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External Adaptors
These are used to expand system applications
Types of External Adaptors are
1. Graphic adaptors
2. Sound cards
3. T.V turner cards
4. Joy sticks
5. LAN cards
All these are connected to the expansion slots (PCI & PCI express cards)
PCI- Peripheral Component Interface
Graphic Cards – It connects the monitor to the motherboard. Some
motherboards have in – built – graphic cards like N- VEDIA, SIS, VIA &
Intel
Graphic adaptors consists of
1. DAC – Digital Analog Convertor
2. GPU – Graphic Processing Unit
3. Video Memory
Dot Pitch
The display image on a monitor is made by small dots with 3 colours they are
Red, Blue and Green
Standards resolution & contrast ratio
Standards Resolution Contrast
SXGA(super extended graphicarray)
1280*1024 5:4
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N.T. boot. sys Only for SCSIcontrollers
C:\windows\
HAL.DLL( hardwareupdate layer)
Kernel Loading C:\system root\ system32
System Load all configurationfiles C:\systemroot\system32\configDevice Drivers. Sys Load all device drivers C:\sustem root \drivers
Types of printer
1. Impact printers
2. Non – impact printers
Under impact printers
1. Dot Matrix2. Daisy wheel
Under non – impact printers
1. Ink Jet printers
2. Laser printers
3. LED printers
4. Thermal printers
History of processors
Data width Model name Year of release
No of transistors
Clock speed
4bits 4040 1971 3000 1MHz8bits 8080 1974 6000 2Mhz8& 16 bits 8088 1979 29000 5Mhz
16bits 80286 1982 1.34Lakhs 6Mhz32bits 80486 1985 2.75Lakhs 16Mhz32bits 80486 1989 12Lakhs 25Mhz32& 64 bits Pentium 1 1993 31Lakhs 60Mhz32& 64bits Pentium 2 1997 75L 233Mhz32&64bits Pentium 3 1999 95L 450Mhz
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32& 64bits Pentium 4 2000 4.2C 1.5Ghz32& 64bits Pentium 4 EE 2003 6.2 C 2.6Ghz32&64bits Pentium
Presco ++2004 125C 3.6Ghz
32& 64bits Pentium DuelCore
2005 140C 2.6-3.6Ghz
32&64bits Core 2 duel 2006 2.4-3.6Ghz
Throttling- Excess amount of heat generated during the working function of
the processor. It reduces the performance of the processor
Clock speed – It is a clock frequency at which rate all the instructions and
programs are executed.
Types of computers
1. Micro computers – personal computer
2. MINI computers – small companies , banks
3. Main frame computers – servers , big office
4. Super computers – scientific research
Types of motherboards
1. AT – Advanced Technology
2. ATX – AT Extended
3. Micro ATX
4. NLX – New Low profile extended
5. BATX – Baby ATX
Types of RAM Slots
1. SIMM - Small Inline Memory Module
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2. DIMM – Duel Inline Memory Module
3. RIMM – Rhombus Inline Memory Module
4. Micro DIMM
5. SODIMM
MIDI PORT – Musical Instrumental Digital Interface
Types of connectors
1. Hard disk connector
2. IDE floppy connector
3. SMPS connector
Memory Unit
1. RAM
2. ROM
Types of ROM
1. PROM – Programmable Read Only Memory2. EPROM – Erasable Programmable READ Only Memory
3. EEPROM – Electrical Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory
Types of RAM
1. SRAM – Static Random Access Memory
2. DRAM – Dynamic Random Access Memory
Types of DRAM1. SYRAM – Synchronous Dynamic Random Access Memory
2. AYRAM – Asynchronous Dynamic Random Access Memory
Under SYRAM
1. SDRAM
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2. DDR SD RAM
3. DDR2 SD RAM
4. DDR 3 SD RAM
5. RD RAM – Rhombus
Under AYRAM
1. EDODRAM – Extended Data Out Dynamic RAM
2. FPMDRAM - Fast Page Mode DRAM
Types of HDD
1. SATA – Serial Advanced Technology Attachment2. PATA – Parallel Advanced Technology Attachment
3. SCSI – Small Computer System Interface
Components of Hard Disk
1. Plotter
2. Read \ Write head
3. Actuator Arm
4. Spindle Motor5. Voice coil Motor
6. Logic circuit board
7. Ribbon cable
8. Connector
ADC – Analog Digital Convertor
PCMCIA – Personal Computer Memory Card Industry Association
Types of MINI PCI Cards
1. TYPE 1 – uses 100 pin connector
2. TYPE 2 – it’s like TYPE 1 but with an integrated RJ45 port
3. TYPE 3 – Used 124 pin SODIMM style connector
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Wireless communication ports
1. Infrared
2. Bluetooth
3. WI-FI
Types of networks
1. LAN – Local Area Network
2. WAN – Wide Area Network
3. MAN – Metropolitan Area Network
4. CAN – Campus Area Network
5. PAN – Personal Area Network
6. SAN – Storage Area Network
Topology – physical arrangement of devices / computers connecting in a
network
Types of Topology
1. Bus
2. Ring3. Star
4. Tree
5. Hybrid Topology – combination of all the above
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OSI MODEL
Open System Interconnectivity
All Pretty Serious Teenagers Never Do Physics
All Pretty Serious Teenagers Never Do Physics
ALL PRETTY SERIOUS TEENAGES NEVER DO PRHYSICS
APPLICATION LAYER
PRESENTATION LAYER
SESSION LAYER
TRANSPORT LAYER
NETWORK LAYER
DATA LINK LAYER
PHUSICAL LAYER
ALL PRETTY SERIOUS TEENAGERS NEVER DO PHYSICS
APPLICATION LAYER
PRESENTATION LAYER
SESSION LAYER
TRANSPORT LAYER
NETWORK LAYER SWITCHES
DATA LINK LAYER
PHYSICAL LAYER REPEATERS OR HUBS
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The OSI Model
Application Layer
Presentation Layer
Session Layer
Transport Layer -
Network Layer – Devices used are L3 Switches & Routers
Data Link Layer – Devices used are Switch & Bridges
Physical Layer – Devices used are Hub & repeaters
Hub & Repeaters are layer one device
Types of Hub
1. Active Hub
2. Passive Hub
3. Intelligent Hub
Active Hub – To transfer the information from one machine to another
machine. It requires an external power. It regenerates & retransfers or
amplifies the signals.
