Explain reasons for European exploration and settlement of North America, with emphasis on the interests of the French, Spanish, and British in the.

Explain reasons for European exploration and settlement of North

America, with emphasis on the interests of the French, Spanish, and British in the

southeastern area.

Concept:Movement / Migration

The student will understand that the movement or migration of

people, goods, and ideas affects all societies involved.

If you moved to Saudi Arabia, how would it affect your life?

Ever wonder who invented chocolate and where it comes

from?

How did European explorers and settlers influence the society of

Native Americans?

Movement / Migration

EUROPEAN EXPLORATIONPAGE 11 IN GEORGIA JOURNAL

ESSENTIAL QUESTIONA Native American once asked,

“Why did the white man come to our lands?”

Why did explorations happen when they did?

• A variety of factors all came together to make the time period (1450-1700) the “age of exploration”

• Some of these factors were pushes, external forces acting on Europe

• Some were pulls, motivations and things that attracted the Europeans

Exploration of the Americas(1492-1675)

(American Nation Textbook pages 66-99)

6

1. An Era of ExplorationThe Vikings were the earliest people from Europe and Asia sailing to the Americas. Evidence shows that these trips were rare, if they occurred at all.

Early Voyages to the Americas

Lief Erickson, a Viking in 1001, sailed to the northern tip of North America. The Vikings settled in a town they named Vinland which is located in present day Newfoundland.

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What is the easiest way to remember it all?

• The Three G’s:– Gold– Glory– God

• Although a little simplistic, this mnemonic is a great way to remember the main motivations of the European explorers.

The First G: Gold• Gold was a hot item that explorers were looking

for, but remember that it is really wealth, not just literal gold that explorers were after.

• Europe needed gold (and silver) to fuel the rising banking system

• Europeans also desired spices (Da Gama’s voyage to India made him a 3000% profit!)

• Other natural resources would come to be sold for profit as well (timber, sugar, tobacco, ivory, etc.)

• This competition will be enhanced by the idea of mercantilism that emerges, the idea that there is only so much wealth in the world, and that to make your kingdom strong you must have more gold and wealth than the other kingdoms

The second G: Glory

• Just like the first G, Gold, Glory was a relatively new idea in Europe

• Came out of the Renaissance ideal of Humanism, and the focus on individual achievement

• With the rise of the printing press, the idea of gaining fame for one’s actions was more possible

• Also, individual kings wanted glory for their kingdoms, competition spreads

The Triumph of Fame, a Flemish tapestry from 1502.

The third G: God

• As members of a universalizing religion, Europeans had always seen spreading Christianity as a good thing

• Especially after the Reformation, competition will spring up

• Colonization will become a race to convert native peoples to a particular brand of Christianity

• Jesuits (Catholics) are some of the most active

How did these explorations begin?

• The first to encourage new ship explorations was Prince Henry of Portugal, known as “Prince Henry the Navigator”

• Started an institute for seafaring and exploring

• Combined ship technology learned from Islam with new European innovations

• By the time of his death in 1460, Portuguese had sailed as far south as the Gold Coast of West Africa

What factors were pushing Europeans to explore?

• Decline of Mongol Empire in 1400s made goods from the east harder to get, more expensive

• Fall of Constantinople to the Ottoman Turks in 1453 was a major block to trade

Motives for European Motives for European ExplorationExploration

Motives for European Motives for European ExplorationExploration

1. Crusades by-pass intermediaries to get to Asia.

2. Renaissance curiosity about other lands and peoples.

3. Reformation refugees & missionaries.

4. Monarchs seeking new sources of revenue.

5. Technological advances.

6. Fame and fortune.

A Map of the Known A Map of the Known World,World, pre- 1492pre- 1492

A Map of the Known A Map of the Known World,World, pre- 1492pre- 1492

What were the new technologies that enabled explorations?

