EXPANDING THE SCALE OF EXISTING EXPANDING THE SCALE OF EXISTING RE-GREENING SUCCESSES IN AFRICA’s DRYLANDS TO ADAPT TO CLIMATE CHANGE AND INCREASE FOOD.

EXPANDING THE SCALE OF EXISTINGEXPANDING THE SCALE OF EXISTING RE-GREENING SUCCESSESRE-GREENING SUCCESSES IN AFRICA’s IN AFRICA’s

DRYLANDS TO ADAPT TO CLIMATE DRYLANDS TO ADAPT TO CLIMATE CHANGE AND INCREASE FOOD SECURITYCHANGE AND INCREASE FOOD SECURITY

Vegetation in Galma in 1975 and 2003Vegetation in Galma in 1975 and 2003

1975 2003

Farmer-managed natural Farmer-managed natural regeneration in Nigerregeneration in Niger

5,000,000 ha re-greened in 20 years (only 5,000,000 ha re-greened in 20 years (only labour for protection, investment in extension, labour for protection, investment in extension, no recurrent costs to governments)no recurrent costs to governments)

200 million new trees200 million new trees additional cereal production/year: 500,000 tonadditional cereal production/year: 500,000 ton 2.5 million people fed2.5 million people fed 1.25 million rural households involved1.25 million rural households involved

PROCESS CATALYZED BY EXTERNAL INTERVENTION AND SPREADING THROUGH A MIX OF SPONTANEOUS ADOPTION ANDFARMER-TO-FARMER EXTENSION

RE-GREENING = INCREASING THE NUMBER OFON-FARM TREES PRODUCES MULTIPLE IMPACTS

☺ SOIL ORGANIC MATTER/SOIL FERTILITY☺ FODDER FOR LIVESTOCK☺ FOOD SECURITY☺ HOUSEHOLD ENERGY☺ COMPLEX FARMING SYSTEMS☺ VALUE CHAINS☺ NUTRITION☺ ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE☺ CARBON SEQUESTRATION☺ BIODIVERSITY

YOUNG COMBRETUM GLUTINOSUM PRODUCES TONS OF LITTERAND NO TRANSPORT

FAIDHERBIA ALBIDA IMPROVES SOIL FERTILITY AND PRODUCES FODDER

YOUNG DIVERSE ON-FARM FOREST ONMALI’S SENO PLAINS

NIGER: LIVESTOCK DEPENDS 6 MONTHS/YEAR ON TREE FODDER AND THEY CAN BE AN AGENT OF RE-GREENING

TURN DOWN THE HEAT

Grain surplus Kantché Department Grain surplus Kantché Department (Zinder/Niger). 350,000 inhabitants; high (Zinder/Niger). 350,000 inhabitants; high on-farm tree densityon-farm tree density

20072007+ 21,230 ton+ 21,230 ton 20082008+ 36,838 ton+ 36,838 ton 20092009+ 28,122 ton+ 28,122 ton 20102010+ 64,208 ton+ 64,208 ton 20112011+ 13,818 ton+ 13,818 ton

Source: National Committee for the Prevention and Management of Food Crises and FEWSQuoted by: Yamba and sambo (2012)

IDENTIFY AND ANALYZE RE-GREENING SUCCESSESAND USE THEM AS TRAINING GROUND FOR EXPANSION

A. WORKING AT THE GRASSROOTS

1.ORGANIZE FARMER-TO-FARMER VISITS2.FARMER EXPERTS TRAIN OTHER FARMERS 3.SUPPORT OR DEVELOP VILLAGE INSTITUTIONS4.AGF COMPETITIONS AT DIFFERENT LEVELS5.DEVELOP A MOVEMENT OF CSOs and NGOs AND BUILD THEIR CAPACITY TO PROMOTE REGREENING

TOOLS FOR SCALING UP EXISTING SUCCESSES  

B. BOTTOM-UP MEETS TOP DOWN

6. ADAPT NATIONAL AGRICULTURAL POLICIES AND FORESTRY LEGISLATION

7. MAINSTREAM RE-GREENING INTO EXISTING AGRICULTURAL PROJECTS

8. ORGANIZE FIELD VISITS FOR NATIONAL POLICYMAKERS

9. CREATE A PRESIDENTIAL AWARD FOR THE BEST AGROFORESTRY VILLAGE

C. DEVELOP A COMMUNICATION STRATEGY

10. USE THE MASSMEDIA TO INFORM FARMERS AND HERDERS WITH INNOVATORS SHARING THEIR KNOWLEDGE

11. LINK ICT, RADIO AND MOBILE PHONES (A WEB OF SPEECH)

12. PRODUCE DOCUMENTARIES FOR NATIONAL TV

13. ORGANIZE NATIONAL AND REGIONAL EXPERIENCE SHARING WORKSHOPS

14. MOBILIZE AFRICAN CHAMPIONS TO PROMOTE RE-GREENING BY FARMERS

15. MOBILIZE INTERNATIONAL MEDIA

16. DEVELOP ADVOCACY AT ALL LEVELS

D. THE ROLE OF THE MARKET IN SCALING UP

17. SUPPORT THE DEVELOPMENT OF AGROFORESTRY VALUE CHAINS

18. INDUCE/SUPPORT THE PRIVATE SECTOR TO DEVELOP INPUT AND OUTPUT MARKETS

IDENTIFY AND ANALYZE RE-GREENING SUCCESSES.