Passive Hub – It does not require any external adaptors to transfer from one
machine to another machine. In this there is no signals regeneration or
amplification.
Intelligent Hub–
It’s
nothing but a switch. It is having the best way ofselecting path & can choose different paths for signal devices.
Bridge – It extends the max distance of network connecting separate network
segments. It passes signals from one network segments to another network
segments.
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Switches – It is a layer 2 device, by default switch is a broadcast device but
we can change it to unicast, it is having console ports and it maintains MAC
address, MAC (Media Access Control).
It also maintains the operating System called I.O.S (internetwork OperatingSystem).
It makes full duplex communication.
Routers
It is a layer 3 device, data transfers in the form of packets, it provides better
traffic management and also avoids broadcast transmission.
AUI – Arithmetic User Interface also called as Ethernet Port of the Router.
AUX – Auxiliary Ports – used to connect modem to router.
BRI – Basic Rate Of Interface
Console Port - It is used to load the O.S from the router to P.C. system serial
port should connect directly to router’s console port.
CABLE NAME FOR MODEM IS – RS232 and it is also called DCE (Data
Communication Equipment)
Types of cables
1.
Co–
Axial cable2. Twisted pair cable
3. Optical fiber cable
Colour Coding
Wiring
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PinT568A
Pair
T568B
PairWire T568A Color T568B Color Pins on plug face (socket is reversed)
1 3 2 tip white/green
stripe
white/orange
stripe
2 3 2 ringgreen solid orange solid
3 2 3 tip white/orangestripe
white/greenstripe
4 1 1 ringblue solid blue solid
5 1 1 tip white/bluestripe
white/bluestripe
6 2 3 ringorange solid green solid
7 4 4 tip white/brown
stripe
white/brown
stripe
8 4 4 ringbrown solid brown solid
Note that the only difference between T568A and T568B is that pairs 2 and 3 (orange and green)are swapped. Both configurations wire the pins "straight through", i.e., pins 1 through 8 on one
end are connected to pins 1 through 8 on the other end. Also, the same sets of pins are paired inboth configurations: pins 1 and 2 form a pair, as do 3 and 6, 4 and 5, and 7 and 8. One can usecables wired according to either configuration in the same installation without significant
problem; problems involving crosstalk can occur (which is normally minimized by correctly
twisting a pair together), but are usually insignificant in all but the most stringent specifications
such as Category 6 cable. The primary thing one has to be careful of is not to accidentally wirethe ends of the same cable according to different configurations (unless one intends to create
an Ethernet crossover cable).
WCDMA - Wideband Code Division Multiple Access also called as 3G mobile
phone network
The key features of security system are
AAA
1. Authorization
2. Authentication
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3. Accounting
Adware - Software that records information about a PC and the user.
AGP – Accelerated Graphic Port
AMD – Advanced Micro Devices
AMR – Audio Modem Riser
AUTOEXEC.BAT – It contains statements that configures the operating
system during boot process
Bandwidth - The amount of data that can be transferred throught a
connection over a period
POST – Power On Self Test
BIOS – Basic Input \ Output system
BPS – Bits Per second
Coaxial cables - It is a type of cable formed from two separate conductors
that share the common axis.
DMA – Digital Memory Access
DLT – Digital Linear Tape
Dr. Watson - Debugging program that creates an error log when an
application crashes
DSL – Digital Subscriber Line. A digital internet access service provider over
normal telephone lines. The client uses a DSL modem or router to connect toa DSL enabled telephone exchange.
EPP – Enhanced Parallel Port
Full Duplex – Two way communication taking place simultaneously
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Half Duplex - Two way communication not taking place simultaneously
GDI – Graphic Digital Interface
HTML – Hyper Text Markup Language
IDE - Integrated Drive Electronics
Kernel - All operating systems have a kernel, which is a low level piece of code
responsible for controlling the rest of the operating system. Windows uses a
multiprocessor adware, multitasking kernel.
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