Evidences of evolution

Evidences of evolution

1.Paleontologyor the Fossil Record

• The surface layers have more complex land animals• The middle layer early vertebrates and amphibians• The bottom layer hassimple aquatic organisms

The fossils are formed in sedimentary rock.

Organisms are buried as each new layer of sediment covers the organisms.

The hard parts make a mold in the sediments.Minerals deposit in the molds and make a perfect cast or copy of the organism.Some organisms leave traces of their presence that can also be fossilized, such as foot prints, excrement, or nests

Cool Canadian Stuff to see before you die

• Burgess Shales, Yoho national Park,BC (on top of the Rockies)

• Soft bodied marine organisms 540 million years old (middle Cambrian)

Royal Tyrell Museum, Drumheller, Alberta

• Albertasaurus

• Tricerotops•

Ankylosaurus

La Brea Tar Pits California

• Whole organisms mummified having drowned in the tar

Woolly Mammoth

Sabre tooth Tiger

2. Comparative Anatomyor Homologous structures in Mammals

• The arms don’t look the same.• The arms have different functions.• The bone structure in the arms is the same.• It comes from a common ancestor

3. Developmental EmbryologyPhylogeny mimics Ontology

• Our evolution is mirrored in our embryonic development.

The longer our embryos are the same the more closely we are related evolutionarily

4. Comparative molecular BiologyProteins, Genes, DNA

This is an evolutionary tree of theEnzyme cytochrome-p450

The more differences there are in the Amino acid sequence the less they are related

DNA comparison or Hybridization

• Denaturing: if you heat DNA it pulls apart.• If you mix it with denatured DNA from another

species and cool it they will aneal or the complementary parts will stick together.

• If you heat it a second time they will separate.• The more complementary base pairs they have the

hotter the temperature needed to pull them apart. • Species with lots of complementary base pairs are

closer evolutionarily.

5. BiogeographyGlobal distribution of plants and animals, Continental drift

In the Galapagos and ancestor finch blew in on a storm from Equador. The finch then adapted to its new environment. New species arose.This is called adaptive radiation.

The closer the islands the more closely related the species.

• As continents moved apart climate changes would also cause adaptive radiation.

• Similar fossils and living species are found in areas once closely connected

Bibliography• "The principle of homology illustrated." ask.com. Web. 7 Apr 2011.

<http://www.google.ca/imgres?imgurl=http://rpmedia.ask.com/ts%3Fu%3D/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Evolution_pl.png/410px-Evolution_pl.png&imgrefurl=http://www.ask.com/wiki/Evidence_of_common_descent&usg=__1dlCi6ea5zjXilGbiIRJha3ki1U=&h=1578&w=2222&sz=769&hl=en&start=0&zoom=1&tbnid=9B5td1rG_lA8_M:&tbnh=142&tbnw=200&ei=Qv-dTYuJD42I0QH-9qzFBA&prev=/images%3Fq%3DHomologous%2Bstructures%2Bin%2BMammals%26hl%3Den%26sa%3DG%26biw%3D1276%26bih%3D599%26gbv%3D2%26tbm%3Disch&itbs=1"mammalian forelimbs: homologous structures." charleswardle.com. Web. 7 Apr 2011. <http://www.google.ca/imgres?imgurl=http://farm3.static.flickr.com/2587/3978533505_1f7066c09d.jpg&imgrefurl=http://charleswardle.com/evidence-for-evolution-homology-%25E2%2580%2593-similarities-between-creatures/&usg=__KOOGRACk_WRVl1gTZqIJTZqnu6Q=&h=255&w=500&sz=90&hl=en&start=0&zoom=1&tbnid=5V8DnvK0cWRkEM:&tbnh=106&tbnw=207&ei=VgCeTby4OtK00QHprNiiBA&prev=/images%3Fq%3DHomologous%2Bstructures%2Bin%2BMammals%26hl%3Den%26safe%3Dactive%26sa%3DG%26biw%3D1276%26bih%3D599%26gbv%3D2%26tbm%3Disch&itbs=1&iact=hc&vpx=550&vpy=98&dur=8924&hovh=160&hovw=315&tx=185&ty=143&oei=VgCeTby4OtK00QHprNiiBA&page=1&ndsp=16&ved=1t:429,r:2,s:0>.