Transcript
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Diversity And Classification of Flowering Plants:
Eudicots: Asterids
Michael G. Simpson
Asterids
• Very large, diverse group • 10 orders, many families • Putative apomorphies:
– iridoid compounds – sympetalous corolla – ovules: unitegmic (one integument),
tenuinucellate (megasporangium 1-cell thick)
Ovules unitegmic, tenuinucellate
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ASTERIDS CORNALES Cornaceae Curtissiaceae Grubbiaceae Hydrangeaceae Hydrostachyaceae Loasaceae ERICALES Actinidiaceae Balsaminaceae Clethraceae Cyrillaceae Diapensiaceae Ebenaceae
Ericaceae Fouquieriaceae Lecythidaceae Maesaceae Marcgraviaceae Myrsinaceae Pentaphylacaceae Polemoniaceae Primulaceae Roridulaceae Sapotaceae Sarraceniaceae Styracaceae Symplocaceae Tetrameristaceae Theaceae Theophrastaceae
EUASTERIDS I Boraginaceae Cordiaceae* Ehretiaceae* Heliotropaceae* Hydrophyllaceae* Lennoaceae* Icacinaceae Oncothecaceae Vahliaceae GARRYALES Eucommiaceae Garryaceae
EUASTERIDS I GENTIANALES Apocynaceae Gelsmiaceae Gentianaceae Loganiaceae Rubiaceae LAMIALES Acanthaceae Bignoniaceae Byblidaceae Calceolariaceae Carlemanniaceae Gesneriaceae Lamiaceae Lentibulariaceae Martyniaceae
Oleaceae Orobanchaceae Paulowniaceae Pedaliaceae Phyrmaceae Plantaginaceae Schlegeliaceae Scrophulariaceae Stilbaceae Tetrachondraceae
Verbenaceae SOLANALES Convolvulaceae Hydroleaceae Montiniaceae Solanaceae Sphenocleaceae
EUASTERIDS II Bruniaceae Columelliaceae Eremosynaceae Escalloniaceae Paracryphiaceae Polyosmaceae Sphenostemonaceae Tribelaceae APIALES Apiaceae Araliaceae Aralidiaceae Griseliniaceae Mackinlayaceae Melanophyllaceae
Myodocarpaceae Pennantiaceae Pittosporaceae Torricelliaceae AQUIFOLIALES Aquifoliaceae Cardiopteridaceae Helwingiaceae Phyllonmaceae Stemonuraceae ASTERALES Alseuosmiaceae Argophyllaceae Asteraceae Calyceraceae Campanulaceae Goodeniaceae
Menyanthaceae Pentaphragmataceae Phellinaceae Rousseaceae Stylidiaceae DIPSACALES Adoxaceae Caprifoliaceae* Diervillaceae* Dipsacaceae* Linnaeaceae* Morinaceae* Valerianaceae*
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Apocynaceae, s.l. - Dogbane/Milkweed family (Greek for "away from dog," in reference to past use of some taxa as a dog
poison). 411 genera / 4,650 species.
The Apocynaceae, s.l. • 5-merous perianth/androecium, • the gynoecium usually with 2 carpels, • ovaries distinct in some taxa with styles connate (in Asclepiadoids androecium adnate to single stigma
forming a gynostegium and pollen fused to form pollinia, each half derived from an adjacent anther),
K (5) C (5) A 5 or (5) G (2) [(-8)], superior, rarely half-inferior.
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APOCYNACEAE • Allamanda “yellow bell” • Plumeria “kalachuchi” • Nerium oleander “adelfa” • Thevetia “false yellow bell”
retinaculum
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pollinium
2 ovaries, ���2 styles, ���1 stigma
Rubiaceae — Coffee family ���(after rubia, name used by Pliny for madder)���
630 genera / 10,200 species.���
Leaves simple, entire, usually decussate leaves connate stipules, the stipules often with mucilage-
secreting colleters usually a cyme, Flowers bisexual, the perianth dichlamydeous, perianth
and androecium often 4 –5-merous (calyx absent in some),
ovary usually inferior ovules with a funicular obturator, K (4-5) [0] C (4-5) [(3,8-10)] A 4-5 [3,8-10] G (2)
[(3-5+)], usually inferior, rarely superior.
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Rubiaceae — Coffee family ���(after rubia, name used by Pliny for madder)���
630 genera / 10,200 species.���
worldwide distribution, more concentrated in tropical regions.
Cinchona, the source of quinine used to treat malaria,
Coffea arabica and other species, the source of coffee,
Pausinystalia johimbe, the source of the sexual stimulant yohimbine,
some timber trees, fruiting plants, dye plants (such as Rubia, madder), and ornamental cultivars (e.g., Pentas, among others).
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Lamiaceae (=Labiatae) - Mint family (Lamium, gullet, after the shape of the corolla tube or old Latin name
used by Pliny). 251 genera / 6,700 species. often aromatic with ethereal oils with usually 4-sided stems, opposite [or whorled] leaves verticillaster or thyrse inflorescence [flowers solitary and axillary
in some], and zygomorphic [rarely actinomorphic], usually bilabiate flowers deeply 4-lobed ovary (by formation of "false septa") and gynobasic style
K (5) C (5) [(4)] A 4 or 2 [+2 staminodes] G (2), superior, hypanthium absent.