Large-scale farmer-managed re-greeningon Mali’s Seno Plains

1990

AGROFORESTRY AS CO-BENEFIT OF WATER HARVESTING

2004

Demi lunes

Combretum glutinosum

Zaï

Techniques simples

Piliostigma reticulatum

Impacts importants

A. WORKING AT THE GRASSROOTS

1. Farmer to farmer study visits1. Farmer to farmer study visits

Local, between regions and between countries

FARMERS IN KAFFRINE (SENEGAL), WHO VISITED MARADI (NIGER)

2.FARMER EXPERTS TRAIN OTHER FARMERS

3. Support the development of village institutions for the management of tree capital

4. Develop agroforestry competitions at different levels

5. DEVELOP A MOVEMENT OF CSOs AND NGOs AND BUILD THEIR CAPACITY

B. TOP-DOWN MEETS BOTTOM-UP

6. ADAPT NATIONAL AGRICULTURAL POLICIES AND FORESTRY LEGISLATION IN SUCH A WAY THAT THEY INDUCE FARMERS TO INVEST IN TREES

CHALLENGES:

AGROFORESTRY IS OFTEN IGNORED BY RELEVANT MINISTRIES

FORESTRY LEGISLATION DOES NOT RECOGNIZE FARMER’S RIGHTS TO ON-FARM TREES

NATURAL REGENERATION IS LOW COST

7.MAINSTREAM RE-GREENING INTO EXISTING AND NEW AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT PROJECTS

8. FIELD VISITS BY POLICYMAKERS

9. CREATE A PRESIDENTIAL AWARD FOR THE BEST AGROFORESTRY VILLAGE

C. DEVELOP A COMMUNICATION STRATEGY

10. USE MASSMEDIA TO INFORM FARMERS AND HERDERS

NIGER TV NEWS SHOWS VISIT DELEGATION FROM NIGERIA TO RE-GREENING IN SOUTHERN NIGER

11. LINK ICT, RADIO AND MOBILE 11. LINK ICT, RADIO AND MOBILE PHONES (WEB OF SPEECH) PHONES (WEB OF SPEECH)

12. PRODUCE DOCUMENTARIES FOR TV

13. ORGANIZE NATIONAL AND REGIONAL EXPERIENCE-SHARING WORKSHOPS

14. MOBILIZE AFRICAN CHAMPIONS

15. MOBILIZE INTERNATIONAL MEDIA(NEW YORKER MAGAZINE)

16. DEVELOP ADVOCACY ATALL LEVELS

PRESENTATION AT THE PRESIDENCYETHIOPIA

17. SUPPORT THE DEVELOPMENT OF AGROFORESTRY VALUE CHAINS (e.g. MORINGA OLEIFERA IN NIGER)

18. SUPPORT THE DEVELOPMENT OF INPUT – OUTPUT MARKETS

CONSTRAINTS TO SCALING RE-GREENING BY FARMERS

NO INCENTIVES IN CURRENT FORESTRY LAWS

THE CURRENT AGRICULTURAL MODERNISATION PARADIGM DISCOURAGES INVESTMENT IN ON-FARM TREES

LAND TENURE, PRIVATISATION, INCREASING INEQUALITY, LAND GRAB

CONFLICTS IN VILLAGES

HERDERS NEED TO BE INVOLVED IN VILLAGE INSTITUTIONS AND TRAINED IN TREE MANAGEMENT

“TREES ARE OUR BACKBONE” (FARMERS IN TIGRAY)

AGROFORESTRY IS THE PILLAR OF AGRICULTURE IN DRYLANDS

BUT AGROFORESTRY ALONE IS NOT SUFFICIENT TO ENSURE FOOD SECURITY

Water harvesting

Agroforestry Micro-dosing

+ +

CROP YIELDS CAN BE DOUBLED BY INTEGRATING A SET OF PROVEN TECHNOLOGIES

OUR MAJOR CHALLENGE:PROMOTE RE-GREENING TO IMPROVE THE LIVELIHOODS OF MILLIONS OF RESOURCE USERS

COMMENTS AND SUGGESTIONS AREMOST WELCOME

Chris.Reij@wri.orgC.P.Reij@vu.nl