• The caravel was a new, faster, more maneuverable ship

• Older ships had square sails, caravels had triangular sails (easier to change direction)

• Bilge pump system enabled ship to float higher (less likely to run aground, easier to explore coasts and rivers)

• Compass, astrolabe, maps and other technologies from Islamic culture all helped make explorations possible

New Maritime New Maritime TechnologiesTechnologiesNew Maritime New Maritime TechnologiesTechnologies

Hartman Astrolabe

(1532)

Better Maps [Portulan]

Sextant

Mariner’s Compass

New Weapons New Weapons TechnologyTechnology

New Weapons New Weapons TechnologyTechnology

Christofo Colon Christofo Colon [1451-1506][1451-1506]

Christofo Colon Christofo Colon [1451-1506][1451-1506]

Columbus Reaches the Americas

As the Portuguese sailed West toward Asia, the Spanish people wanted to share in the trade and wealth from Asia like the Portuguese people. In 1492, King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella agreed to finance, or pay for a voyage by Christopher Columbus.

On August 1492, Columbus set sail with three vessels and a crew of 90 sailors. The Santa Maria, Nina and the Pinta were his three sailing ships.

20

On October 7th, Columbus changed his course to follow the birds.

On October 11th, one of the sailors discovered land. This land was not the West Indies it was the island we call the Bahamas.

Columbus established the first Spanish colony in the Americas. Columbus called this island Hispaniola . A colony a colony is a territory under the immediate political control of a distant country. He named the Native Americans on the island, “Indos.” He thought he reached the West Indies and named the people after the people of the West Indies. Columbus did not realize he was not in the West Indies. 21

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On this island Columbus met the Native American Indians or Tainos.

Columbus soon promised Queen Isabella that in another trip he could convert the Indians to Christianity and enslave them. Upon his visits to the Americas he claimed the land and enslaved the Native Americans.

23

Columbus forced the Indians to work the farms and mines. The first voyage of Columbus marked a turning point in history of the Tainos; within one hundred years of his arrival, they were virtually wiped out by European diseases and slavery.

Decorated stones were used to surround the ceremonial plaza served as the field for ball games and holidays. Petro glyphs were engravings on rock surfaces.

24

A Lasting ImpactToday we recognize Christopher Columbus as the bold sea captain that discovered America. In truth, the Native Americans discovered America first.

For better or worse, the voyages of Columbus became the turning point for the Americas. A turning point is a moment in history that marks an important change in history.

Columbus’ Four Columbus’ Four VoyagesVoyages

Columbus’ Four Columbus’ Four VoyagesVoyages

Other Voyages of Other Voyages of ExplorationExploration

Other Voyages of Other Voyages of ExplorationExploration

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The Spanish Cross the Pacific

In 1511 the Spanish settled in the Caribbean Islands. Columbus had conquered Puerto Rico, Jamaica and Cuba.

28

In 1513, an adventurer, named Vasco Nunez de Balboa reached the Pacific Ocean. He claimed this great ocean for Spain.

29

Ferdinand Magellan soon afterwards, in 1519, sailed across the Pacific Ocean. His followers discovered the first all water route to Asia. For the first time Europeans became aware of the true size of the world.

Ferdinand Magellan & Ferdinand Magellan & the First the First

Circumnavigation of the Circumnavigation of the World:World:Early 16Early 16cc

Ferdinand Magellan & Ferdinand Magellan & the First the First

Circumnavigation of the Circumnavigation of the World:World:Early 16Early 16cc

31

In 1522, one ship and 18 sailors circumnavigated, or sail completely around the world. Only one ship from Magellan’s fleet returned home to Spain in 1522, but it was the first to circumnavigate the globe.

EUROPEAN EXPLORATIONPAGE 12 IN GEORGIA JOURNAL

ESSENTIAL QUESTIONWhat impact did Hernando de

Soto and Spanish missions have on Native Americans?

Evaluate the impact of European contact on Native American

cultures; include Spanish missions along the barrier islands, and the

explorations of Hernando DeSoto.

Concepts:Individuals-Groups-Institutions

Conflict & Change

The student will understand that when there is conflict

between or within societies, change is the result.

What are some examples of conflict and change that you have witnessed

in your life?

How did the interaction between Europeans and Native Americans

become a conflict? How did life for both Europeans and Native

Americans change?