Mentha, mint;
Ocimum, basil;
Rosmarinus, rosemary;
Salvia, sage;
Thymus, thyme Leaves opposite; stems 4-sided
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Inflorescence a thyrse or verticillaster (usu.) Flowers zygomorphic; corolla sympetalous, bilabiate
carpels 2; style gynobasic Fruit a schizocarp of nutlets
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Ocimum basilicum BASIL
Rosmarinus officinalis ROSEMARY
Salvia apiana ���WHITE SAGE
enantiostylous flowers
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Solanaceae - Nightshade family (Latin for sleeping or comforter, after narcotic properties of
some). 94 genera / 2,950 species. internal phloem, spiral leaves usually actinomorphic, 5-merous perianth and
androecium (corolla plicate in bud), usually bicarpellate, syncarpous gynoecium, and usually
numerous ovules per carpel, the fruit a berry, drupe, or capsule.
K (5) C (5) [(4),(6)] A 5 [4 or 2+2 staminodes] G (2) [(3-5)], superior, hypanthium absent.
Members of the family have mostly worldwide distributions, concentrated in South America.
Capsicum (peppers), Lycopersicon esculentum (tomato), Physalis philadelphica (tomatillo), Solanum tuberosum (potato), Nicotiana tabacum (tobacco); alkaloids from various taxa have medicinal properties
(e.g., atropine from Atropa belladona), hallucinogenic properties (e.g., Datura, Jimson weed) deadly poisons (e.g., Datura, Solanum spp.) known carcinogens (e.g., Nicotiana tabacum); some used
as ornamental cultivars, others are noxious weeds.
Flowers actinomorphic, plicate (in bud)
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Flowers ac+nomorphic, plicate (in bud)
Fruit a berry or capsule
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Physalis ixocarpa Tomatillo
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Asteraceae (Compositae) Characteristics: Inflorescence a head (capitulum): subtended by inflorescence bracts: involucral
bracts or phyllaries, collectively termed the involucre. Calyx modified as pappus. Stamens syngenesious. K pappus C 5 A (5) G(2), inferior, 1 basal ovule Fruit an achene.
Argyroxiphium sandwicense, Silversword Maui
Argyroxiphium sandwicense, Silversword���Maui
Asteraceae (=Compositae) - Sunflower family
(after Aster, meaning star). 1,528 genera / 22,750 species.
a head (capitulum) subtended by an involucre of phyllaries, --bilabiate, disk, or ray/ligulate, (heads of many taxa a mixture of
central disk flowers and peripheral ray flowers), with the calyx, termed a pappus, modified as scales, awns, or
capillary bristles (or absent), the androecium syngenesious, inferior ovary with a single, basal ovule, the fruit a multiple of achenes.
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Asteraceae (=Compositae) - Sunflower family
(after Aster, meaning star). 1,528 genera / 22,750 species.
K 0-∞ (pappus) C (5) [(4)] or (3) in some ray flowers A (5) [(4)] G (2), inferior, hypanthium absent.
Asteraceae: floral variation Three types of flowers: 1) Bilabiate: zygomorphic (bilateral) with 2 lips 2) Ray (ligulate): zygomorphic (bilateral) with 1
lobe 3) Disk: actinomorphic (radial), usu. 5-lobed
Five types of heads: 1) discoid, with only disk flowers; 2) disciform, with central disk flowers and
marginal, eligulate female flowers; 3) radiate, with central (bisexual or male) disk
flowers and peripheral (female or sterile) ray flowers;
4) ligulate, with all ray flowers (typically with 5-toothed corolla apices);
5) bilabiate, with all bilabiate flowers.
Bilabiate flower
Acourtia microcephala Trixis californica
posterior lip anterior lip
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ligulate / ray disk syngenesious
anthers connate
Ray flowers (heads ligulate = all rays)
Rafinesquia neomexicana Malacothrix californica
ligulate corolla
Disk flower: heads discoid
Palafoxia arida Psathyrotes ramosissima
disk corolla
Chaenac;s gabriuscula
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Disk flowers: heads disciform��� (2 types of disk fls.,���
same or different heads) male heads
Ambrosia chamissonis
female heads
Xylorhiza orcuttii Encelia farinosa
Heads radiate: inner disk & outer ray fls. ray flowers disk flowers
Encelia californica
ovary
Some heads are "chaffy"
chaff : bracts subtending flowers
disk flower
Involucre morphology one whorl two whorls many whorls
Senecio vulgaris Coreopsis mari;ma Encelia californica
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Circium vulgare Silybum marianum
Phyllaries spiny
Involucre morphology Phyllaries spiny & squarrose
Pappus: ���modified calyx
capillary bristles: barbellate capillary bristles:
plumose
beak
capillary bristles, borne atop "beak"
Pappus: modified calyx ASTERACEAE
• Anthers 3-5, united à syngenesious
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ASTERACEAE • Gynoecium
bicarpellate • Uniloculate • Inferior • Uniovulate • Placentation basal • Fruit achene with
coma or tuft of hairà cypsela
ASTERACEAE • Helianthus “sunflower” • Chrysanthemum • Vernonia • Wedelia • Tagetes
ASTERACEAE • Cosmos • Eupatorium • Ageratum • Gerbera “daisy” • Blumea “sambong” • Taraxacum “dandelion”
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