placed in the form before casting
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o
Alternative floating operation
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TUNNEL FOUNDATION
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• Foundation pressure ≈ 2.2 kN/m²
• Axial force in tunnel elements ≈ 3,600 – 12,800 tons
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LONGITUDINAL MOVEMENT
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+/- TFGina Fhw
Fslide Ffric
Fpost
Fpost
FGina
Movement due to yearly variation in temperature
Temperature variationFrictionHorizontal water pressureGravity forcePost tensioningGina gasket forceCreep and shrinkage
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LONGITUDINAL MOVEMENT
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spring
summer
autumn
winter
spring
-5,0
0,0
5,0
10,0
15,0
20,0
T e m p e r a t u r e
[ d e g C
]
Seasons
Temperatureat installation
Outside
Inside
0-5-10 +10+5 +20+15 +25
0-5-10 +10+5 +20+15 +25
Considered temp. variation
Temperature variation
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LONGITUDINAL MOVEMENT
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0 post tens.
max post tens.
1 tunnel element (9 segments)
(d + d+ h) *10*b
dd *10*b
(d + h) *10*b
d
(d + d) *10*b
Variation in water depth and release of post tensioning
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LONGITUDINAL MOVEMENT
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-100
-75
-50
-25
0
25
50
75
100
-40 -30 -20 -10 0 10 20 30 40
F r i c t i o n
f o r c e
[ % ]
Displacement [mm]
Friction coefficient: μ φ = 30˚ φ = 40˚m = 0.8 μ = 0.46 μ = 0.67m = 1.0 μ = 0.58 μ =0.84
FdownMovement
F friction
Friction and gravity force
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LONGITUDINAL MOVEMENT
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Creep and shrinkage
Creep due post tension
( 2 mm)
Shrinkage
Concrete C40/50Before immersion 80-90% humidity 0.1 – 0.17 ‰
After immersion 80-100% humidity 0.05 ‰
(Total 1.2 mm)
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1 tunnel element (9 segments)
FginaFgina
Immersion joint (GINA) ± 2 cm
Segment joint maximum 0.5 cm
top related