CONFLICT & CHANGE

SPANISH MISSIONS IN GEORGIA

PURPOSE WAS TO CONVERT THE

NATIVE AMERICANS TO

CHRISTIANITY IN AN ATTEMPT TO

SETTLE AND COLONIZE THE REGION FOR

TRADE

36

2. Spain's Builds and EmpireSpanish Conquistadors

In their search for glory and gold, the conquistadors, or conquerors, marched into the Americas. They came into the America to get rich. Spanish colonists had created a great new empire in the Americas. The conquistadors caused the Aztecs, Native Americans and the Incas to suffer in their own cities. They enslaved the people of these cultures.

37

Other Explorers In 1513 Juan Ponce de Leon traveled and

discovered the land we call Florida today.

38

Conquest of the Aztecs and

IncasIn 1518, the Aztec people spotted sailors in ships on the Gulf of Mexico. They reported this to their emperor, Montezuma. The emperor thought that the Spanish sailors were sent to them from their God.

The Spanish sailors wanted the Aztec gold. The Spanish led by Herando Cortez defeated the Aztecs and destroyed their city. They took the riches of the Aztecs.

Cortez

Hernando de Soto

A Spanish born explorer and first European to set foot in Georgia landed in present-day Tampa Bay, Florida, in 1539. De Soto led 600 conquistadors through the southeast region of North America in search of gold. He came to the Georgia area in 1540.

His expedition failed as he did not find the gold he was looking for and died of illness near the Mississippi River. He often tortured, enslaved, and killed Native Americans along his path. The diseases left behind by Europeans crippled the rich cultures of the Mississippian culture.

According to the De Soto map on the left, is it possible that Hernando and his conquistadors

traveled through Paulding County?

43

In 1539 Hernado De Soto discovered the waters of the Mississippi River.

Conflict and Change

Atlantic ExplorationsAtlantic ExplorationsAtlantic ExplorationsAtlantic Explorations

Looking for “El Dorado”Looking for “El Dorado”

Fernando CortezFernando CortezFernando CortezFernando Cortez

The First Spanish The First Spanish Conquests:Conquests:The AztecsThe Aztecs

The First Spanish The First Spanish Conquests:Conquests:The AztecsThe Aztecs

Montezuma IIMontezuma IIMontezuma IIMontezuma II

vsvs..

vsvs..

The Death of The Death of Montezuma IIMontezuma IIThe Death of The Death of Montezuma IIMontezuma II

Mexico Surrenders to Mexico Surrenders to CortezCortez

Mexico Surrenders to Mexico Surrenders to CortezCortez

Francisco Francisco PizarroPizarro

The First Spanish The First Spanish Conquests:Conquests:

The The IncasIncas

The First Spanish The First Spanish Conquests:Conquests:

The The IncasIncas

AtahualpaAtahualpa

vsvs..

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Reasons for Spanish Victories

A few years later, Francisco Pizzaro, a conquistador, did the same thing and conquered the Incas. He captured and executed the Incan emperor, Atahualpa.

The Aztec and Incas were easily defeated by the Spanish because they did not have guns, swords, cannons and armor.

Cycle of Conquest & Cycle of Conquest & ColonizationColonization

Cycle of Conquest & Cycle of Conquest & ColonizationColonization

Explorers Conquistadores

Mission

arie

s

PermanentSettlers

OfficialEuropeanColony!

TreasuresTreasuresfrom the Americas!from the Americas!

TreasuresTreasuresfrom the Americas!from the Americas!

53

Hard LaborMines in Mexico, Peru, and other parts of the Americas made Spain rich. Treasure ships carried these treasures across the Atlantic Ocean to Spain. Native Americans worked as slaves to the Spanish until they died in the mines or died from disease brought over from Europe.

Another source of free labor was soon found in the Northwest Passage. The demand for African labor began when the Indians died. Enslaved Africans were forced to work on plantations. A plantation was a large estate farmed by many workers.

Administration of the Administration of the Spanish Empire in the Spanish Empire in the

New WorldNew World

Administration of the Administration of the Spanish Empire in the Spanish Empire in the

New WorldNew World1. Encomienda

or forced labor.

2. Council of the Indies.

Viceroy.

New Spain and Peru.

3. Papal agreement.

55

Settling New SpainAfter the Spanish explorers made their discoveries they set up settlements in the Americas. A code called the Law of the Indies permitted three types of settlements.

Under the Law of the Indies the Spanish set up pueblos or small towns, for farming and trade. They called their settlement New Spain.

They also set up forts made of high adobe brick walls. These forts were called Presidios. The soldiers lived in the forts.

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Lastly the laws , they set up religious settlements, run by Catholic priests, called missions. They set up missions to convert the Native Americans to Christianity.

The Influence of the The Influence of the Colonial Catholic Colonial Catholic

ChurchChurch

The Influence of the The Influence of the Colonial Catholic Colonial Catholic

ChurchChurch

Guadalajara Guadalajara CathedralCathedral

Our Lady of Our Lady of GuadalupeGuadalupe

Spanish Spanish MissionMission

New Colonial RivalsNew Colonial RivalsNew Colonial RivalsNew Colonial Rivals

1. Portugal lacked the numbers and wealth to dominate trade in the Indian Ocean.

2. Spain in Asia consolidated its holdings in the Philippines.

3. First English expedition to the Indies in 1591.

Surat in NW India in 1608.

4. Dutch arrive in India in 1595.

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Religious and Political RivalriesThere were many religious rivalries between Catholics and Protestants. A man named Martin Luther challenged the teachings of the Catholic Church and the power of the Pope. Luther believed that people can achieve eternal life only by having faith in God. Luther’s movement was called the Protestant Reformation. His followers caused a split in the church. These people later became Protestants.

New Colonial RivalsNew Colonial RivalsNew Colonial RivalsNew Colonial Rivals

European Empires in the European Empires in the AmericasAmericas

European Empires in the European Empires in the AmericasAmericas

62

The Global Cultural Exchange

See page 71 in your textbook

The encounter between the people of the Eastern and Western hemispheres sparked a global exchange of goods and ideas. Because it started with the voyages of Columbus, this was known as the Columbian Exchange.

63

Native American InfluencesNative Americans introduced Europeans to new customs. Native Americans introduced Europeans to cash crops such as corn, potatoes, beans, tomatoes, squash and peanuts.

Native Americans introduced snowshoes and showed Europeans how to trap fur-bearing animals.

They also introduced us to political structures that became the foundation for our government today. They introduced the idea of a confederacy.

The “Columbian The “Columbian Exchange”Exchange”

The “Columbian The “Columbian Exchange”Exchange” Squash Avocado Peppers Sweet

Potatoes

Turkey Pumpkin Tobacco Quinine

Cocoa Pineapple

Cassava POTATO

Peanut TOMATO Vanilla MAIZE

Syphilis

Olive COFFEE BEAN Banana Rice

Onion Turnip Honeybee Barley

Grape Peach SUGAR CANE

Oats

Citrus Fruits Pear Wheat HORSE

Cattle Sheep Pigs Smallpox

Flu Typhus Measles Malaria

Diptheria Whooping Cough

Trinkets

Liquor

GUNS

According to the map of the New World, which country did not explore or colonize any part of North America?

A. France B. PortugalC. England

D. Spain

Impact of European Impact of European ExpansionExpansion

Impact of European Impact of European ExpansionExpansion1. Native populations ravaged

by disease.

2. Influx of gold, and especially silver, into Europe created an inflationary economic climate.[“Price Revolution”]

3. New products introduced across the continents [“Columbian Exchange”].

4. Deepened colonial rivalries.

Which of the following is NOT an effect of European exploration of the Americas?a. Spanish, French, & English settlements in the Americas.b. Loss of Spain’s world dominance and England’s gain of power.c. Death of Native Americans from disease and warfare.d. Columbus and other European explorers finding a direct trade route by sea to Asia.

By: Ms. Susan M. PojerBy: Ms. Susan M. PojerHorace Greeley HS Chappaqua, Horace Greeley HS Chappaqua,

NYNY

By: Ms. Susan M. PojerBy: Ms. Susan M. PojerHorace Greeley HS Chappaqua, Horace Greeley HS Chappaqua,

NYNY